Medical imaging and diagnostic equipment (MIDE) is
increasingly being networked to Picture Archiving and
Communications Systems (PACS), Radiology Information
Systems (RIS), Hospital Information Systems
(HIS), and getting connected to the hospital intranet as
well as the Internet. Failing to implement the necessary
physical infrastructure can result in unexpected
downtime, and safety and compliance issues, which
translates into lost revenue and exposure to expensive
litigations, negatively affecting the bottom line. This
paper explains how to plan for physical infrastructure
when deploying medical imaging and diagnostic
equipment, with emphasis on power and cooling.
Basic Concepts for an Integrated Steel Process Control SystemSchneider Electric
For the past few years, the market was preoccupied with discussions about terminology such as: distributed control systems (DCS), programmable logic controllers (PLC), and the “newcomers” hybrid control systems (HCS) and programmable automation controllers (PAC), and how each should be applied to steel and metals processing applications. Steel manufacturing is an industry that requires specific approaches for control systems; it mixes process, machines, discrete control, several motors, high-availability systems and involves massive amounts of variables and architectures that requires flexible topologies. Better understand these technologies, myths and facts, and learn the real needs and trends for control systems in steel and metals industries, regardless of labels and acronyms. Copyright AIST Reprinted with Permission
Electric utilities are preparing for the multitude of challenges facing the industry — limited generation to supply increasing energy demand, growing regulatory and customer pressure for increased reliability and reduced carbon emissions, adoption of distributed renewable generation and energy storage, and the inevitability of both an aging workforce and infrastructure.
In a rather short period of time, these challenges have converged, and in doing so, have exposed the need for a comprehensive distribution network monitoring, analysis, and control system.
Utilities that are proactive — building business cases and deploying scalable solutions now — will be best prepared to meet the challenges of today and the future. To assist the industry in achieving their strategic Smart Grid goals, Schneider Electric proudly offers its Advanced Distribution Management
System (ADMS).
A key part of implementing Volt-VAR control and optimization is to identify the benefits that can be attributed to VVO. The major challenge is to separate the impacts of VVO (i.e. the VVO benefits) from the impacts of factors not related to VVO, such as changing weather conditions, random customer behavior and routine operational changes (planned switching). Utilities on the panel have performed VVO measurement and verification using different methods. Each presenter will describe how the method works, data requirements, strengths and weaknesses of the approach and results. The session also will summarize work by the IEEE Volt-VAR task force to develop IEEE Guideline P1885 M&V of VVO projects for electric distribution utilities.
Schneider Electric offers training programs for installers of their single-phase and three-phase solar inverter systems. Their single-phase training provides hands-on instruction on installing Xantrex, Conext, and GT series inverters, while covering product features and system wiring. Their three-phase training focuses on operating, maintaining, and troubleshooting larger solar farm systems using the GT500 MV, GT500 E, and GT250 inverters. Both programs aim to give installers the working knowledge needed for startup, operation, and maintenance of Schneider Electric's grid-tie inverter solutions.
This document discusses the benefits of modular data center design and proposes a common language for specifying modular architectures. It outlines desired characteristics like flexibility, scalability, and cost effectiveness. Standardization and scalability are key goals of modularity. The document defines modular architecture and discusses how modularity can be implemented at different levels and through different linkages between subsystems. Benefits include lower costs, simpler expansion, and pre-characterized performance. Challenges include vendor lock-in and site compatibility. Future trends may include increased packaging of subsystems and the emergence of industry standards.
Optimizing distribution network operations involves leveraging leading industry trends such as platform consolidation, IT/OT convergence, big data analytics, and distributed energy resource management. An advanced distribution management system (ADMS) provides a comprehensive network management solution that can integrate monitoring, analysis, control, optimization, planning and training tools on a common infrastructure. Utilities are adopting solutions that leverage internet of things connectivity between intelligent field devices to provide layers of information exchange and control. Distributed energy resources like solar, wind, storage and microgrids can provide utilities alternatives to building new generation and transmission assets when used for peak relief, voltage support and grid resiliency.
Basic Concepts for an Integrated Steel Process Control SystemSchneider Electric
For the past few years, the market was preoccupied with discussions about terminology such as: distributed control systems (DCS), programmable logic controllers (PLC), and the “newcomers” hybrid control systems (HCS) and programmable automation controllers (PAC), and how each should be applied to steel and metals processing applications. Steel manufacturing is an industry that requires specific approaches for control systems; it mixes process, machines, discrete control, several motors, high-availability systems and involves massive amounts of variables and architectures that requires flexible topologies. Better understand these technologies, myths and facts, and learn the real needs and trends for control systems in steel and metals industries, regardless of labels and acronyms. Copyright AIST Reprinted with Permission
Electric utilities are preparing for the multitude of challenges facing the industry — limited generation to supply increasing energy demand, growing regulatory and customer pressure for increased reliability and reduced carbon emissions, adoption of distributed renewable generation and energy storage, and the inevitability of both an aging workforce and infrastructure.
In a rather short period of time, these challenges have converged, and in doing so, have exposed the need for a comprehensive distribution network monitoring, analysis, and control system.
Utilities that are proactive — building business cases and deploying scalable solutions now — will be best prepared to meet the challenges of today and the future. To assist the industry in achieving their strategic Smart Grid goals, Schneider Electric proudly offers its Advanced Distribution Management
System (ADMS).
A key part of implementing Volt-VAR control and optimization is to identify the benefits that can be attributed to VVO. The major challenge is to separate the impacts of VVO (i.e. the VVO benefits) from the impacts of factors not related to VVO, such as changing weather conditions, random customer behavior and routine operational changes (planned switching). Utilities on the panel have performed VVO measurement and verification using different methods. Each presenter will describe how the method works, data requirements, strengths and weaknesses of the approach and results. The session also will summarize work by the IEEE Volt-VAR task force to develop IEEE Guideline P1885 M&V of VVO projects for electric distribution utilities.
Schneider Electric offers training programs for installers of their single-phase and three-phase solar inverter systems. Their single-phase training provides hands-on instruction on installing Xantrex, Conext, and GT series inverters, while covering product features and system wiring. Their three-phase training focuses on operating, maintaining, and troubleshooting larger solar farm systems using the GT500 MV, GT500 E, and GT250 inverters. Both programs aim to give installers the working knowledge needed for startup, operation, and maintenance of Schneider Electric's grid-tie inverter solutions.
This document discusses the benefits of modular data center design and proposes a common language for specifying modular architectures. It outlines desired characteristics like flexibility, scalability, and cost effectiveness. Standardization and scalability are key goals of modularity. The document defines modular architecture and discusses how modularity can be implemented at different levels and through different linkages between subsystems. Benefits include lower costs, simpler expansion, and pre-characterized performance. Challenges include vendor lock-in and site compatibility. Future trends may include increased packaging of subsystems and the emergence of industry standards.
Optimizing distribution network operations involves leveraging leading industry trends such as platform consolidation, IT/OT convergence, big data analytics, and distributed energy resource management. An advanced distribution management system (ADMS) provides a comprehensive network management solution that can integrate monitoring, analysis, control, optimization, planning and training tools on a common infrastructure. Utilities are adopting solutions that leverage internet of things connectivity between intelligent field devices to provide layers of information exchange and control. Distributed energy resources like solar, wind, storage and microgrids can provide utilities alternatives to building new generation and transmission assets when used for peak relief, voltage support and grid resiliency.
Data center systems or subsystems that are pre-assembled in a factory are often described with terms like prefabricated, containerized, modular, skid-based, pod-based, mobile, portable, self-contained, all-in-one, and more. There are, however, important distinctions between the various types of factory-built building blocks on the market. This paper proposes standard terminology for categorizing the types of prefabricated modular data centers, defines and compares their key attributes, and provides a framework for choosing the best approach(es) based on business requirements.
Wood-Mizer in Indianapolis, IN, one of the world’s
leading industrial sawmill manufacturers, has developed
the next generation of industrial sawmills by combining
a thin-kerf blade and advanced automation technology
for maximum log yield and profitability.
Integrated Control and Safety - Assessing the Benefits; Weighing the RisksSchneider Electric
While best practice has leaned toward keeping control and
safety isolated from each other, recent enterprise data integration
and cost control initiatives are providing incentive to
achieve some level of integration. This paper describes three
basic integration models, including an “interfaced” approach,
in which separate control and safety communicate via a
custom built software bridge; an “integrated but separate”
approach, in which the disparate systems sit on the same
network, but share information only across isolated network
channels; and a “common” approach, in which both control
and safety systems share a common operating system. The
authors then compare the three approaches according to
compliance with safety standards and cost efficiencies.
Dtech 2015 the distribution management system network modelSchneider Electric
The presentation will illustrate the methodology deployed to achieve an accurate Distribution Network Model at Duke Energy Carolinas. It will also dive in to the impact on various stakeholders in the organization, as well as the change management process that drives the successful implementation of the model.
Asset Management - what are some of your top priorties?Schneider Electric
The document discusses Schneider Electric's Foxboro Evo asset management software. The software aims to [1] improve operational uptime by enabling remote device monitoring and diagnostics to reduce unnecessary field trips, [2] streamline engineering workflows through template-based device configuration and commissioning wizards, and [3] reduce costs and risks through features like a maintenance response center for alert triaging and work order management integration.
How the Convergence of IT and OT Enables Smart Grid DevelopmentSchneider Electric
The goal for any utility that invests in smart grid technology is to attain higher efficiency and reliable performance.
A smart grid platform implies the convergence of Operations Technology (OT) – the grid physical infrastructure assets and applications–and Information Technology (IT) – the human interface that enables rapid and informed decision making.
This paper describes best practices for migrating to a scalable, adaptable, smart grid network.
Get with the system - Rogerio Martins, Schneider Electric disucsses the advantages of modern distributed control systems in coal handling preparation plants.
There are many factors in the data center that are driving the new data center design considerations. This slideshare discusses several of the trends in the data center and covers several solutions to implement.
The new Modicon M580 is the first ePAC with Ethernet built right into its core. M580 is the controller of choice for Schneider Electric’s collaborative and integrated automation architecture, PlantStruxure.
A framework for converting hotel guestroom energy management into ROISchneider Electric
Hotel guests and staff are not directly accountable for a hotel’s overall utility bill. As a result, room occupants have little incentive to adopt energy-efficient habits. Yet, guest room energy consumption accounts for between 40 and 80% of energy use within the hospitality industry. In addition, industry data shows that guests remain outside of their rooms for several hours a day, on average. This paper analyzes room energy management approaches that accommodate both guest comfort and efficiency.
The worlds of IT and Telecommunications Networking are converging bringing with them new possibilities and capabilities that can be deployed into the network A key transformation has been the ability to run IT based servers at network edge, applying the concepts of cloud computing.
It’s a key decision most data center managers will face in the next couple of years:
Should you retrofit, build, colocate, or move to the cloud? Each has its benefits, and own inherent risks and costs
As steel operations rely heavily on low-voltage motors, the introduction of new technologies which target motor performance have a direct impact on energy, commissioning and maintenance costs. Networking allows for easy monitoring of critical data of
each motor or load connected to the intelligent motor control center (iMCC), enabling precise process control. However, the iMCC concept isn’t a new technology. Networked protection relays and speed drivers are mature technologies with consolidated acceptance. Explore new trends for iMCCs including new Ethernet technologies, Web, wireless, biometric devices, and new technologies for metering and motor branch circuit protection. Copyright AIST Reprinted with Permission
Field Data Gathering Services — A Cloud-Based ApproachSchneider Electric
Utilities today wish to facilitate the capture of asset information in the field in a way that is not only scalable but cost effective. They need a system that is simple to use, inexpensive to implement, flexible enough to meet ever-changing needs, yet also powerful enough to cover a majority of their needs with immediacy. This paper describes Schneider Electric's powerful cloud-based solution to optimize the inspection and gathering of field information.
Impact of IEC 61508 Standards on Intelligent Electrial Networks and Safety Im...Schneider Electric
Improper integration of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) into medium / high voltage electrical networks can impact both network performance and safety. Now, standards such as IEC 61508 provide a framework from which new safety risks can be managed. This paper simplifies the complexity of integrating new devices into existing grid networks by explaining how to implement IEC safety and maintenance standards. Examples are presented for how to minimize cost and maximize safety benefits.
Presented at the 2013 Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration Annual Meeting (SME 2013). Severe weather conditions can affect several aspects of the mining operations including blasting, planning and scheduling, people safety, and flooding. An advanced weather system should deliver real-time critical weather information able to support mining operations and people safety through weather forecast, lightning information, precipitation forecasts, and alerts.
Virtualization and Cloud Computing: Optimized Power, Cooling, and Management ...Schneider Electric
IT virtualization, the engine behind cloud computing, can have significant consequences on the data center physical infrastructure (DCPI). Higher power densities that often result can challenge the cooling capabilities of an existing system. Reduced overall energy consumption that typically results from physical server consolidation may actually worsen the data center’s power usage effectiveness (PUE). Dynamic loads that vary in time and location may heighten the risk of downtime if rack-level power and cooling health are not understood and considered. Finally, the fault-tolerant nature of a highly virtualized environment could raise questions about the level of redundancy required in the physical infrastructure. These particular effects of virtualization are discussed and possible solutions or methods for dealing with them are offered.
Practical Options for Deploying IT Equipment in Small Server Rooms and Branch...Schneider Electric
Small server rooms and branch offices are typically unorganized, unsecure, hot, unmonitored, and space constrained. These conditions can lead to system downtime or, at the very least, lead to “close calls” that get management’s attention. Practical experience with these problems reveals a short list of effective methods to improve the availability of IT operations within small server rooms and branch offices. This paper discusses making realistic improvements to power, cooling, racks, physical security, monitoring, and lighting. The focus of this paper is on small server rooms and branch offices with up to 10kW of IT load.
[Webinar Presentation] Best Practices for IT/OT ConvergenceSchneider Electric
All over the world, utilities are facing up to the task of integrating information technology (IT) operations with those of operational technology (OT). What's driving it? How can utilities prepare? What should they expect?
The webinar recording is also available on-demand. To view it, please click here: http://goo.gl/b3kxm5
The Productization of the Data Center-- With the rapid evolution of the data center service provider segment, the concept of efficiency has expanded to embrace not only energy, but a multitude of elements including capital, operations, and the useful life of the facility as well. In this presentation, Chris Crosby, CEO of Compass Datacenters will demonstrate how the historical development of related industries dictates that productization is the required methodology to deliver these expanded efficiency requirements to an increasingly sophisticated customer base.
The document discusses smart meters and utility metering applications. It describes high-end utility meters that combine energy metering, power quality monitoring, I/O capabilities, and communications. These advanced meters can be used for revenue and tariff metering, power quality analysis, substation automation, equipment monitoring and control, and improving system accuracy. The document also provides examples of how a utility is using power quality monitoring systems to identify issues early, avoid equipment failures, reduce outage times, and lower costs.
Data center systems or subsystems that are pre-assembled in a factory are often described with terms like prefabricated, containerized, modular, skid-based, pod-based, mobile, portable, self-contained, all-in-one, and more. There are, however, important distinctions between the various types of factory-built building blocks on the market. This paper proposes standard terminology for categorizing the types of prefabricated modular data centers, defines and compares their key attributes, and provides a framework for choosing the best approach(es) based on business requirements.
Wood-Mizer in Indianapolis, IN, one of the world’s
leading industrial sawmill manufacturers, has developed
the next generation of industrial sawmills by combining
a thin-kerf blade and advanced automation technology
for maximum log yield and profitability.
Integrated Control and Safety - Assessing the Benefits; Weighing the RisksSchneider Electric
While best practice has leaned toward keeping control and
safety isolated from each other, recent enterprise data integration
and cost control initiatives are providing incentive to
achieve some level of integration. This paper describes three
basic integration models, including an “interfaced” approach,
in which separate control and safety communicate via a
custom built software bridge; an “integrated but separate”
approach, in which the disparate systems sit on the same
network, but share information only across isolated network
channels; and a “common” approach, in which both control
and safety systems share a common operating system. The
authors then compare the three approaches according to
compliance with safety standards and cost efficiencies.
Dtech 2015 the distribution management system network modelSchneider Electric
The presentation will illustrate the methodology deployed to achieve an accurate Distribution Network Model at Duke Energy Carolinas. It will also dive in to the impact on various stakeholders in the organization, as well as the change management process that drives the successful implementation of the model.
Asset Management - what are some of your top priorties?Schneider Electric
The document discusses Schneider Electric's Foxboro Evo asset management software. The software aims to [1] improve operational uptime by enabling remote device monitoring and diagnostics to reduce unnecessary field trips, [2] streamline engineering workflows through template-based device configuration and commissioning wizards, and [3] reduce costs and risks through features like a maintenance response center for alert triaging and work order management integration.
How the Convergence of IT and OT Enables Smart Grid DevelopmentSchneider Electric
The goal for any utility that invests in smart grid technology is to attain higher efficiency and reliable performance.
A smart grid platform implies the convergence of Operations Technology (OT) – the grid physical infrastructure assets and applications–and Information Technology (IT) – the human interface that enables rapid and informed decision making.
This paper describes best practices for migrating to a scalable, adaptable, smart grid network.
Get with the system - Rogerio Martins, Schneider Electric disucsses the advantages of modern distributed control systems in coal handling preparation plants.
There are many factors in the data center that are driving the new data center design considerations. This slideshare discusses several of the trends in the data center and covers several solutions to implement.
The new Modicon M580 is the first ePAC with Ethernet built right into its core. M580 is the controller of choice for Schneider Electric’s collaborative and integrated automation architecture, PlantStruxure.
A framework for converting hotel guestroom energy management into ROISchneider Electric
Hotel guests and staff are not directly accountable for a hotel’s overall utility bill. As a result, room occupants have little incentive to adopt energy-efficient habits. Yet, guest room energy consumption accounts for between 40 and 80% of energy use within the hospitality industry. In addition, industry data shows that guests remain outside of their rooms for several hours a day, on average. This paper analyzes room energy management approaches that accommodate both guest comfort and efficiency.
The worlds of IT and Telecommunications Networking are converging bringing with them new possibilities and capabilities that can be deployed into the network A key transformation has been the ability to run IT based servers at network edge, applying the concepts of cloud computing.
It’s a key decision most data center managers will face in the next couple of years:
Should you retrofit, build, colocate, or move to the cloud? Each has its benefits, and own inherent risks and costs
As steel operations rely heavily on low-voltage motors, the introduction of new technologies which target motor performance have a direct impact on energy, commissioning and maintenance costs. Networking allows for easy monitoring of critical data of
each motor or load connected to the intelligent motor control center (iMCC), enabling precise process control. However, the iMCC concept isn’t a new technology. Networked protection relays and speed drivers are mature technologies with consolidated acceptance. Explore new trends for iMCCs including new Ethernet technologies, Web, wireless, biometric devices, and new technologies for metering and motor branch circuit protection. Copyright AIST Reprinted with Permission
Field Data Gathering Services — A Cloud-Based ApproachSchneider Electric
Utilities today wish to facilitate the capture of asset information in the field in a way that is not only scalable but cost effective. They need a system that is simple to use, inexpensive to implement, flexible enough to meet ever-changing needs, yet also powerful enough to cover a majority of their needs with immediacy. This paper describes Schneider Electric's powerful cloud-based solution to optimize the inspection and gathering of field information.
Impact of IEC 61508 Standards on Intelligent Electrial Networks and Safety Im...Schneider Electric
Improper integration of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) into medium / high voltage electrical networks can impact both network performance and safety. Now, standards such as IEC 61508 provide a framework from which new safety risks can be managed. This paper simplifies the complexity of integrating new devices into existing grid networks by explaining how to implement IEC safety and maintenance standards. Examples are presented for how to minimize cost and maximize safety benefits.
Presented at the 2013 Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration Annual Meeting (SME 2013). Severe weather conditions can affect several aspects of the mining operations including blasting, planning and scheduling, people safety, and flooding. An advanced weather system should deliver real-time critical weather information able to support mining operations and people safety through weather forecast, lightning information, precipitation forecasts, and alerts.
Virtualization and Cloud Computing: Optimized Power, Cooling, and Management ...Schneider Electric
IT virtualization, the engine behind cloud computing, can have significant consequences on the data center physical infrastructure (DCPI). Higher power densities that often result can challenge the cooling capabilities of an existing system. Reduced overall energy consumption that typically results from physical server consolidation may actually worsen the data center’s power usage effectiveness (PUE). Dynamic loads that vary in time and location may heighten the risk of downtime if rack-level power and cooling health are not understood and considered. Finally, the fault-tolerant nature of a highly virtualized environment could raise questions about the level of redundancy required in the physical infrastructure. These particular effects of virtualization are discussed and possible solutions or methods for dealing with them are offered.
Practical Options for Deploying IT Equipment in Small Server Rooms and Branch...Schneider Electric
Small server rooms and branch offices are typically unorganized, unsecure, hot, unmonitored, and space constrained. These conditions can lead to system downtime or, at the very least, lead to “close calls” that get management’s attention. Practical experience with these problems reveals a short list of effective methods to improve the availability of IT operations within small server rooms and branch offices. This paper discusses making realistic improvements to power, cooling, racks, physical security, monitoring, and lighting. The focus of this paper is on small server rooms and branch offices with up to 10kW of IT load.
[Webinar Presentation] Best Practices for IT/OT ConvergenceSchneider Electric
All over the world, utilities are facing up to the task of integrating information technology (IT) operations with those of operational technology (OT). What's driving it? How can utilities prepare? What should they expect?
The webinar recording is also available on-demand. To view it, please click here: http://goo.gl/b3kxm5
The Productization of the Data Center-- With the rapid evolution of the data center service provider segment, the concept of efficiency has expanded to embrace not only energy, but a multitude of elements including capital, operations, and the useful life of the facility as well. In this presentation, Chris Crosby, CEO of Compass Datacenters will demonstrate how the historical development of related industries dictates that productization is the required methodology to deliver these expanded efficiency requirements to an increasingly sophisticated customer base.
The document discusses smart meters and utility metering applications. It describes high-end utility meters that combine energy metering, power quality monitoring, I/O capabilities, and communications. These advanced meters can be used for revenue and tariff metering, power quality analysis, substation automation, equipment monitoring and control, and improving system accuracy. The document also provides examples of how a utility is using power quality monitoring systems to identify issues early, avoid equipment failures, reduce outage times, and lower costs.
The document summarizes Schneider Electric's history and strategy for helping address global energy challenges through energy management solutions. It discusses Schneider Electric's focus on making energy safer, more reliable, efficient and green through smart grid technologies, integrated building solutions, and an innovation ecosystem partnering with startups and organizations. The company's commitments to sustainability and stakeholders are also highlighted.
The industry trend for AC drive manufactures to put higher short circuit current marking on AC drives. Recent changes to the NEC and UL 508 have increased industry attention on electrical product’s short circuit ratings. This presentation would discuss how to properly install an AC Drive and to obtain the desired short circuit ratings.
This survey was conducted in January 2016 among 400 U.S. facility leaders in establishments including data centers, commercial and industrial buildings, retail, healthcare, education, government and other building environments. Respondents have responsibility related to purchasing energy and technology solutions, and their biggest responsibilities included facility management and operations management. Facility managers are increasingly adapting their building maintenance strategies in response to the Internet of Things (IoT).
Electrical workers have reported unexpected electric shocks or "tingles" even when extensive testing cannot find a source. This document discusses how non-linear loads like variable speed drives generate harmonics and electromagnetic interference that can induce voltages on cable shields or earth conductors even when the source equipment shows no faults. The document examines cable characteristics like resistance and impedance changing with frequency, allowing currents to take unexpected paths. This explains reported shocks despite unable to locate a direct source.
This document presents a 5-step approach for cities to become more efficient and sustainable through smart systems. It argues that critical systems like energy, transportation, and buildings need to be improved and integrated using both bottom-up and top-down approaches. The document outlines challenges of rapid urbanization, noting that 70% of the world's population will live in cities by 2050, necessitating expansion. It advocates making cities more efficient, livable, and sustainable to attract residents and businesses through technologies available today and an approach focused on systems.
Industrial Energy Management and the Emerging ISO 50001 StandardSchneider Electric
The energy dilemma poses a significant challenge, especially to U.S.-based industrial end users. How will rising energy prices and increased carbon emissions restrictions impact operational costs in the future? How can energy control and forecasting increase efficiency and build a competitive advantage? This presentation explores energy dashboards as a solution and educate you on the ISO 50001 standard and what it takes to comply.
The document provides an overview of energy management and energy audits. It defines energy and various types of energy like mechanical, thermal, nuclear, chemical, and electromagnetic. Energy management aims to optimize energy use and reduce costs. The objectives are to minimize energy procurement and utilization costs without affecting production. Energy audits identify ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of output. Preliminary audits establish baseline consumption while detailed audits evaluate all energy consuming systems and equipment to identify savings opportunities through a ten step process. The document outlines the various instruments used in energy audits to measure consumption.
The document describes the typical workflow for a scheduled radiology study from pre-acquisition to results distribution. Key systems involved include the electronic health record, hospital information system, radiology information system, modalities like CT and MRI machines, picture archiving and communication system, and reporting software. Patient data and images flow between these systems as the patient proceeds through the exam and diagnosis.
1) The document proposes a three-stage cryptographic model to securely transmit secret keys generated from a patient's ECG signal for authentication of implanted medical devices (IMDs).
2) In the first stage, a 128-bit secret key is generated from the patient's ECG signal and encrypted with it.
3) In the second stage, the encrypted ECG signal is hidden inside an image using steganography.
4) In the third stage, the image is watermarked for identification before transmission between the IMD and medical practitioner's system. This provides security against eavesdropping, spoofing, and avoids pre-sharing secret keys.
Security in Body Sensor Networks for Healthcare applicationsIOSR Journals
This document summarizes security issues related to body sensor networks used for healthcare applications. It discusses how body sensor networks can monitor patient health using small, wireless medical sensors. However, installing new healthcare technologies without proper security and privacy protections puts patient data at risk. The document reviews various security techniques that have been implemented for body sensor networks, including identity-based encryption and symmetric key schemes. It also summarizes several existing body sensor network projects for healthcare and areas for future research such as enhancing functionality, protocols, technologies, and network channel allocation to improve security and privacy in wireless healthcare applications.
Wireless Sensor Network for Patient Health Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a wireless sensor network for patient health monitoring. It discusses how sensors can monitor a patient's vital signs like pulse rate, body temperature, and heart rate. The sensor data is transmitted wirelessly via nodes to a central node, typically a computer at a hospital. This allows medical staff to remotely monitor patients' health conditions without needing to be right next to the patient. The system aims to provide automatic, low-cost monitoring so that fewer medical resources are needed for continual observation of stable patients.
Wireless Sensor Network: an emerging entrant in HealthcareIOSR Journals
This document discusses the potential for wireless sensor networks in healthcare applications. It describes how wireless sensor networks can be used to monitor patients remotely by collecting physiological data from sensor devices. Some challenges to the adoption of this technology in healthcare include ensuring privacy and security of medical data transmitted over wireless networks. The document also provides examples of how wireless body area networks and wearable sensor devices can help monitor aspects of health and enable at-home health monitoring.
The document discusses various applications and approaches in telemedicine. It defines telemedicine as the provision of healthcare services using information and communication technologies when the healthcare professional and patient are not in the same location. It describes different telemedicine technologies and applications including telesurgery, clinical kiosks, telepathology, mobile health monitoring, and remote intensive care units. It also discusses infrastructure requirements and case studies of telemedicine programs in places like Alaska, Mexico, and Denmark.
IRJET- Hiding Sensitive Medical Data using EncryptionIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper about securely hiding sensitive medical data using encryption. The paper proposes a system that distributes a patient's data across multiple encrypted data servers. It uses Paillier cryptosystems to allow statistical analysis of the encrypted patient data without compromising privacy. The system includes wireless medical sensors that monitor patients and transmit encrypted data to a database. It uses an access control system and statistical analysis protocols that employ Paillier encryption to allow authorized users like doctors to access and analyze the encrypted patient data without revealing its contents. The goal is to protect sensitive medical information from privacy breaches while still enabling useful analysis of aggregated patient data.
Iaetsd io t based advanced smart health care systemIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes an IoT-based smart health care system called the Smart Hospital System (SHS). The SHS uses technologies like RFID, wireless sensor networks, and smart mobile devices to automatically monitor patients, medical staff, and devices in hospitals. It collects environmental and physiological data in real-time using a hybrid sensing network. The data is sent to a control center where it can be accessed locally and remotely through a web interface. A prototype was implemented that demonstrated tracking patients and responding to emergencies like falls. The system aims to improve healthcare efficiency while reducing costs.
A FRAMEWORK FOR THE INTERCONNECTION OF CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK (CAN) BASED CR...ijait
Patient monitoring helps increasing the mortality by timely notification of exceeding vital signs. By using the vital sign data the critical care staff can make necessary life saving interventions. This requires the underlying network to be very robust so that timely and error free information flow can be guaranteed. Moreover there is a need for a cost effective and robust network technology for continuous and real- time vital signs monitoring in resource constraint settings in developing countries. In this paper we proposed a system of hospitals with interconnected intensive care units. Each intensive care unit employs Controller Area Network (CAN) as underlying technology for networking of bedside units. The data of these bedside units can be communicated with other hospital using higher level protocols such as Ethernet. This allow the hospital staff to share the health information of the patients with the specialized staff in another hospital to provide better cure to the patient and consequently can increase the mortality.
This document provides an overview of Bender UK and the turnkey healthcare solutions they provide. Bender UK designs, manufactures, commissions and supplies complete monitored power systems and surgical solutions for operating theatres and critical care environments. Their range of solutions includes medical IT systems, uninterruptible power supplies, theatre control panels, surgical lighting, AV systems, and more. They have installed solutions in over 500 UK hospitals and clinics.
This document describes the design of a community family health care monitoring system in Wolkite, Ethiopia using wireless and information communication technologies. The system allows elderly residents to monitor their health at home by transmitting data like temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate from sensors to a community medical center. The system architecture has a patient section where sensors collect health data and transmit it via Zigbee technology to a control room section where the data is stored and can be sent via GSM to medical staff if needed. The system aims to improve efficiency of healthcare for an aging population while reducing costs compared to on-site medical exams.
The healthcare environment is made up of perhaps the most unusual combination of electronic loads found in any facility. Healthcare facilities not only rely upon commercial loads (such as computers, servers, and lighting system) and industrial loads (such as food preparation equipment, laundry equipment, medical gas systems, but also rely on electronic medical loads (that is, medical equipment to operate the facility and provide patient care services.
As in other facilities, when an electrical disturbance such as a voltage sag, voltage transient, or voltage swell reaches the service entrance of the healthcare facility or medical location, computers in the accounting department may shut down, and motor starters and contactors providing power to the air-conditioning and ventilation system may change the environment within the facility. Unlike other places, however, a patient’s life could be threatened when an aortic balloon pump trips off-line during a cardiovascular surgery. The costs associated with downtime can be staggering, but no bounded cost can be placed on the irreversible result of loosing a patient.
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Power Protection for Digital Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Equipment
1. Power Protection for Digital Medical
Imaging and Diagnostic Equipment
Revision 2
by Viswas Purani
White Paper 86
by Schneider Electric White Papers are now part of the Schneider Electric
white paper library produced by Schneider Electric’s Data Center Science Center
DCSC@Schneider-Electric.com
Medical imaging and diagnostic equipment (MIDE) is
increasingly being networked to Picture Archiving and
Communications Systems (PACS), Radiology Infor-
mation Systems (RIS), Hospital Information Systems
(HIS), and getting connected to the hospital intranet as
well as the Internet. Failing to implement the neces-
sary physical infrastructure can result in unexpected
downtime, and safety and compliance issues, which
translates into lost revenue and exposure to expensive
litigations, negatively affecting the bottom line. This
paper explains how to plan for physical infrastructure
when deploying medical imaging and diagnostic
equipment, with emphasis on power and cooling.
Executive summary
2. Power Protection for Digital Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Equipment
Schneider Electric – Data Center Science Center Rev 0 2
The proliferation of information technology (IT) and other high technologies into medical
imaging and diagnostic equipment over the years has resulted in the evolution of powerful
new devices in the field of diagnostics and interventional radiology. The information generat-
ed and carried by these images is crucial to the treatment in cardiology, neurology, oncology,
gynecology & obstetrics, orthopedics, surgery, and pulmonary medicine. These new
developments have helped in the early detection and treatment of diseases and significantly
improved patient care. A typical medical imaging and diagnostic equipment network is
illustrated in Figure 1. This equipment can be broken down into five broad sub-categories:
1. Modalities that capture or generate the images
2. Picture Archiving and Communications Systems (PACS) that store the generated
images and make them available to the physicians and nurses for diagnosis and
treatment
3. Radiology Information Systems (RIS) and Hospital Information Systems (HIS) that
monitor and manage the work flow of radiology departments and entire hospitals, all
the way from the patient check-in, to scheduling and billing, to generating electronic
medical records and management reporting
4. Computed Radiography (CR) that helps convert films to digital images on cassettes or
Digital Radiography (DR) that provides cassette-less digital images
5. Laser printers that print films when required and other peripherals
CT, MRI, etc.
RIS
Viewing
Workstations
Modality
HIS
Consulting Cardiologist
Consulting Physician
Internet VPN
Storage - PACS
Modalities are high-tech medical imaging systems including Computed Tomography (CT),
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Ultrasound (US),
and Electro-Cardiogram (ECG). They get connected to a PACS and to RIS/HIS through
Local Area Networks (LANs), and/or Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), or Wide Area
Networks (WANs). PACS may have their own Storage Area Networks (SANs) or Network
Attached Storage (NAS) and the RIS and HIS may be made of several clusters of servers and
a number of workstations distributed in different departments of the hospitals. Because of
their numerous benefits combined with the enormous pressure on the hospitals to improve
quality of care, reduce errors, comply with federal regulations like HIPAA, and simultaneously
cut cost, adoption of all these technologies is inevitable, converting the traditional hospital
into a “digital enterprise”.
Introduction
Figure 1
Typical MIDE network
3. Power Protection for Digital Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Equipment
Schneider Electric – Data Center Science Center Rev 0 3
The backbone of this new digital hospital is a network made up of different modalities, PACS
and RIS/HIS, CR/DR, printers, and peripherals. This highly complex network and its compo-
nents has to comply with relevant standards like Digital Imaging and Communications in
Medicine (DICOM), Health Language Seven (HL7), Underwriters Laboratory (UL), Federal
Communications Commission (FCC), National Electrical Code (NEC), and other applicable
local and national codes such as BS7671:2001 (U.K.), NFC15-100 (France), and VDE
(Germany), as well as international such as CEI IEC 60364. This imposes a huge challenge
to the IT and the facilities manager to provide the right physical infrastructure. This physical
infrastructure has to be reliable, scalable, highly available, and manageable. It consists of:
1. Power systems such as uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), power distribution
units (PDUs), isolation transformers, and generators to provide uninterrupted, condi-
tioned, clean power to the critical loads
2. Precision cooling systems that provide optimal environment by regulating temperature
and humidity
3. Racks that house the critical network equipment like servers, switches, routers, and
gateways
4. Physical security and fire protection systems
5. Cabling to interconnect equipment
6. Management systems to monitor and manage these systems, locally as well as re-
motely to ensure their satisfactory operation 7x24x365
7. Services to design, deliver, install, commission, operate and maintain these systems
Special attention should be given to the hospital wiring closets which allow networking of the
modalities to PACS and RIS/HIS as well as other workstations and peripherals within the
hospital premises. It is these backbone closets that support this complex hospital network
carrying critical data, voice, and video, keeping the network up and running.
The hospital power system is a large complex electrical system consisting of high voltage
transformers, automatic transfer switches (ATS), generators, isolation transformers, PDUs,
etc. This power system feeds a variety of electrical loads including lighting, heating, ventila-
tion air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, elevators, escalators, large pumps, fans, motors and
more. The random nature of these loads (turning on and off randomly) creates an unstable
power environment (i.e. sags and surges) that more sensitive imaging and diagnostic
equipment and other IT networks that support them, must endure. Healthcare companies
and hospitals faced with these challenges should engage partners like Schneider Electric
with engineering expertise to perform complete physical infrastructure assessments that
identify weaknesses and suggest corrective actions. This paper discusses and reviews the
challenges imposed on physical infrastructure while deploying medical imaging and diagnos-
tic equipment, with a focus on power and cooling.
Depending on the patient’s ailment, a physician can use different modalities for diagnosis and
treatment (i.e. X-Ray or CT for orthopedics, ECG or MRI for cardiology or Ultrasound for
obstetrics). These modalities can be broadly classified into two categories: portable and
stationary. Portables can be further classified into hand held (i.e. blood glucometer) and
trolley or cart-mounted (i.e. ultrasound) while stationary devices can be further classified into
desk-mounted (i.e. blood, urine analysis equipment) or floor-mounted (i.e. CT, MRI). Figure
2 illustrates a cart-mounted ultrasound and Figure 3 illustrates a floor-mounted MRI machine.
The floor-mounted, desk-mounted, and cart-mounted devices need the most physical
infrastructure planning.
Modalities
4. Power Protection for Digital Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Equipment
Schneider Electric – Data Center Science Center Rev 0 4
Environment
Modalities are generally used in an indoor office environment. The cart-mounted and desk-
mounted modalities generally use 120 VAC, 208 VAC or 230 VAC single phase power less
than 5 kVA1
. The floor mounted devices typically require 208 VAC, 400 VAC or 480 VAC
three-phase power, ranging from 20 kVA to 300 kVA or more. They require a lot of space
and often times have their own separate room within the main hospital building or adjacent to
it. They may be cooled with the building’s comfort air-conditioning system or they may have
a precision computer room air-conditioning (CRAC) system, which more tightly controls
temperature and humidity in the environment. Figure 4 illustrates a typical MRI facility with
floor mounted equipment.
Challenges
Modalities need to be protected from power anomalies that cause hardware failures such as
blown power supplies or printed circuit boards (PCBs) as well as from system software
crashes. Physical space is a major constraint for large modalities like CTs and MRIs, more
so in big hospitals in urban areas, as they have no room to expand. These modalities
consume a lot of power, so heat dissipation is a major challenge to the building cooling
system. Often times, comfort cooling is not sufficient and precision cooling is required. One
of the most critical requirements is to provide electrical isolation from the electrical utility input
to protect the patient and the technicians from any shock hazards. Compliance to local,
state, national, and international codes is of paramount importance (i.e. National Electrical
Codes (NEC) in the United States).
1
See White Paper 15, Watts and Volt-Amps: Powerful Confusion for information on kilo volt amps
Figure 2 (left)
Cart mounted ultrasound
Figure 3 (right)
Floor mounted MRI
Figure 4
Typical CT or MRI facility
5. Power Protection for Digital Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Equipment
Schneider Electric – Data Center Science Center Rev 0 5
Best practices
• Since the hospital power grid is electrically “noisy and dirty” with a lot of electrical
surges and sags, it is a good practice to provide UPS protection to all sensitive, expen-
sive electronics systems, LCD displays, workstations, printers, and peripherals. The
UPS system protects the hardware, avoids unwarranted system crashes while tests are
in progress, prevents loss of patient data files, and provides safe, reliable radiology ex-
aminations.
• UPS systems used in the hospital should meet the following stringent standards:
o UL1778 – American Standard for UPS
o CSA22.2 No. 107.1 – Canadian Standard of UPS
o FCC Part 15 Class A – American Standard for Electromagnetic Radiation
o ANSI C62.41- American Standard for surge withstand capability
o IEC60950 – International Standard for UPS Systems
o EN50091-1- European Standard for Electromagnetic compatibility
Depending on their usage, cart-mounted and desk-mounted devices may require the
UPS to comply with the international standard IEC60601-1, “Standard for Medical Elec-
trical Equipment, Part 1: General Requirements for Safety” for patient vicinity applica-
tions. The U.S. equivalent is UL 60601-1.
• For large floor-mounted modalities, a large UPS (50-300kVA typical) should be in-
stalled to protect the entire room. Isolation transformers and the appropriate circuit
breakers should be used to limit the leakage currents and electrical shock hazards for
such modalities. These isolation transformers are sometimes built into the UPS or may
be optional outside of the UPS box. All equipment should be installed in compliance
with relevant codes like NEC, NFPA 70, NFPA99 (for U.S), and all other applicable lo-
cal and national codes such as BS7671:2001 (U.K.), NFC15-100 (France), and VDE
(Germany), as well as international such as CEI IEC 60364. Understanding and inter-
preting the codes can, in some unique cases, become very controversial and the final
say should be from the authorities having jurisdiction. In instances where budget con-
straints prohibit investment in a large facility level UPS, a smaller UPS (5-10kVA) dedi-
cated to the sensitive electronics and computer system of the CT, MRI, and PET should
be considered. In addition, UPS protection should be provided to all their viewing sta-
tions & workstations.
• Sizing of the UPS for many devices like CTs and MRIs can be challenging since they
draw very high amounts of inrush current. Ample precautions should be taken while
sizing their power systems (including UPS, generators, transformers, and switchgear).
Their normal power consumption as well as the inrush current ratings are available
from their manufacturers. Allow enough margins for miscellaneous loads and future
growth. Many companies like Schneider Electric have dedicated systems engineers,
power protection specialists, etc. who can help evaluate the right solution for every
unique customer situation.
• Adequate cooling and air flow should be provided for all modalities that have sensitive
electronics dissipating heat. For most of the cart and desk-mounted modalities, build-
ing HVAC should be sufficient. However for large floor mounted modalities like CTs,
MRIs, or PETs supplemental cooling may be required. Precision cooling is preferred
as it can provide temperature and humidity control in the CT/MRI room.
• All of the networked modalities and their physical infrastructure should be monitored
and managed (i.e. environmental conditions of the radiology room, UPS battery life,
runtime and capacity, and generator fuel) so that anomalies can be quickly detected
and a corrective action be taken proactively to avoid any downtime.
6. Power Protection for Digital Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Equipment
Schneider Electric – Data Center Science Center Rev 0 6
PACS make it possible to electronically store, manage, distribute, and view images. Funda-
mentally, these systems are a network of all image acquisition devices, display workstations,
and storage systems. They are made up of a broad range of technologies that enable digital
radiology and digital hospitals to perform tele-radiology, tele-medicine, and tele-surgery.
PACS have become more complex, encompassing systems that digitally acquire, convert,
interpret, transmit, and store medical images. Diagnostic images will be available anytime,
anywhere with little or no human intervention, making their distribution faster, easier, and
more reliable. Figure 5 illustrates the components of a typical PACS.
Environment
The core of the PACS is made up of high availability RAID storage and server clusters
running Windows, Unix, Linux, or a propriety operating system. These RAID storage and
server clusters are housed in racks in a computer / data room or data center environment.
Typically they draw less than 10 kVA, single-phase AC power at 120 V, 208V, or 230 VAC.
Very large systems may draw three-phase power.
Challenges
PACS need to be available on demand to the nurse, physician, clinician, or specialist
surgeon, providing latest imaging data of the patient under treatment. It needs to be highly
available, 7x24x365 and there is little tolerance to downtime. Since the RAID drives and
server clusters are confined to rack enclosures, handling their heat dissipation within the
racks often becomes a bigger challenge.
Best practices
• PACS should be protected with an N+1 redundant UPS system. This N+1 UPS system
not only protects the hardware but also protects the software from malfunctioning and
gracefully shuts down and reboots the operating system if needed, thereby preventing
a hard crash. The N+1 redundancy of the UPS system mirrors the redundancy of the
RAID storage drives and server clusters which are at the core of the PACS, providing
high availability. For smaller, simpler systems, a basic UPS can be provided.
• Often times, additional receptacles are needed for plugging in all required devices.
Rack based PDUs should be used to provide additional outlets. PDUs that can meas-
ure and display current, which can help prevent accidental overloading and shut down
of the PACS are recommended. PDUs that allow remote outlet control via the web are
desirable as they can help reboot a hung server or a storage drive efficiently.
Picture archiving
and
communication
systems (PACS)
Figure 5
Typical PACS
7. Power Protection for Digital Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Equipment
Schneider Electric – Data Center Science Center Rev 0 7
• At a minimum, surge suppression should be provided for LCD/CRT based passive
view-stations. For PC based active workstations running software applications, UPS
protection with graceful shut down and reboot capabilities is highly recommended.
• The PACS storage and servers should be housed in secured, lockable, rack enclo-
sures. These racks should be in a temperature controlled environment. The racks
housing PACS storage and servers are generally very dense physically and in terms of
power consumption. The rack doors should be perforated, allowing for maximum air-
flow. When power draw in the rack exceeds 4 kW, the rack should be placed in a hot
or cold aisle containment system. If this isn’t possible, ducted racks should be used to
capture hot return air and direct it back to the air conditioner. Alternatively, a row-
based cooling unit can be used to provide supplemental cooling capacity (see Figure
6). For more information on containment systems for existing data centers see White
Paper 153, Implementing Hot Aisle and Cold Aisle Containment in Existing Data Cen-
ters.
• A good management strategy involves the management of PACS servers, storage, and
their entire physical infrastructure including UPS, PDUs, batteries, and their critical en-
vironment (temperature and humidity). This will give early warning of any anomaly or
impending disaster so that corrective actions can be taken and prevent all avoidable
shutdowns.
RIS and HIS are server based systems running special software that make it possible to
store, monitor, manage, and distribute patient medical information. They help patients in
scheduling appointments, registration, and billing, and help hospitals in generating, maintain-
ing, and managing patient’s electronic medical records as well as generate workflow, work-
list, management reporting, and variety of other tasks. These RIS and HIS are really
becoming one large HIS and are integrated / networked with PACS as well as various other
modalities within the hospitals providing complete automation. By converting them into
“digital hospitals”, they can significantly improve patient-care, minimizing human errors,
saving lives, and reducing costs. Figure 7 shows a typical RIS / HIS and its subcomponents.
Environment
These systems are generally housed in a data center environment drawing 10 kW single-
phase 208 VAC or 230 VAC power on the lower side, to hundreds of kilowatts of three-phase
400 VAC or 480 VAC power on the higher side. The majority of data centers in hospitals
have a UPS with battery back-up, precision air conditioning units, and a back-up generator.
Challenges
RIS / HIS are the most important systems within the data center requiring longer runtime and
higher redundancy and availability then most other equipment. Since these systems are
Figure 6
Example of ducted rack air
containment (left)
(Schneider Electric Vertical Exhaust
Duct shown)
Example of row-based cooling
unit (right)
(Schneider Electric InRow RC shown)
Radiology
information
systems (RIS)
and hospital
information
systems (HIS)
8. Power Protection for Digital Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Equipment
Schneider Electric – Data Center Science Center Rev 0 8
merging to form one big HIS on which the entire hospital depends for normal functioning,
their availability requirements are generally 99.999% (five nines) or higher which translates to
average unplanned downtime of 5 minutes per year or less. Additionally these systems may
be located in high rise buildings and attention should be paid to the floor load (weight)
handling capacity, elevator hauling capacity, door heights and widths to ensure that the
physical infrastructure elements like UPS, batteries, and air-conditioning can be rolled in to
their planned positions.
Hospital Wards
Transcriptionists
Reception
Management
Reporting
Medical
Technical
Department
Clinical
Departments
Best practices
• The physical infrastructure supporting the RIS / HIS should provide highest levels of
redundancy while minimizing the total cost of ownership. An N+1 redundant UPS with
automatic and manual bypass is very common and often times it is extended to the
generator as well as the precision air-conditioning systems to ensure the highest levels
of availability. The entire infrastructure should be scalable to allow for future expan-
sion, be manageable like the other IT equipment, and be serviceable to reduce mean
time to recover. An example of such a system is the Schneider Electric InfraStruxure
and is shown in Figures 8. All of these characteristics contribute to the overall availa-
bility of the system.
• Servers and systems requiring the highest levels of availability should be identified and
grouped so that they can be provided with longer runtime and higher levels of redun-
dancy in a separate area, and in separate racks within the data center. This concept of
“targeted availability” helps increase availability of business critical systems without
having to incur a large capital expense for the entire data center. Higher levels of re-
dundancy like dual feeds with dual generators and dual N+1 UPS with dual power
paths all the way to the rack should be considered for highly-critical data centers and
networks.
• PDUs should be able to measure and display current, which can help prevent acci-
dental overloading and shutdown of the RIS / HIS. PDUs that allow remote outlet con-
Figure 7
Typical RIS / HIS system
Figure 8
Schneider Electric
InfraStruxure™
9. Power Protection for Digital Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Equipment
Schneider Electric – Data Center Science Center Rev 0 9
trol via the web are desirable for rapidly rebooting a hung server or a storage drive.
Isolation transformers should be used wherever required and mandated by local laws.
• Precision air conditioning equipment should have the capability to allow for expansion.
Redundant air conditioning units should be considered for higher availability. For high
power density racks (>4 kW / rack) additional air distribution and air containment
should be used to avoid hot spots. For more information on cooling best practices refer
to White Paper 49, Avoidable Mistakes that Compromise Cooling Performance in Data
Centers and Network Rooms.
Medical imaging and diagnostic equipment are typically connected to a network. Modalities
like CTs and MRIs get connected to PACS which are connected to RIS and HIS which in turn
are connected to the hospital intranets and extranets. The wiring closets or IDFs, as shown
in Figure 9, play a very vital role in ensuring the connectivity of this equipment and the
availability of the network, 7x24x365. Wiring closets comprise of layer 2 and layer 3 access
and distribution switches, hubs, routers, patch panels, UPS systems with a battery back-up
as well as any other miscellaneous telecommunications equipment mounted generally in a
two post rack. IDFs or wiring closets may also supply power over Ethernet (PoE) to net-
worked devices likes IP phones, web/security camera and any other devices drawing power
up to 15 W. This imposes a lot more challenges on the power and cooling requirements in
the closets.
Environment
These IDFs or wiring closets are typically hidden in some remote location of the building with
little or no ventilation and illumination. Legacy telecommunication networks typically used
wiring closets mainly for punch-down blocks, patch panels, and a few small stackable hubs or
switches. However, networking equipment that supplies power over Ethernet uses and
dissipates considerably more power. These new switches support data, voice, and video,
generally 19” rack mount type, and have varying air flow patterns depending on the manufac-
turers (i.e. side to side vs. front to back). A typical IDF will house 1-3 racks worth of equip-
ment and draw 500 W to 4000 W of single phase AC power or more. Two post racks have
largely been replaced with four post racks since newer equipment is getting heavier and
deeper.
Wiring closets or
intermediate
distribution
frame (IDF)
Patch Panel
Midspan Power
Supply
Network Telephony
System
Network Switches
Uninterrutible
Power
Supply
Figure 9
IDF (wiring closet)
10. Power Protection for Digital Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Equipment
Schneider Electric – Data Center Science Center Rev 0 10
Challenges
While deploying PACS, RIS, HIS, or new modalities that are being networked, these wiring
closets or IDFs need the most attention in terms of power and cooling. It can be a challenge
to ensure the right type of receptacles (i.e. L5-20, L5-30, L6-20, IEC 320 C19, and IEC 320
C13) and the right amount of power with the right circuit breaker protection to all the network-
ing equipment. Cooling and airflow are often a bigger but ignored problem to address in
these wiring closets.
Best practices
All equipment in the IDF should be protected by a UPS system. The selection of UPS should
be based on:
• The total power required in Watts
• The run time required in minutes
• The level of redundancy or fault tolerance desired
• The voltages and receptacles required
The UPS system is sized by taking the sum of the Watt ratings of the loads. A common rack-
mount UPS (i.e. Smart-UPS™) will provide approximately four nines (99.99%) of power
availability, while an N+1 redundant, UPS with built in bypass (i.e. Symmetra RM) with one
hour runtime will provide approximately five nines (99.999%), which may be sufficient for
most applications. See Appendix of White Paper 69, Power and Cooling for VoIP and IP
Telephony Applications for details on this availability analysis. UPS products are available
with battery packs to provide different durations of run time.
Identify the plugs and receptacles required for all the equipment including the UPS in the
wiring closet. Ideally all of the equipment should be plugged directly into the back of the UPS
or the transformer, and the use of additional outlet strips or rack PDUs should be avoided.
However, if there are many devices, it may not be practical and a rack PDU should be used.
In that case a high-grade rack PDU specifically designed for the purpose should be used.
The PDU should have enough receptacles to plug all the current equipment with some spares
for future needs. PDUs with a meter displaying the current power consumption are preferred
as they reduce human error like accidental overloading and resultant load drops. For the
correct selection of the appropriate UPS model meeting the required power level, redundan-
cy, voltage, and run time, the process is simplified by using a UPS selector such as the APC
by Schneider Electric UPS Selector. This system has power data for all popular switches,
servers, and storage devices, which avoids the need to collect this data. In systems like this,
the choice of configuring a UPS will provide various receptacle options.
To ensure continuous operations of the equipment in the wiring closet, 7x24x365, cooling and
airflow issues must be identified and addressed. The problem of heat dissipation and need
for supplemental air-conditioning is most pronounced in the wiring closets which have no
vents. Power dissipation in the wiring closet should be calculated to decide on a cost
effective way to solve the problem (see Table 1 & Table 2 in White Paper 69, Power and
Cooling for VoIP and IP Telephony Applications for details).
Finally, environmental monitoring (i.e. temperature and humidity) within these wiring closets
is highly recommended as it will help flag any abnormal conditions, allow for enough time to
take proactive measures, and avoid downtime.
11. Power Protection for Digital Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Equipment
Schneider Electric – Data Center Science Center Rev 0 11
To ensure high availability and reliability to medical imaging and diagnostic equipment,
including PACS, RIS, HIS, modalities, and their network, special attention must be paid to
their physical infrastructure. The biggest challenges are in terms of power, cooling, physical
space, management, and services. Providing UPS protection to all such devices protects the
hardware, prevents the software from unwarranted crashes, and increases their availability
significantly. Cooling is a special problem for bigger floor mounted modalities, high density
storage and servers for PACS as well as RIS / HIS and hospital wiring closets. In some
cases, a building’s HVAC system along with proper ducting, ventilation, and airflow may be
sufficient. However in many situations, additional cooling in the form of precision air condi-
tioning is required. Companies like Schneider Electric have dedicated team of systems
engineers, power protection specialists, and availability consultants who can help in doing
assessments and audits of data center physical infrastructure and provide detailed actionable
reports on improving overall system reliability and availability while minimizing the total cost
of ownership.
Conclusion
Special thanks to Viswas Purani for authoring the original content of this white paper.
Acknowledgements