Beginning from understanding the need to shift from conventional energy sources to Renewable Energy Sources (RES), the presentation talks about various technical and economic challenges faced in the process of increasing its penetration into the grid. The later half of the presentation describes various solar policies both at National (JNNSM) and State levels in India with emphasis on Gujarat and Karnataka state solar policies.
Beginning from understanding the need to shift from conventional energy sources to Renewable Energy Sources (RES), the presentation talks about various technical and economic challenges faced in the process of increasing its penetration into the grid. The later half of the presentation describes various solar policies both at National (JNNSM) and State levels in India with emphasis on Gujarat and Karnataka state solar policies.
Distributed Generation generally refers to power generation at the point of end user or
customer. Distributed Generation is gaining worldwide acceptance due to it’s a number of benefits.
Distributed Generation eliminates the cost and complexity and reduces the chances of inefficiency
which occur in the transmission and distributed network [1]. Basically electricity produced is
generated at large generating stations which is then send at high voltages through the transmission
lines to the load centers and then through local distribution network distributed to the customers at
distribution level voltage. In present scenario there is an increase in demand which is creating gap
between demand and supply to fulfill this gap distributed generation can plays the significant role.
The main reason for the need of distributed generation is it is clean and continuous. Distributed
generation means generating power on site not centrally. Distributed generation is the best way for
rural electrification. This paper will discuss the importance and benefits of Distributed Generation in
near future
These slides presents on introduction to energy storage devices. Later of the class the modelling and control aspects are also going to be presented in some other slides.
This document is about the Importance of Energy Storage, how to the energy can be stored and the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of Energy storage elements
Technology is increasing our energy needs, but it is also show in new ways to
generate power more effetely with less impact on the environment. One of the most
promising options for supplementing future power supplies is the fuel cells.
A fuel cell is a device that electrochemically converts the chemical energy of a fuel
and an oxidant to electrical energy. The fuel and oxidant are typically stored outside
of the fuel cell and transferred into the fuel cell as the reactants are consumed. The
most common type of fuel cell uses the chemical energy of hydrogen to produce
electricity, with water and heat as by-products. Fuel cells are unique in terms of the
variety of their potential applications; they potentially can provide energy for systems
as large as a utility power station and as small as a laptop computer. Fuel cells have
several potential benefits over conventional combustion- based technologies currently
used in many power plants and passenger vehicles. They produce much smaller
quantities of greenhouse gases and none of the air pollutants that create smog and
cause health problems. If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, fuel cells emit only heat and
water as a byproduct.
MicroGrid and Energy Storage System COMPLETE DETAILS NEW PPT Abin Baby
A microgrid is a localized grouping of electricity generation, energy storage, and loads that normally operates connected to a traditional centralized grid (macrogrid). This single point of common coupling with the macrogrid can be disconnected. The microgrid can then function autonomously. Generation and loads in a microgrid are usually interconnected at low voltage. From the point of view of the grid operator, a connected microgrid can be controlled as if it were one entity.
Microgrid generation resources can include fuel cells, wind, solar, or other energy sources. The multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger network would provide highly reliable electric power. Produced heat from generation sources such as micro turbines could be used for local process heating or space heating, allowing flexible trade off between the needs for heat and electric power.
• Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), are hybrids with high capacity batteries that can be charged by plugging them into an electrical outlet or charging station. They can store enough electricity to significantly reduce their petroleum use under typical driving conditions
Adverse effects of fossil fuel burning and internal combustion engine vehicles have alarmed nations worldwide. Governments are taking steps to promote the use of Electric Vehicles due to less carbon emissions and to pacify the environmental issues. The added load of Electric Vehicles poses a threat to the existing grid which leads to instability of the grid. The problem of demand supply mismatching can be solved by integrating the renewable energy sources with Electric vehicle charging station resulting in bi-directional flow of power. Vehicle to Grid technology helps the utility with active and reactive power support by feeding power from battery pack to grid and vice versa. Vehicle to Grid describes a system in which electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid, fuel cells electric vehicles are connected to the power grid to provide high power, spinning reserves, regulation services etc. The perspective of this study is to evolve a smart charging schedule based on the load on grid, time of use of the EV and other factors in order to minimize cost of charging for electric utilities and EVs as well as promote profits to EV owners.
Distributed Generation generally refers to power generation at the point of end user or
customer. Distributed Generation is gaining worldwide acceptance due to it’s a number of benefits.
Distributed Generation eliminates the cost and complexity and reduces the chances of inefficiency
which occur in the transmission and distributed network [1]. Basically electricity produced is
generated at large generating stations which is then send at high voltages through the transmission
lines to the load centers and then through local distribution network distributed to the customers at
distribution level voltage. In present scenario there is an increase in demand which is creating gap
between demand and supply to fulfill this gap distributed generation can plays the significant role.
The main reason for the need of distributed generation is it is clean and continuous. Distributed
generation means generating power on site not centrally. Distributed generation is the best way for
rural electrification. This paper will discuss the importance and benefits of Distributed Generation in
near future
These slides presents on introduction to energy storage devices. Later of the class the modelling and control aspects are also going to be presented in some other slides.
This document is about the Importance of Energy Storage, how to the energy can be stored and the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of Energy storage elements
Technology is increasing our energy needs, but it is also show in new ways to
generate power more effetely with less impact on the environment. One of the most
promising options for supplementing future power supplies is the fuel cells.
A fuel cell is a device that electrochemically converts the chemical energy of a fuel
and an oxidant to electrical energy. The fuel and oxidant are typically stored outside
of the fuel cell and transferred into the fuel cell as the reactants are consumed. The
most common type of fuel cell uses the chemical energy of hydrogen to produce
electricity, with water and heat as by-products. Fuel cells are unique in terms of the
variety of their potential applications; they potentially can provide energy for systems
as large as a utility power station and as small as a laptop computer. Fuel cells have
several potential benefits over conventional combustion- based technologies currently
used in many power plants and passenger vehicles. They produce much smaller
quantities of greenhouse gases and none of the air pollutants that create smog and
cause health problems. If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, fuel cells emit only heat and
water as a byproduct.
MicroGrid and Energy Storage System COMPLETE DETAILS NEW PPT Abin Baby
A microgrid is a localized grouping of electricity generation, energy storage, and loads that normally operates connected to a traditional centralized grid (macrogrid). This single point of common coupling with the macrogrid can be disconnected. The microgrid can then function autonomously. Generation and loads in a microgrid are usually interconnected at low voltage. From the point of view of the grid operator, a connected microgrid can be controlled as if it were one entity.
Microgrid generation resources can include fuel cells, wind, solar, or other energy sources. The multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger network would provide highly reliable electric power. Produced heat from generation sources such as micro turbines could be used for local process heating or space heating, allowing flexible trade off between the needs for heat and electric power.
• Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), are hybrids with high capacity batteries that can be charged by plugging them into an electrical outlet or charging station. They can store enough electricity to significantly reduce their petroleum use under typical driving conditions
Adverse effects of fossil fuel burning and internal combustion engine vehicles have alarmed nations worldwide. Governments are taking steps to promote the use of Electric Vehicles due to less carbon emissions and to pacify the environmental issues. The added load of Electric Vehicles poses a threat to the existing grid which leads to instability of the grid. The problem of demand supply mismatching can be solved by integrating the renewable energy sources with Electric vehicle charging station resulting in bi-directional flow of power. Vehicle to Grid technology helps the utility with active and reactive power support by feeding power from battery pack to grid and vice versa. Vehicle to Grid describes a system in which electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid, fuel cells electric vehicles are connected to the power grid to provide high power, spinning reserves, regulation services etc. The perspective of this study is to evolve a smart charging schedule based on the load on grid, time of use of the EV and other factors in order to minimize cost of charging for electric utilities and EVs as well as promote profits to EV owners.
Resources of Renewable Energy in IndiaIJERA Editor
Renewable energy resources sector growth in India has been significant, even for electricity generation from
renewable sources. Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain,
tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). Even for the decentralized systems, the
growth for solar home lighting systems has been 300%, solar lanterns 99% and solar photovoltaic water pumps
196%. This is a phenomenal growth in the renewable energy sector mainly for applications that were considered
to be supplied only through major electricity utilities. Some large projects have been proposed, and a 35,000
km2 area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100 giga
watts. Renewable energy systems are also being looked upon as a major application for electrification of 20,000
remote and unelectrified villages and hamlets by 2007 and all households in such villages and hamlets by 2018.
ZAIN RAVDJEE RENEWABLE ENERGY PRIVATE LIMITED is an Independent Power Producer (IPP), which was incorporated in February 2011 with the main objective to promote Renewable Energy power projects considering the huge investment opportunities in the Renewable Energy and to become a leading developer in this field.
Zain Ravdjee Renewable Energy Private LimitedZain Ravdjee
ZAIN RAVDJEE RENEWABLE ENERGY PRIVATE LIMITED is an Independent Power Producer (IPP), which was incorporated in February 2011 with the main objective to promote Renewable Energy power projects considering the huge investment opportunities in the Renewable Energy and to become a leading developer in this field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
Power scenario of india
1. Page 1 of 21
Power Scenario Of India
Animesh Dhara1, Charanjiv Singh2
B Tech. Student , Dept. Of Civil Engg.
GNDEC, Ludhiana.
Abstract-India is the world's third largest
producer and third largest consumer of
electricity.The national electric grid in India has an
installed capacity of 368.79 GW as of 31 December
2019. Renewable power plants, which also include
large hydroelectric plants, constitute 34.86% of
India's total installed capacity. During the 2018-19
fiscal year, the gross electricity generated by
utilities in India was 1,372 TWh and the total
electricity generation (utilities and non utilities) in
the country was 1,547 TWh.The gross electricity
consumption in 2018-19 was 1,181 kWh per
capita.[5] In 2015-16, electric energy
consumption in agriculture was recorded as being
the highest (17.89%) worldwide.The per capita
electricity consumption is low compared to most
other countries despite India having a
low electricity tariff.
India has a surplus power generation capacity but
lacks adequate distribution infrastructure. To
address this, the Government of India launched a
2. Page 2 of 21
program called "Power for All" in 2016.The
program was accomplished by December 2018 in
providing the necessary infrastructure to ensure
uninterrupted electricity supply to all households,
industries, and commercial establishments.Funding
was made through a collaboration between the
Government of India and its constituent states.
India's electricity sector is dominated by
fossil fuels, in particular coal, which during the
2018-19 fiscal year produced about three-quarters
of the country's electricity. The government is
making efforts to increase investment in renewable
energy. The government's National Electricity Plan
of 2018 states that the country does not need more
non-renewable power plants in the utility sector
until 2027, with the commissioning of 50,025 MW
coal-based power plants under construction and
addition of 275,000 MW total renewable power
capacity after the retirement of nearly 48,000 MW
old coal-fired plants.
KEYWORDS : India ; Electricity; EnergySources;Demand Trend
3. Page 3 of 21
Introduction-From the time immemorial human
race has survived, grown, flourished and prospered
on the basis of energy produced, established and
utilized. The invention of fire accidentally proved a
major boost for early man to evolve into what we
are today. This discovery paved way to exploration
of the tremendous potential. Major inventions of
science focused on harnessing energy and
converting it from one form to another to achieve
mechanical work. The discovery of electricity has
paved way to the most flexible source of energy.
From powering consumer appliances, to multi-gear
machines that manufacture and assemble goods and
even certain artificial intelligence in the form of
computers and modern robotics, electricity is
synonymous with power.
Our early milestones
4. Page 4 of 21
India has always been a pioneer in the generation
and utilization of electricity since the 19th century.
Major developments associated with harnessing the
full potential of electricity are as follows:
The first demonstration of electric light in
Calcuttawas conductedon 24 July 1879.
The first hydroelectric installation in India was
installed near a tea estate at Sidrapong for the
Darjeeling Municipality in 1897.
Maharaja Partap Singh established the first
hydroelectric power station in Jammu &
Kashmir at Mohra in Baramullain 1905.
Company (B.E.S.T.) set up a generating station
in 1905 to provide electricity for the tramway.
The first electric train ran between Bombay’s
Victoria Terminus and Kurla along the harbor
Line.
First Hydel power project at Darjeeling was
established in 1897.
Ever since, the electricity sector in India is
growing leaps and bounds, exhibiting great
dynamism and exponential growth. The utility
electricity sector in India had an installed
capacity of 271.722 GW as of end March 2015.
Renewable Power plants constituted 28% of total
installed capacity and Non-Renewable Power
Plants constituted the remaining 72%. The gross
electricity generated by utilities is 1106 TWh
(1106,000 GWh) and 166 TWh by captive power
5. Page 5 of 21
plants during the 2014–15 fiscal. The gross
electricity generation includes auxiliary power
consumption of power generation plants. India
became the world’s third largest producer of
electricity in the year 2013 with 4.8% global
share in electricity generation surpassing Japan
and Russia. During the year 2014-15, the per
capita electricity consumption in India was 1010
kWh with total electricity consumption (utilities
and non utilities) of 938.823 billion kWh. [1]
Electric energy consumption in agriculture was
recorded highest (18.45%) in 2014-15 among all
countries. The per capita electricity consumption
is lower compared to many countries despite
cheaper electricity tariff in India.
State-owned and privately owned companies are
significant players in India’s electricity sector, with
the private sector growing at a faster rate. India’s
central government and state governments jointly
regulate electricity sector in India. Major economic
and social drivers for India’s push for electricity
generation include India’s goal to provide universal
access, the need to replace current highly polluting
energy sources in use in India with cleaner energy
sources, a rapidly growing economy, increasing
household incomes, limited domestic reserves of
fossil fuels and the adverse impact on the
environment of rapid development in urban and
regional areas.
6. Page 6 of 21
The growth impetus to the power sector is further
fuelled by firm and flexible regulations framed by
the Ministry of Power, Government of India. One
of the major regulations is the Electricity Act of
2003. Electricity Act 2003 has been enacted and
came into force from 15.06.2003. The objective is
to introduce competition, protect consumer’s
interests and provide power for all. The Act
provides for National Electricity Policy, Rural
Electrification, Open access in transmission,
phased open access in distribution, mandatory
SERCs, license free generation and distribution,
power trading, mandatory metering and stringent
penaltiesfor theft of electricity.
It is a comprehensive legislation replacing
Electricity Act 1910, Electricity Supply Act 1948
and Electricity Regulatory Commission Act
1998.The Electricity Act, 2003 has been amended
on two occasions by the Electricity (Amendment)
Act, 2003 and the Electricity (Amendment) Act,
2007. The aim is to push the sector onto a
trajectory of sound commercial growth and to
enable the States and the Centre to move in
harmony and coordination.
GENERATION(billion units)
7. Page 7 of 21
GENERATON RATE (%)
Energy Sources
1) Thermal power: Thermal power plants convert
energy rich fuels such as coal, natural gas,
petroleum products, agricultural waste, domestic
trash/waste, etc. into electricity. Other sources of
fuel include landfill gas and biogases. In some
plants, renewal fuels such as biogas are co-fired
with coal. Coal and lignite accounted for about
60% of India’s total installed capacity. India’s
electricity sector consumes about 72% of the coal
produced in the country. India expects that its
projected rapid growth in electricity generation
over the next couple of decades is expected to be
largely met by thermal power plants.
8. Page 8 of 21
2) Hydropower : The hydro-electric power plants
at Darjeeling and Shimsha (Shivanasamudra) were
established in 1898 and 1902 respectively and were
among the first in Asia. India is endowed with
economically exploitable and viable hydro
potential assessed be about 84,000 MW at 60%
load factor. In addition, 6740 MW in terms of
installed capacity from Small, Mini, and Micro
Hydel schemes have been assessed. Also, 56 sites
for pumped storage schemes with an aggregate
installed capacity of 94,000 MW have been
identified. It is the most widely used form of
renewable energy. India is blessed with immense
amount of hydroelectric potential and ranks 5th in
terms of exploitable hydro-potential on global
scenario.
3) Nuclear power: India’s nuclear power plant
development began in 1964. India signed an
agreement with General Electric of the United
States for the construction and commissioning of
two boiling water reactors at Tarapur. In 1967, this
effort was placed under India’s Department of
Atomic Energy. In 1971, India set up its first
pressurized heavy water reactors with Canadian
collaboration in Rajasthan. In 1987, India created
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited to
commercialize nuclear power. Nuclear Power
Corporation of India Limited is a public sector
9. Page 9 of 21
enterprise, wholly owned by the Government of
India, under the administrative control of its
Department of Atomic Energy. Its objective is to
implement and operate nuclear power stations for
India’s electricity sector. The state-owned company
has ambitious plans to establish 63 GW generation
capacity by 2032, as a safe, environmentally benign
and economically viable source of electrical energy
to meet the increasing electricity needs of India
Renewable Sources of Energy for power
generation:-
a) Solarenergy:
India is endowed with a vast solar energy potential.
India receives one of the highest global solar
radiations – energy of about 5,000 trillion kWh per
year is incident over India’s land mass with most
parts receiving 4-7 kWh per m2 per day. Under
Solar Mission, a central government initiative,
10. Page 10 of 21
India plans to generate 1 GW of power by 2013
and up to 20 GW grid-based solar power, 2 GW of
off-grid solar power and cover 20 million square
meters with solar energy collectors by 2020. India
plans utility scale solar power generation plants
through solar parks with dedicated infrastructure by
state governments, among others, the governments
of Gujarat and Rajasthan.
b) Wind power:
India has the fifth largest installed wind power
capacity in the world. In 2010, wind power
accounted for 6% of India’s total installed power
capacity, and 1.6% of the country’s power output.
The largest wind power generating state was Tamil
Nadu accounting for 30% of installed capacity,
followed in decreasing order by Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Karnataka, and Rajasthan.
c) Biomass power:
In this system biomass, bagasse, forestry and agro
residue & agricultural wastes are used as fuel to
produce electricity. Nearly 750 million tons of non
edible (by cattle) biomass is available annually in
India which can be put to use for higher value
addition.
d) Geothermal energy:
Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and
stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy
that determines the temperature of matter. India’s
geothermal energy installed capacity is
11. Page 11 of 21
experimental. Commercial use is insignificant.
According to some ambitious estimates, India has
10,600 MW of potential in the geothermal
provinces but it still needs to be exploited. India
has potential resources to harvest geothermal
energy.
The resource map for India has been grouped
into six geothermal provinces:
Himalayan Province – Tertiary Orogenic belt
with Tertiary magmatic rocks.
Areas of Faulted blocks – Aravalli belt,
Naga-Lushi, West coast regions and
Son-Narmada lineament.
Volcanic arc – Andaman and Nicobar arc.
Deep sedimentary basin of Tertiary age such as
Cambay basin in Gujarat.
Radioactive Province – Surajkund, Hazaribagh,
Jharkhand.
Cratonic province – PeninsularIndia
e) Tidal wave energy:
Tidal energy technologies harvest energy from the
seas. The potential of tidal wave energy becomes
higher in certain regions by local effects such as
shelving, funnelling, reflection and resonance.
India is surrounded by sea on three sides; its
potential to harness tidal energy is significant. In
December 2011, the Ministry of New & Renewable
Energy, Government of India and the Renewable
Energy Development Agency of Govt. of West
12. Page 12 of 21
Bengal jointly approved and agreed to implement
India’s first 3.75 MW Durgaduani mini tidal power
project. Indian government believes that tidal
energy may be an attractive solution to meet the
local energy demands of this remote delta region.
Demand trends
During the fiscal year 2014-15, the electricity
13. Page 13 of 21
generated in utility sector is 1,030.785 billion KWh
with a short fall of requirement by 38.138 billion
KWh (-3.6%) against the 5.1% deficit anticipated.
The peak load met was 141,180 MW with a short
fall of requirement by 7,006 MW (-4.7%) against
the 2.0% deficit anticipated. In a May 2015 report,
India’s Central Electricity Authority anticipated,
for the 2015–16 fiscal year, a base load energy
deficit and peaking shortage to be 2.1% and 2.6%
respectively. Southern and North Eastern regions
are anticipated to face energy shortage up to 11.3%.
The marginal deficit figures clearly reflect that
India would become electricity surplus during the
12th five-year plan period.
In December 2011, over 300 million Indian citizens
had no access to frequent electricity. Over one third
of India’s rural population lacked electricity, as did
6% of the urban population. Of those who did have
access to electricity in India, the supply was
intermittent and unreliable. In 2010, blackouts and
power shedding interrupted irrigation and
manufacturing across the country. States such as
Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, etc. provide continuous
power supply.
Despite an ambitious rural electrification
programme, some 400 million Indians lose
electricity access during blackouts. According to a
sample of 97,882 households in 2002, electricity
was the main source of lighting for 53% of rural
14. Page 14 of 21
households compared to 36% in 1993. While 80%
of Indian villages have at least an electricity line,
just 52.5% of rural households have access to
electricity. In urban areas, the access to electricity
is 93.1% in 2008. The overall electrification rate in
India is 64.5% while 35.5% of the population still
lives without access to electricity.
The 17th electric power survey of India report
claims:
Over 2010–11, India’s industrial demand
accounted for 35% of electrical power
requirement, domestic household use
accounted for 28%, agriculture 21%,
commercial 9%, public lighting and other
miscellaneous applications accounted for the
rest.
The electrical energy demand for 2016–17 is
expected to be at least 1,392 Tera Watt Hours,
with a peak electric demand of 218 GW.
The electrical energy demand for 2021–22 is
expected to be at least 1,915 Tera Watt Hours,
with a peak electric demand of 298 GW.
If current average transmission and distribution
average losses remain same (32%), India needs to
add about 135 GW of power generation capacity,
before 2017, to satisfy the projected demand after
losses.
15. Page 15 of 21
India’s demand for electricity may cross 300 GW,
earlier than most estimates.
To explain their estimates, there are four
primary reasons:
India’s manufacturing sector is likely to grow
faster than in the past.
Domestic demand will increase more rapidly
as the quality of life for more Indians improve.
About 125,000 villages are likely to get
connectedto India’s electricity grid.
Blackouts and load shedding artificially
suppresses demand; this demand will be
sought as revenue potential by power
distribution companies.
A demand of 300 GW will require about 400 GW
of installed capacity it is further noted. The extra
capacity is necessary to account for plant
availability, infrastructure maintenance, spinning
reserve and losses.
In 2010, electricity losses in India during
transmission and distribution were about 24%,
while losses because of consumer theft or billing
deficiencies added another 10–15%. According to
two studies published in 2004, theft of electricity in
India, amounted to a nationwide loss of $4.5 billion.
This led several states of India to enact and
implement regulatory and institutional framework;
develop a new industry and market structure; and
16. Page 16 of 21
privatize distribution. Power cuts are common
throughout India and the consequent failure to
satisfy the demand for electricity has adversely
effected India’s economic growth.
Problems with India’s power sector
Inadequate last mile connectivity is the main
problem to supply electricity for all users. The
country has already adequate generation and
transmission capacity to meet the full demand
temporally and spatially. However, due to lack
of last-mile link-up with all electricity
consumers and reliable power supply (to
exceed 99%), many consumers depend on
Diesel Generator sets using costly diesel oil for
meeting unavoidable power requirements. The
distribution companies should focus on
providing uninterrupted power supply to all the
consumers who are using costly DG set’s
power. This should be achieved by laying
separate buried power cables (not to be
effected by rain and winds) for emergency
power supply in addition to the normal supply
lines. Emergency supply power line shall
supply power when the normal power supply
line is not working. Emergency power supply
would be charged at higher price without any
subsidy but less than the generation cost from
diesel oil. Nearly 80 billion KWh electricity is
generated annually in India by DG sets, which
17. Page 17 of 21
are consuming nearly 15 million tons of diesel
oil.
Demand build up measures can be initiated to
consume the cheaper electricity (average price
Rs 2.5 per kWhr at generator’s supply point)
available from the grid instead of running the
coal/gas/oil fired captive power plants in
various electricity intensive industries.
A system of cross-subsidization is practiced
based on the principle of ‘the consumer’s
ability to pay’. In general, the industrial and
commercial consumers subsidize the domestic
and agricultural consumers. Further,
Government giveaways such as free electricity
for farmers, partly to curry political favor, have
depleted the cash reserves of state-run
electricity-distribution system. This has
financially crippled the distribution network,
and its ability to pay for power to meet the
demand.
The residential building sector is one of the
largest consumers of electricity in India.
Continuous urbanization and the growth of
population result in increasing power
consumption in buildings. Thus, while experts
express the huge potential for energy
conservations in this sector, the belief still
predominates among stakeholders that
energy-efficient buildings are more expensive
18. Page 18 of 21
than conventional buildings, which adversely
affects the “greening” of the buildingsector.
Key implementation challenges for India’s
electricity sector include new project
management and execution, ensuring
availability of fuel quantities and qualities,
lack of initiative to develop large coal and
natural gas resources available in India, land
acquisition, environmental clearances at state
and central government level, and training of
skilled manpower to prevent talent shortages
for operatinglatest technology plants.
Shortages of fuel: despite abundant reserves of
coal, India is facing a severe shortage of coal.
The country isn’t producing enough to feed its
power plants. Some plants do not have reserve
coal supplies to last a day of operations.
India’s monopoly coal producer,
state-controlled Coal India, is constrained by
primitive mining techniques and is rife with
theft and corruption; Coal India has
consistently missed production targets and
growth targets. Poor coal transport
infrastructure has worsened these problems. To
expand its coal production capacity, Coal India
needs to mine new deposits. However, most of
India’s coal lies under protected forests or
designated tribal lands. Any mining activity or
land acquisition for infrastructure in these
coal-rich areas of India has been rife with
19. Page 19 of 21
political demonstrations, social activism and
publicinterest litigations.
Poor pipeline connectivity and infrastructure to
harness India’s abundant coal bed methane and
shale gas potential.
The giant new offshore natural gas field has
delivered less fuel than projected. India faces a
shortage of natural gas.
Hydroelectric power projects in India’s
mountainous north and north east regions have
been slowed down by ecological,
environmental and rehabilitation controversies,
coupledwith public interest litigations.
Theft of power
Losses in the connector systems/service
connections leading to premature failure of
capital equipmentslike transformers
India’s nuclear power generation potential has
been stymied by political activism since the
Fukushima disaster in Japan.
Average transmission, distribution and
consumer-level losses exceeding 30% which
includes auxiliary power consumption of
thermal power stations, fictitious electricity
generation by wind generators & independent
power producers(IPPs), etc.
Over 300 million (300 million) people in India
have no access to electricity. Of those who do,
20. Page 20 of 21
almost all find electricity supply intermittent
and unreliable.
Lack of clean and reliable energy sources such
as electricity is, in part, causing about 800
million (800 million) people in India to
continue using traditional biomass energy
sources – namely fuel wood, agricultural waste
and livestock dung – for cooking and other
domestic needs. Traditional fuel combustion is
the primary source of indoor air pollution in
India, causes between 300,000 to 400,000
deaths per year and other chronichealth issues.
India’s coal-fired, oil-fired and natural
gas-fired thermal power plants are inefficient
and offer significant potential for greenhouse
gas (CO2) emission reduction through better
technology. Compared to the average
emissions from coal-fired, oil-fired and natural
gas-fired thermal power plants in European
Union (EU-27) countries, India’s thermal
power plants emit 50% to 120% more CO2 per
kWh produced.
Summing up, the Power scenario has to be
continuously researched and dedicatedly
attended to if we wish to progress as a country.
21. Page 21 of 21
References:-
Indian Electricity Scenario, Ministry Of Power,
Government Of India 2020.
Power Sector At All Glance Of India ,Ministry Of
Power , Government Of India 2020.
Electricity Sector In India , Wikipedia 2020.
Energy Scenario, Bureau Of Energy Efficiency,
Government Of India 2020.
Energy Scenario Present And Future,Researchgate
2020 .