Patient monitoring helps increasing the mortality by timely notification of exceeding vital signs. By using the vital sign data the critical care staff can make necessary life saving interventions. This requires the underlying network to be very robust so that timely and error free information flow can be guaranteed. Moreover there is a need for a cost effective and robust network technology for continuous and real- time vital signs monitoring in resource constraint settings in developing countries. In this paper we proposed a system of hospitals with interconnected intensive care units. Each intensive care unit employs Controller Area Network (CAN) as underlying technology for networking of bedside units. The data of these bedside units can be communicated with other hospital using higher level protocols such as Ethernet. This allow the hospital staff to share the health information of the patients with the specialized staff in another hospital to provide better cure to the patient and consequently can increase the mortality.
This document describes a proposed Arduino-based human health care monitoring and control system. The system consists of three main units:
1. A sensor unit that acquires medical data like ECG, temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure from various sensors.
2. A controller unit (using an Arduino microcontroller) that compares the sensor data to normal values and can send control signals to the patient if abnormalities are detected.
3. A monitoring unit with an LCD display to show the sensor readings and system status.
The system is intended to continuously monitor vital health parameters and provide treatment or alerts if issues arise. This could help elderly or vulnerable people receive medical help and oversight without needing to be in a clinical setting
PROPOSED TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS SUITE FOR WIRELESS MEDICAL BODY AREA NETWORKSijngnjournal
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) is the recent trend for localized and personalized medical services. For that purpose, several tele-medicine architectures and WBAN frameworks for patient monitoring have been proposed.This paper presents a new medical protocol MESETP (Medical Services Transport Protocol), that underlies data delivery for both real-time and non real-time medical services. Furthermore, performance tests of MESETP with existing real time protocols and non real-time protocols used by existing medical services are examined and comparison results are presented.
ICU remains for Intensive Care Unit, a place in the recuperating office where wiped out patients are checked eagerly. Commonly, the patient-staff extent is low and the LIFE-SAVING EQUIPMENT used is outstandingly bleeding edge Generally ICU is a healing facility for course of action of genuine nursing and remedial consideration of essentially wiped out patients, depicted by high bore and measure of unending nursing and restorative supervision and by use of cutting edge checking and resuscitative equipment The patients in the ICU require a predictable seeing of their Temperature and pulse circulatory strain. This undertaking is a working model, which wires sensors to evaluate imperative parameters specifically the Temperature, Respiratory temperature and Heart Beat. The sensors are interfaced to PC, with the objective that the condition of a patient can be explored by masters in any bit of the center wherever they are. At whatever point there is a variety from the standard felt by the patient, the particular patient will give an alert movement, by which the pro can race to the patient. Despite when the patient is in a careless condition, each one of the parameters will be identified and pro will be admonished, thusly it diminishes master's remaining task at hand and besides gives more correct results .Our endeavor is a working model which wires sensors to measure each one of these parameters like body temperature, Respiratory Temp and Heart Beat rate and trade it to the PC, with the objective that the patient condition can be examined to by authorities in any bit of the recuperating focus wherever they are. In this way it decreases experts work stack and besides gives more exact results, wherever there is a variety from the standard felt by the patient, we have in like manner combined saline watching system which gives an alert when the saline container going to cleanse.
IRJET-A Survey on provide security to wireless medical sensor dataIRJET Journal
This document discusses providing security for wireless medical sensor data. It first reviews related work on securing wireless medical sensor networks using cryptosystems like Paillier and ElGamal. It then proposes a system that uses these cryptosystems to encrypt and distribute patient data across multiple data servers. This would preserve patient privacy as long as no single server is compromised. The system aims to allow medical analysis of distributed encrypted data without revealing individual patient information.
An enhanced lossless compression with cryptography hybrid mechanism for ECG b...IJECEIAES
Due to their use in daily life situation, demand for remote health applications and e-health monitoring equipment is growing quickly. In this phase, for fast diagnosis and therapy, information can be transferred from the patient to the distant clinic. Nowadays, the most chronic disease is cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the storage and transmission of the ECG signal, consumes more energy, bandwidth and data security which is faced many challenges. Hence, in this work, we present a combined approach for ECG data compression and cryptography. The compression is performed using adaptive Huffman encoding and encrypting is done using AES (CBC) scheme with a 256-bit key. To increase the security, we include DiffieHellman Key exchange to authenticate the receiver, RSA key generation for encrypting and decrypting the data. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves better performance in terms of compression and encryption on MIT-BIH ECG dataset.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new e-healthcare information system based on an Android application. The paper discusses limitations of existing systems including errors, lack of access to patient information, and delays. It proposes a new system using Android mobile devices, wearable sensors to monitor biometrics, machine-to-machine communication, and a service-oriented architecture. This would allow real-time sharing of patient data between doctors and patients regardless of location. It also discusses using evolutionary computing algorithms and multi-agent frameworks to optimize medical data quality and analysis in distributed environments. The proposed system aims to improve diagnosis, treatment decisions and access to healthcare.
The document proposes a virtual clinic telemedicine system for remote areas of Pakistan. It would connect rural clinics with non-practicing female doctors via smartphones. A nurse at a rural virtual clinic would collect patient information like vitals and send it via smartphone to a central system. The system would send the information to a doctor who would prescribe treatment and send it back to the clinic. Surveys found rural residents and young/non-practicing doctors supported the idea, while some senior doctors did not due to not wanting constant smartphone notifications. A prototype was created using Android and iPhone apps to demonstrate feasibility.
Energy-efficient cluster-based security mechanism for Wireless Body Area Netw...IJSRD
Rapid expansion of wireless technologies permits continuous healthcare monitoring of mobile patients using compact biomedical wireless sensor motes. These tiny wearable devices –have limited amount of memory, energy, computation, & communication capabilities – are positioned on a patient; after that , they self-configure to create a networked cluster that is capable to continuously monitor important signs like blood pressure and flow, ECG, core temperature, the oxygen saturation, and CO2 concentration (i.e. for the respiration monitoring). The WBAN is an energizing innovation that guarantees to convey the human services to a novel level of the personalization. The scaled down sensors can be worn on body and they can non-rudely screen individual's physiological state. The numerous sensors speak with mobile utilizing the remote interfaces shaping WBAN. The WBANs empower checking a singular's wellbeing consistently in the free living conditions, where individual is allowed to direct his or her day by day action. In propose, design a enhance cluster based protocol.
This document describes a proposed Arduino-based human health care monitoring and control system. The system consists of three main units:
1. A sensor unit that acquires medical data like ECG, temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure from various sensors.
2. A controller unit (using an Arduino microcontroller) that compares the sensor data to normal values and can send control signals to the patient if abnormalities are detected.
3. A monitoring unit with an LCD display to show the sensor readings and system status.
The system is intended to continuously monitor vital health parameters and provide treatment or alerts if issues arise. This could help elderly or vulnerable people receive medical help and oversight without needing to be in a clinical setting
PROPOSED TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS SUITE FOR WIRELESS MEDICAL BODY AREA NETWORKSijngnjournal
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) is the recent trend for localized and personalized medical services. For that purpose, several tele-medicine architectures and WBAN frameworks for patient monitoring have been proposed.This paper presents a new medical protocol MESETP (Medical Services Transport Protocol), that underlies data delivery for both real-time and non real-time medical services. Furthermore, performance tests of MESETP with existing real time protocols and non real-time protocols used by existing medical services are examined and comparison results are presented.
ICU remains for Intensive Care Unit, a place in the recuperating office where wiped out patients are checked eagerly. Commonly, the patient-staff extent is low and the LIFE-SAVING EQUIPMENT used is outstandingly bleeding edge Generally ICU is a healing facility for course of action of genuine nursing and remedial consideration of essentially wiped out patients, depicted by high bore and measure of unending nursing and restorative supervision and by use of cutting edge checking and resuscitative equipment The patients in the ICU require a predictable seeing of their Temperature and pulse circulatory strain. This undertaking is a working model, which wires sensors to evaluate imperative parameters specifically the Temperature, Respiratory temperature and Heart Beat. The sensors are interfaced to PC, with the objective that the condition of a patient can be explored by masters in any bit of the center wherever they are. At whatever point there is a variety from the standard felt by the patient, the particular patient will give an alert movement, by which the pro can race to the patient. Despite when the patient is in a careless condition, each one of the parameters will be identified and pro will be admonished, thusly it diminishes master's remaining task at hand and besides gives more correct results .Our endeavor is a working model which wires sensors to measure each one of these parameters like body temperature, Respiratory Temp and Heart Beat rate and trade it to the PC, with the objective that the patient condition can be examined to by authorities in any bit of the recuperating focus wherever they are. In this way it decreases experts work stack and besides gives more exact results, wherever there is a variety from the standard felt by the patient, we have in like manner combined saline watching system which gives an alert when the saline container going to cleanse.
IRJET-A Survey on provide security to wireless medical sensor dataIRJET Journal
This document discusses providing security for wireless medical sensor data. It first reviews related work on securing wireless medical sensor networks using cryptosystems like Paillier and ElGamal. It then proposes a system that uses these cryptosystems to encrypt and distribute patient data across multiple data servers. This would preserve patient privacy as long as no single server is compromised. The system aims to allow medical analysis of distributed encrypted data without revealing individual patient information.
An enhanced lossless compression with cryptography hybrid mechanism for ECG b...IJECEIAES
Due to their use in daily life situation, demand for remote health applications and e-health monitoring equipment is growing quickly. In this phase, for fast diagnosis and therapy, information can be transferred from the patient to the distant clinic. Nowadays, the most chronic disease is cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the storage and transmission of the ECG signal, consumes more energy, bandwidth and data security which is faced many challenges. Hence, in this work, we present a combined approach for ECG data compression and cryptography. The compression is performed using adaptive Huffman encoding and encrypting is done using AES (CBC) scheme with a 256-bit key. To increase the security, we include DiffieHellman Key exchange to authenticate the receiver, RSA key generation for encrypting and decrypting the data. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves better performance in terms of compression and encryption on MIT-BIH ECG dataset.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new e-healthcare information system based on an Android application. The paper discusses limitations of existing systems including errors, lack of access to patient information, and delays. It proposes a new system using Android mobile devices, wearable sensors to monitor biometrics, machine-to-machine communication, and a service-oriented architecture. This would allow real-time sharing of patient data between doctors and patients regardless of location. It also discusses using evolutionary computing algorithms and multi-agent frameworks to optimize medical data quality and analysis in distributed environments. The proposed system aims to improve diagnosis, treatment decisions and access to healthcare.
The document proposes a virtual clinic telemedicine system for remote areas of Pakistan. It would connect rural clinics with non-practicing female doctors via smartphones. A nurse at a rural virtual clinic would collect patient information like vitals and send it via smartphone to a central system. The system would send the information to a doctor who would prescribe treatment and send it back to the clinic. Surveys found rural residents and young/non-practicing doctors supported the idea, while some senior doctors did not due to not wanting constant smartphone notifications. A prototype was created using Android and iPhone apps to demonstrate feasibility.
Energy-efficient cluster-based security mechanism for Wireless Body Area Netw...IJSRD
Rapid expansion of wireless technologies permits continuous healthcare monitoring of mobile patients using compact biomedical wireless sensor motes. These tiny wearable devices –have limited amount of memory, energy, computation, & communication capabilities – are positioned on a patient; after that , they self-configure to create a networked cluster that is capable to continuously monitor important signs like blood pressure and flow, ECG, core temperature, the oxygen saturation, and CO2 concentration (i.e. for the respiration monitoring). The WBAN is an energizing innovation that guarantees to convey the human services to a novel level of the personalization. The scaled down sensors can be worn on body and they can non-rudely screen individual's physiological state. The numerous sensors speak with mobile utilizing the remote interfaces shaping WBAN. The WBANs empower checking a singular's wellbeing consistently in the free living conditions, where individual is allowed to direct his or her day by day action. In propose, design a enhance cluster based protocol.
SECURED FRAMEWORK FOR PERVASIVE HEALTHCARE MONITORING SYSTEMS ijscai
Pervasive Healthcare Monitoring System (PHMS)’ is one of the important pervasive computing
applications aimed at providing healthcare services to all the people through mobile communication
devices. Pervasive computing devices are resource constrained devices such as battery power, memory,
processing power and bandwidth. In pervasive environment data privacy is a key issue. In this
application a secured frame work is developed for receiving the patient’s medical data periodically,
updates automatically in Patient Record Database and generates a Checkup Reminder. In the present
work a light weight asymmetric algorithm proposed by the authors [26] is used for encrypting the data to
ensure data confidentiality for its users. Challenge response onetime password mechanism is applied for
authentication process
Generation of cda xml schema from dicom images using hl7 standard 2IAEME Publication
This document discusses generating CDA/XML schemas from DICOM images using the HL7 standard. It describes how HL7 CDA can be used to interface DICOM and HL7 formats. The process involves extracting data from DICOM images stored in a PACS archive, generating CDA-XML documents from the extracted data, and transmitting patient information summaries using HL7 messages. The research aims to improve interoperability between medical software applications and enable sharing of patient data.
The FCC recently dedicated spectrum for Medical Body Area Networks (MBANs) to allow multiple wireless sensors to monitor patients. An MBAN consists of a central hub that collects data from body-worn sensors and transmits it over a healthcare facility's network to monitoring stations. The FCC will permit MBANs to operate in the 2360-2400 MHz band either indoors with coordination or anywhere without coordination. This will enhance patient safety and mobility by reducing wired connections while supporting new medical applications and wireless devices.
IRJET-Cloud based Patient Referral System with RFID Based Clinical Informatio...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a proposed cloud-based patient referral system with RFID-based clinical information retrieval for emergency cases. The system allows patients to directly communicate with remotely located healthcare professionals to schedule appointments, saving both time and money. It also integrates RFID technology to provide doctors with unconscious or unaccompanied patients' accurate medical histories in emergency situations, making treatment more efficient and reducing risks. The system architecture includes an Android app for patients and doctors to register and access services, a cloud database to store medical records, RFID tags and readers to retrieve records during emergencies, and other components like Arduino and WiFi modules to process and transmit RFID data. The goal is to improve healthcare access, efficiency and
A more secure and reliable protocol for wireless patient monitoring systemeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a proposed architecture for remote patient monitoring using wireless sensor networks. The architecture allows virtual groups to be formed between patients, nurses, and doctors to enable remote analysis of patient data collected by wireless body area networks (WBANs). The patient data is transmitted through an underlying environmental sensor network to members of the virtual group. The proposed architecture addresses challenges of power supply for body sensor networks and quality of service guarantees.
IT infrastructure in Indian hospitals is growing but still has room for improvement. Key points:
1. Private hospitals have implemented more IT systems like HIS, RIS, and EMR than public hospitals. Major private hospitals like Apollo and Fortis are investing in integrated IT.
2. Common IT systems used include HIS for administrative functions, RIS for radiology, and some EMR implementation. Specialty clinical systems are less common.
3. Standards need to be established for health IT in India to allow for data sharing and integration. Infrastructure also needs further development, especially in public hospitals.
1) The document presents a relay-based routing protocol for wireless in-body sensor networks that aims to maximize network lifetime.
2) The protocol decreases communication distances of in-body sensors by deploying relays on a patient's clothes, allowing sensors to directly communicate with nearby relays.
3) Simulation results show the proposed protocol performs better than other protocols in terms of energy efficiency.
A 128 bit secret key generation using unique ecg bio-signal for medical data ...Karthikeyan Ece venkatesan
This document proposes a method for generating a 128-bit secret key from electrocardiogram (ECG) bio-signal parameters for securing medical data transmission in wireless body area networks (WBANs). It extracts features from the ECG signal like average time interval between peaks and beat rate using the Daubechies wavelet transform. These features are then used to generate a 128-bit secret key comprising 16-bit values for authentication between an external programmer and implanted medical sensor node. The proposed method aims to securely communicate patient data without pre-deploying keys by leveraging the unique and random nature of ECG bio-signals to generate keys in real-time.
The document discusses various applications and approaches in telemedicine. It defines telemedicine as the provision of healthcare services using information and communication technologies when the healthcare professional and patient are not in the same location. It describes different telemedicine technologies and applications including telesurgery, clinical kiosks, telepathology, mobile health monitoring, and remote intensive care units. It also discusses infrastructure requirements and case studies of telemedicine programs in places like Alaska, Mexico, and Denmark.
1. The document proposes a wireless sensor network architecture for remote health monitoring of assisted living residents.
2. Sensors embedded in the body and environment continuously monitor vital signs and environmental conditions. Data is transmitted to a central database for access by caregivers.
3. An experimental smart home has been set up with motion, temperature, and other sensors communicating over a wireless network to a central computer. Preliminary results found no false detections over one week.
This document discusses smart card applications in telemedicine. It proposes storing encrypted medical information like patient records, images, and test results on smart cards. This would allow portable storage and retrieval of data on any computer. The technology for this has been developed indigenously and could have applications beyond healthcare like secure e-commerce. It reviews an existing medical data compression and transmission protocol called ANAHITA. Smart cards provide secure authentication, user identification, and transaction records. Medical data from various sources can be compressed and stored on smart cards for easy sharing while maintaining security.
Cloud based wireless Body Area Network for Health management Fantahun Yersaw
Fentahun Yersie presented on wireless body area networks (WBANs) and cloud-based WBANs. The presentation covered what WBANs are, their history and development, typical structures, sensor devices, communication technologies, traffic classification, architectures, energy considerations, applications, limitations, and how cloud-based systems can address those limitations. It concluded that cloud-based WBANs can provide on-demand, remote health monitoring and management without geographical boundaries through collection, storage, and transmission of personal health data to authorized users and doctors.
This document summarizes a survey on wireless body area networks (WBANs). It begins by defining WBANs and their applications in health monitoring. It describes the typical architecture of a WBAN system, which consists of on-body and in-body sensor nodes that communicate wirelessly with a coordinator that transfers data to medical servers. The document then discusses some key differences between WBANs and traditional wireless sensor networks, such as lower node density and support for human mobility in WBANs. It also outlines several challenges for WBANs, such as limited power, security, interference, and regulatory requirements due to devices being implanted or worn on the human body. Finally, it provides examples of medical and
IRJET - Cloud based Enhanced Cardiac Disease Prediction using Naïve Bayesian ...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed cloud-based system for enhancing cardiac disease prediction using the Naive Bayesian algorithm. The system would collect patients' medical data and store it securely in the cloud after encryption. It would analyze the data using Naive Bayesian classification to predict diseases and generate reports. The reports would be accessible to clinicians and patients through the cloud using private keys for authentication and authorization. The goal is to build an accurate and private disease prediction and monitoring system to help detect cardiac issues early and improve patient care.
IRJET - Digital Ambulance Service Emergency Alert System using GPSIRJET Journal
This document proposes a digital ambulance service system using GPS and GPRS technologies. The system would allow patients or bystanders to locate the nearest ambulance using a mobile app. The app would display the ambulance address and contact details from information stored in a MySQL database. Ambulances would be equipped to monitor patient health parameters like ECG, blood pressure, temperature, and heart rate. This data would be sent via SMS to the nearest hospital to alert doctors and allow preparation for treatment. The system aims to save lives by reducing response times and ensuring doctors have patient health information before arrival. It was designed and developed using technologies like MySQL, XAMPP, GPS and GPRS to integrate medical data collection, administrative functions, and communication capabilities
SECURITY ARCHITECTURE FOR AT-HOME MEDICAL CARE USING BODY SENSOR NETWORKijasuc
This document proposes a security architecture for remote patient monitoring using a body sensor network. The key aspects of the proposed architecture are:
1) Sensors worn by patients measure vital signs and wirelessly transmit data to a home base station for consolidation and transmission to a remote hospital monitoring station.
2) The home base station collects patient data from multiple sensors and associates each set of readings with a unique patient ID to correctly identify the individual.
3) Encryption, authentication and replay protection are used to secure wireless transmission of sensor data between patients' wearable data acquisition units and the home base station within the home. Symmetric key encryption and elliptic curve cryptography are employed considering the sensors' limited resources.
4
Wireless Sensor Network for Patient Health Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a wireless sensor network for patient health monitoring. It discusses how sensors can monitor a patient's vital signs like pulse rate, body temperature, and heart rate. The sensor data is transmitted wirelessly via nodes to a central node, typically a computer at a hospital. This allows medical staff to remotely monitor patients' health conditions without needing to be right next to the patient. The system aims to provide automatic, low-cost monitoring so that fewer medical resources are needed for continual observation of stable patients.
Security Requirements, Counterattacks and Projects in Healthcare Applications...arpublication
Healthcare applications are well thought-out as interesting fields for WSN where patients can be examine using wireless medical sensor networks. Inside the hospital or extensive care surroundings there is a tempting need for steady monitoring of essential body functions and support for patient mobility. Recent research cantered on patient reliable communication, mobility, and energy-efficient routing. Yet deploying new expertise in healthcare applications presents some understandable security concerns which are the important concern in the inclusive deployment of wireless patient monitoring systems. This manuscript presents a survey of the security features, its counter attacks in healthcare applications including some proposed projects which have been done recently.
Proposed Transport Protocols Suite for Wireless Medical Body Area Networksjosephjonse
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) is the recent trend for localized and personalized medical services. For that purpose, several tele-medicine architectures and WBAN frameworks for patient monitoring have been proposed.This paper presents a new medical protocol MESETP (Medical Services Transport Protocol), that underlies data delivery for both real-time and non real-time medical services. Furthermore, performance tests of MESETP with existing real time protocols and non real-time protocols used by existing medical services are examined and comparison results are presented.
SECURED FRAMEWORK FOR PERVASIVE HEALTHCARE MONITORING SYSTEMS ijscai
Pervasive Healthcare Monitoring System (PHMS)’ is one of the important pervasive computing
applications aimed at providing healthcare services to all the people through mobile communication
devices. Pervasive computing devices are resource constrained devices such as battery power, memory,
processing power and bandwidth. In pervasive environment data privacy is a key issue. In this
application a secured frame work is developed for receiving the patient’s medical data periodically,
updates automatically in Patient Record Database and generates a Checkup Reminder. In the present
work a light weight asymmetric algorithm proposed by the authors [26] is used for encrypting the data to
ensure data confidentiality for its users. Challenge response onetime password mechanism is applied for
authentication process
Generation of cda xml schema from dicom images using hl7 standard 2IAEME Publication
This document discusses generating CDA/XML schemas from DICOM images using the HL7 standard. It describes how HL7 CDA can be used to interface DICOM and HL7 formats. The process involves extracting data from DICOM images stored in a PACS archive, generating CDA-XML documents from the extracted data, and transmitting patient information summaries using HL7 messages. The research aims to improve interoperability between medical software applications and enable sharing of patient data.
The FCC recently dedicated spectrum for Medical Body Area Networks (MBANs) to allow multiple wireless sensors to monitor patients. An MBAN consists of a central hub that collects data from body-worn sensors and transmits it over a healthcare facility's network to monitoring stations. The FCC will permit MBANs to operate in the 2360-2400 MHz band either indoors with coordination or anywhere without coordination. This will enhance patient safety and mobility by reducing wired connections while supporting new medical applications and wireless devices.
IRJET-Cloud based Patient Referral System with RFID Based Clinical Informatio...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a proposed cloud-based patient referral system with RFID-based clinical information retrieval for emergency cases. The system allows patients to directly communicate with remotely located healthcare professionals to schedule appointments, saving both time and money. It also integrates RFID technology to provide doctors with unconscious or unaccompanied patients' accurate medical histories in emergency situations, making treatment more efficient and reducing risks. The system architecture includes an Android app for patients and doctors to register and access services, a cloud database to store medical records, RFID tags and readers to retrieve records during emergencies, and other components like Arduino and WiFi modules to process and transmit RFID data. The goal is to improve healthcare access, efficiency and
A more secure and reliable protocol for wireless patient monitoring systemeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a proposed architecture for remote patient monitoring using wireless sensor networks. The architecture allows virtual groups to be formed between patients, nurses, and doctors to enable remote analysis of patient data collected by wireless body area networks (WBANs). The patient data is transmitted through an underlying environmental sensor network to members of the virtual group. The proposed architecture addresses challenges of power supply for body sensor networks and quality of service guarantees.
IT infrastructure in Indian hospitals is growing but still has room for improvement. Key points:
1. Private hospitals have implemented more IT systems like HIS, RIS, and EMR than public hospitals. Major private hospitals like Apollo and Fortis are investing in integrated IT.
2. Common IT systems used include HIS for administrative functions, RIS for radiology, and some EMR implementation. Specialty clinical systems are less common.
3. Standards need to be established for health IT in India to allow for data sharing and integration. Infrastructure also needs further development, especially in public hospitals.
1) The document presents a relay-based routing protocol for wireless in-body sensor networks that aims to maximize network lifetime.
2) The protocol decreases communication distances of in-body sensors by deploying relays on a patient's clothes, allowing sensors to directly communicate with nearby relays.
3) Simulation results show the proposed protocol performs better than other protocols in terms of energy efficiency.
A 128 bit secret key generation using unique ecg bio-signal for medical data ...Karthikeyan Ece venkatesan
This document proposes a method for generating a 128-bit secret key from electrocardiogram (ECG) bio-signal parameters for securing medical data transmission in wireless body area networks (WBANs). It extracts features from the ECG signal like average time interval between peaks and beat rate using the Daubechies wavelet transform. These features are then used to generate a 128-bit secret key comprising 16-bit values for authentication between an external programmer and implanted medical sensor node. The proposed method aims to securely communicate patient data without pre-deploying keys by leveraging the unique and random nature of ECG bio-signals to generate keys in real-time.
The document discusses various applications and approaches in telemedicine. It defines telemedicine as the provision of healthcare services using information and communication technologies when the healthcare professional and patient are not in the same location. It describes different telemedicine technologies and applications including telesurgery, clinical kiosks, telepathology, mobile health monitoring, and remote intensive care units. It also discusses infrastructure requirements and case studies of telemedicine programs in places like Alaska, Mexico, and Denmark.
1. The document proposes a wireless sensor network architecture for remote health monitoring of assisted living residents.
2. Sensors embedded in the body and environment continuously monitor vital signs and environmental conditions. Data is transmitted to a central database for access by caregivers.
3. An experimental smart home has been set up with motion, temperature, and other sensors communicating over a wireless network to a central computer. Preliminary results found no false detections over one week.
This document discusses smart card applications in telemedicine. It proposes storing encrypted medical information like patient records, images, and test results on smart cards. This would allow portable storage and retrieval of data on any computer. The technology for this has been developed indigenously and could have applications beyond healthcare like secure e-commerce. It reviews an existing medical data compression and transmission protocol called ANAHITA. Smart cards provide secure authentication, user identification, and transaction records. Medical data from various sources can be compressed and stored on smart cards for easy sharing while maintaining security.
Cloud based wireless Body Area Network for Health management Fantahun Yersaw
Fentahun Yersie presented on wireless body area networks (WBANs) and cloud-based WBANs. The presentation covered what WBANs are, their history and development, typical structures, sensor devices, communication technologies, traffic classification, architectures, energy considerations, applications, limitations, and how cloud-based systems can address those limitations. It concluded that cloud-based WBANs can provide on-demand, remote health monitoring and management without geographical boundaries through collection, storage, and transmission of personal health data to authorized users and doctors.
This document summarizes a survey on wireless body area networks (WBANs). It begins by defining WBANs and their applications in health monitoring. It describes the typical architecture of a WBAN system, which consists of on-body and in-body sensor nodes that communicate wirelessly with a coordinator that transfers data to medical servers. The document then discusses some key differences between WBANs and traditional wireless sensor networks, such as lower node density and support for human mobility in WBANs. It also outlines several challenges for WBANs, such as limited power, security, interference, and regulatory requirements due to devices being implanted or worn on the human body. Finally, it provides examples of medical and
IRJET - Cloud based Enhanced Cardiac Disease Prediction using Naïve Bayesian ...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed cloud-based system for enhancing cardiac disease prediction using the Naive Bayesian algorithm. The system would collect patients' medical data and store it securely in the cloud after encryption. It would analyze the data using Naive Bayesian classification to predict diseases and generate reports. The reports would be accessible to clinicians and patients through the cloud using private keys for authentication and authorization. The goal is to build an accurate and private disease prediction and monitoring system to help detect cardiac issues early and improve patient care.
IRJET - Digital Ambulance Service Emergency Alert System using GPSIRJET Journal
This document proposes a digital ambulance service system using GPS and GPRS technologies. The system would allow patients or bystanders to locate the nearest ambulance using a mobile app. The app would display the ambulance address and contact details from information stored in a MySQL database. Ambulances would be equipped to monitor patient health parameters like ECG, blood pressure, temperature, and heart rate. This data would be sent via SMS to the nearest hospital to alert doctors and allow preparation for treatment. The system aims to save lives by reducing response times and ensuring doctors have patient health information before arrival. It was designed and developed using technologies like MySQL, XAMPP, GPS and GPRS to integrate medical data collection, administrative functions, and communication capabilities
SECURITY ARCHITECTURE FOR AT-HOME MEDICAL CARE USING BODY SENSOR NETWORKijasuc
This document proposes a security architecture for remote patient monitoring using a body sensor network. The key aspects of the proposed architecture are:
1) Sensors worn by patients measure vital signs and wirelessly transmit data to a home base station for consolidation and transmission to a remote hospital monitoring station.
2) The home base station collects patient data from multiple sensors and associates each set of readings with a unique patient ID to correctly identify the individual.
3) Encryption, authentication and replay protection are used to secure wireless transmission of sensor data between patients' wearable data acquisition units and the home base station within the home. Symmetric key encryption and elliptic curve cryptography are employed considering the sensors' limited resources.
4
Wireless Sensor Network for Patient Health Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a wireless sensor network for patient health monitoring. It discusses how sensors can monitor a patient's vital signs like pulse rate, body temperature, and heart rate. The sensor data is transmitted wirelessly via nodes to a central node, typically a computer at a hospital. This allows medical staff to remotely monitor patients' health conditions without needing to be right next to the patient. The system aims to provide automatic, low-cost monitoring so that fewer medical resources are needed for continual observation of stable patients.
Security Requirements, Counterattacks and Projects in Healthcare Applications...arpublication
Healthcare applications are well thought-out as interesting fields for WSN where patients can be examine using wireless medical sensor networks. Inside the hospital or extensive care surroundings there is a tempting need for steady monitoring of essential body functions and support for patient mobility. Recent research cantered on patient reliable communication, mobility, and energy-efficient routing. Yet deploying new expertise in healthcare applications presents some understandable security concerns which are the important concern in the inclusive deployment of wireless patient monitoring systems. This manuscript presents a survey of the security features, its counter attacks in healthcare applications including some proposed projects which have been done recently.
Proposed Transport Protocols Suite for Wireless Medical Body Area Networksjosephjonse
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) is the recent trend for localized and personalized medical services. For that purpose, several tele-medicine architectures and WBAN frameworks for patient monitoring have been proposed.This paper presents a new medical protocol MESETP (Medical Services Transport Protocol), that underlies data delivery for both real-time and non real-time medical services. Furthermore, performance tests of MESETP with existing real time protocols and non real-time protocols used by existing medical services are examined and comparison results are presented.
2 pf implementation of wireless body area network ed iqbal qcIAESIJEECS
Patients in hospitals have issue with health instrumentality that's connected with wires to their body. Wired health instrumentality restricts the quality of the patient. Moreover, health caretaker’s area unit compelled to work the instrumentality and take the measurements. Hence, wireless observance of patient is incredibly effective resolution thereto drawback. The most target of this study was to analysis the present trend and prospect of wireless observance of patients within the hospitals. This study conjointly aims to create the epitome system to implement wireless observance. Additionally to that, this thesis conjointly studies most fitted technique for building the foremost effective wireless observance system. The sensing element nodes and receiver of the epitome were designed. Golem phone was used as entranceway to receive the information from sensing element node and forward the information into receiver. Bluetooth Low energy was wont to communicate between sensing element nodes and golem phone. LAN is employed to speak between golem phone and also the receiver that is connected to laptop. The sensing element readings were initially ascertained in Arduino Serial Monitor so sent to sink node. The sensing element readings of a body were displayed in golem phone and yet as within the web site. Real time information of sensing element was created and with success updated within the web site. The study of results and project showed that wireless observance would be terribly effective by exploitation Interference free, short vary and extremely secure suggests that of communication. Bluetooth low energy that is appropriate choice for the system. Style of sensing element nodes ought to be terribly tiny as a result of it's to be worn round the body. Therefore smaller parts ought to be used.
SURVEY OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSNS)AM Publications
This document discusses using wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for healthcare management. It proposes a smart gateway system that can bridge WSNs with public communication networks. The gateway is designed to perform some tasks like processing sensor data, determining patient health states, and sending emergency notifications to reduce the load on remote servers and networks. It integrates WSN, Wi-Fi, and GSM modules to communicate with sensor networks and send information to caregivers. The system aims to make healthcare management more proactive and cost-effective by enabling real-time patient monitoring using body-worn sensors and a gateway-based wireless network architecture.
This is particularly the case on e Health monitoring applications for chronic patients, Where Patients
monitoring refers to a continuous observation of patient’s condition (physiological and physical) traditionally
performed by one or several body sensors. The architecture for this system is based on medical sensors which
measure patients’ physical parameters by using wireless sensor networks (WSNs). These sensors transfer data
from patients’ bodies over the wireless network to the cloud environment. The system is aimed to prevent delays
in the arrival of patients’ medical information to the healthcare providers, Therefore, patients will have a high
quality services because the e heath smart system supports medical staff by providing real-time data gathering,
eliminating manual data collection, enabling the monitoring of huge numbers of patients. We underline the
necessity of the analysis of data quality on e-Health applications, especially concerning remote monitoring and
assistance of patients with chronic diseases.
Mitigation of packet loss with end-to-end delay in wireless body area network...IJECEIAES
The wireless body area network (WBAN) has been proposed to offer a solution to the problem of population ageing, shortage in medical facilities and different chronic diseases. The development of this technology has been further fueled by the demand for real-time application for monitoring these cases in networks. The integrity of communication is constrained by the loss of packets during communication affecting the reliability of WBAN. Mitigating the loss of packets and ensuring the performance of the network is a challenging task that has sparked numerous studies over the years. The WBAN technology as a problem of reducing network lifetime; thus, in this paper, we utilize cooperative routing protocol (CRP) to improve package delivery via end-to-end latency and increase the length of the network lifetime. The end-to-end latency was used as a metric to determine the significance of CRP in WBAN routing protocols. The CRP increased the rate of transmission of packets to the sink and mitigate packet loss. The proposed solution has shown that the end-to-end delay in the WBAN is considerably reduced by applying the cooperative routing protocol. The CRP technique attained a delivery ratio of 0.8176 compared to 0.8118 when transmitting packets in WBAN.
Real-time Heart Pulse Monitoring Technique Using Wireless Sensor Network and ...IJECEIAES
This summarizes a document describing a real-time heart pulse monitoring system using a wireless sensor network and mobile application. The proposed system measures a patient's heart pulse using an infrared sensor. It then amplifies and filters the signal before sending it over a network using an Arduino board and Ethernet shield. The heart pulse values are displayed on both a computer-based and smartphone-based application in real-time. The system was tested on 10 people of varying ages, genders, and health statuses, and the results were within normal heart pulse ranges according to medical standards.
Recently, in many cases, the reason for a patient staying in the hospital is not that he or she actually needs active medical care. Often, the principal reason for a lengthy stay in the hospital is simply continual observation. Therefore, efforts have been made to avoid acute admissions and long lengths of stay in the hospital. In recent years, emergency admissions and long lengths of stay have become extremely costly. So the focus of health policy has shifted away from the provision of reactive, acute care toward preventive care outside the hospital. As models of care are redesigned, health economies are seeking to provide more care outside large acute centers. The drivers for this shift are two-fold; first, there is a quality-of-care issue and second, there is a resource allocation issue. Being cared for in a patient’s own home is a key aim of current U.K. government health policy and that is driven by an imperative to provide better quality care to people without the need to disrupt their lives. Investment in technologies that enable remote monitoring would lead to long-term gains in terms of hospital finances and patient care.
A remote patient monitoring based on WBAN implementation with internet of thi...journalBEEI
A healthcare employment is the mainly domain in emergent technology of WBAN, and an e-health system created of cloud computing in addition to a WSN considers an important part of this field. An implementation of remotely system for monitoring the patient's vital signs require continuous observation to form low-cost networks with the ability of portability and flexibility and may be applied with separate position and long-term intensive care of peoples in the absence of disturbance of their everyday activities. The patient carries body sensor's patches to get transmitted vital signs continuously to the cloud environment, and a website is designed for presenting and analyzing the data based on designed algorithm. A comparison is made every received measurement with a that stored in the algorithm. In remote specialist care, the execution of confidence and confidentiality conservation is critical, as essential restrictions were being communicating with remote locations. To ensure reliability, the implemented system offers real time monitoring and certification to the patient's condition by means of a medical record, with rapid medical data delivery to the medical staff and can also increase the service delivery ratio of hospital capacity and monitoring of large number of patients with concentrated average delay.
A Survey on provide security to wireless medical sensor dataIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on providing security for wireless medical sensor data. The survey examines existing approaches that use cryptosystems like Paillier and ElGamal to securely distribute patient data across multiple data servers. This prevents privacy compromises if a single data server is breached. The proposed system would use these cryptosystems to encrypt patient data captured by wireless medical sensors and split the encrypted data across several data servers. This would allow analysis of patient data without compromising privacy as long as not all servers are compromised.
Improvement of Quality of Service Parameters in Dynamic and Heterogeneous WBANijeei-iaes
With growth in population and diseases, there is a need for monitoring and curing of patients with low cost for various health issues. Due to life threatening conditions, loss-free and timely sending of data is an essential factor for healthcare WBAN. Health data needs to transmit through reliable connection and with minimum delay, but designing a reliable, and congestion and delay free transport protocol is a challenging area in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). Generally, transport layer is responsible for congestion control and reliable packet delivery. Congestion is a critical issue in the healthcare system. It not only increases loss and delay ratio but also raise a number of retransmissions and packet drop rates, which hampers Quality of Service (QoS). Thus, to meet the QoS requirements of healthcare WBANs, a reliable and fair transport protocol is mandatory. This motivates us to design a new protocol, which provides loss, delay and congestion free transmission of heterogeneous data. In this paper, we present a Dynamic priority based Quality of Service management protocol which not only controls the congestion in the network but also provides a reliable transmission with timely delivery of the packet.
Integrating device to device network with internet of health things: Towards ...journalBEEI
Among the crucial invention of the 5G is the device to device (D2D) system, whereby cellular gadgets correspond via immediate transfer or by multihop transfer excluding the ground-terminal. It is probable that D2D users are concurrent with human body network. Due to this, we suggested an internet of health things (IoHT) system which enables collaboration work among D2D users and human body indicators. We may regard the power as the most unique source in the wireless body area network (WBAN). The least needed transferring capacity may accomplish a particular degree of function, and minimum capacity for transfer holds a crucial responsibility in decreasing power usage. In this study, we discovered the needed transfer energy of four transferring modes: the straight transferring system, the double-hop transferring system, as well as double increasing coordinated transferring system with Rayleigh medium vanishing in its layout. Besides that, we suggested an energy-competent system named as efficient-power transmission mode selection-based (EPTMS) system. The suggested system chooses suitable transferring system whereby it offers the least needed transferring energy that assures a particular transfer duration. The statistical as well as simulation results shows that the two-master node cooperative protocols (TMNCP), EPTMS may enhance system conduction within the main criteria.
Iaetsd io t based advanced smart health care systemIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes an IoT-based smart health care system called the Smart Hospital System (SHS). The SHS uses technologies like RFID, wireless sensor networks, and smart mobile devices to automatically monitor patients, medical staff, and devices in hospitals. It collects environmental and physiological data in real-time using a hybrid sensing network. The data is sent to a control center where it can be accessed locally and remotely through a web interface. A prototype was implemented that demonstrated tracking patients and responding to emergencies like falls. The system aims to improve healthcare efficiency while reducing costs.
CLOUD COMPUTING BASED TELEMEDICINE SERVICEIRJET Journal
This document discusses a cloud computing-based telemedicine service. The key points are:
1. Telemedicine uses technology like high-speed internet and live video streaming to provide remote medical services and access to patient data. This allows doctors to treat patients across distances.
2. Cloud computing can improve telemedicine by providing scalable computing resources and storage of medical information. Doctors and patients can access data remotely through the cloud.
3. The proposed system would use cloud computing to support a web-based telemedicine network. Medical data would be stored and processed on multiple cloud servers while maintaining patient privacy and security. This could help provide better healthcare access.
A cross layer protocol based on mac and routing protocols for healthcare appl...ijassn
Using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in healthcare systems has had a lot of attention in recent years. In
much of this research tasks like sensor data processing, health states decision making and emergency
message sending are done by a remote server. Many patients with lots of sensor data consume a great deal
of communication resources, bring a burden to the remote server and delay the decision time and
notification time. A healthcare application for elderly people using WSN has been simulated in this paper.
A WSN designed for the proposed healthcare application needs efficient MAC and routing protocols to
provide a guarantee for the reliability of the data delivered from the patients to the medical centre. Based
on these requirements, A cross layer based on the modified versions of APTEEN and GinMAC has been
designed and implemented, with new features, such as a mobility module and routes discovery algorithms
have been added. Simulation results show that the proposed cross layer based protocol can conserve
energy for nodes and provide the required performance such as life time of the network, delay and
reliability for the proposed healthcare application.
The International Journal of Pharmacetical Sciences Letters (IJPSL) is an international online journal in English published everyday. The aim of this is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
An intelligent patient tele monitoring system using android technologyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Healthcare to people anytime and anywhere in the world in a more economic and patient friendly manner. Therefore for increasing the patient care efficiency, there arises a need to improve the patient monitoring devices and make them more mobile. The medical world today faces two basic problems when it comes to patient monitoring. Firstly, the needs of health care’s provider’s presence near the bedside of the patient and secondly, the patient is restricted to bed and wired to large machines. In order to achieve better quality patient care, the above cited problems have to be solved.As telecommunications technologies are advancing, it has become feasible to design more portal vital sign patient tele monitoring systems to acquire, record, display and to transmit the physiological signal from the patient to any place.In this project real time transmission of patient self -tested blood pressure data to doctor is achieved.This system is very convenient to use for doctors and patient. The modern visionary of healthcare industry is to provide better
Keywords: GSM, Android
Wireless Sensor Network: an emerging entrant in HealthcareIOSR Journals
This document discusses the potential for wireless sensor networks in healthcare applications. It describes how wireless sensor networks can be used to monitor patients remotely by collecting physiological data from sensor devices. Some challenges to the adoption of this technology in healthcare include ensuring privacy and security of medical data transmitted over wireless networks. The document also provides examples of how wireless body area networks and wearable sensor devices can help monitor aspects of health and enable at-home health monitoring.
IRJET- Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks in Healthcare: An Overview of...IRJET Journal
This document discusses applications of wireless sensor networks in healthcare and related challenges. It describes how wireless sensor networks are being used for vital sign monitoring in hospitals, at-home and mobile health monitoring, and assistance with motor and sensory decline. Examples discussed include monitoring systems called CODEBLUE, HEALTHGEAR, and AMON. It also discusses an epilepsy monitoring smart clothing system called WEMU and a wearable health care system called WEALTHY. The document outlines challenges at the physical, MAC, network, transport and application layers and security threats involving confidentiality, integrity and availability. Physical layer challenges include bandwidth limitations while security threats include eavesdropping, traffic analysis and denial of service attacks.
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A FRAMEWORK FOR THE INTERCONNECTION OF CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK (CAN) BASED CRITICAL CARE UNITS
1. International Journal of Advanced Information Technology (IJAIT) Vol. 2, No.4, August 2012
DOI : 10.5121/ijait.2012.2401 1
A FRAMEWORK FOR THE INTERCONNECTION OF
CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK (CAN) BASED
CRITICAL CARE UNITS
Nadia Ishaque1
, Noveel Azhar2
, Atiya Azmi3
, Umm-e-laila1
, Ayesha Urooj2
1
Department of Computer Engineering, Sir Syed University of Engineering and
Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
786.nadya@gmail.com
ulaila2002@gmail.com
2
Department of Electronic Engineering, Sir Syed University of Engineering and
Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
smartnoveel02@hotmail.com
3
Department of Computer Engineering, Yanbu University College, Saudi Arabia
at.azmi@gmail.com
2
Department of Computer Science, Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology,
Karachi, Pakistan
aurooj161@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Patient monitoring helps increasing the mortality by timely notification of exceeding vital signs. By using
the vital sign data the critical care staff can make necessary life saving interventions. This requires the
underlying network to be very robust so that timely and error free information flow can be guaranteed.
Moreover there is a need for a cost effective and robust network technology for continuous and real- time
vital signs monitoring in resource constraint settings in developing countries. In this paper we proposed a
system of hospitals with interconnected intensive care units. Each intensive care unit employs Controller
Area Network (CAN) as underlying technology for networking of bedside units. The data of these bedside
units can be communicated with other hospital using higher level protocols such as Ethernet. This allow
the hospital staff to share the health information of the patients with the specialized staff in another
hospital to provide better cure to the patient and consequently can increase the mortality.
KEYWORDS
Critical care, Vital signs, CAN Protocol, resource-poor Developing countries
1. INTRODUCTION
In the critical care units, the patient bedsides are equipped with devices to continuously inform
the intensivists and other medical staff about the current vital signs parameters of the patients. By
this information, the paramedic staff can make necessary interventions for the prevention and
cure of disease. Nevertheless, this critical care is vital for seriously ill patients but it often prove
to be costly for resource poor countries [1]. As a consequence, there is always lack of necessary
critical care needed for the people who need it. There is a need to focus on the technological
solutions that are affordable and sustainable. In addition to the effective critical care services,
2. International Journal of Advanced Information Technology (IJAIT) Vol. 2, No.4, August 2012
2
these countries lack specialized staff and other medical equipments for large number of patients
during situations of mass disaster. On account of these, every hospital should provide emergency
critical care in coordination with the regional hospitals and other medical entities to do this in
more effective way [2].
Patient monitoring helps increasing the mortality by timely notification of exceeding vital signs.
This requires the underlying network to be very robust so that timely and error free information
flow can be guaranteed. In this regard, the CareSint [3] from Siemens and CareVue [4] from
Philips provide complete critical care solutions .These vendor specific solutions are expensive for
hospital deployment in poor countries. Hence there is a need for a cost effective and robust
network technology for continuous and real-time vital signs monitoring in resource constraint
settings in developing countries.
Controller Area Network (CAN) is a low cost, light weight broadcast network protocol [5]. It was
designed for automobiles but its applications are now expanded to many other industries
including hospital [6]. CAN networks are used also in intensive care units including patient beds,
in operating rooms, and in other healthcare equipment [7].
On Account of these issues, we propose a system of interconnected ICUs and the hospitals to
provide emergency critical care in coordination with each other. This work proposes efficient and
robust patient monitoring systems employed with a very low cost and light weight protocol,
Controller Area Network (CAN). These CAN based interconnected ICU network is very low cost
and hence suitable for deployment in poor countries. Mass deployment of such type of critical
care networks is required to maximize the mortality rate.
The remaining of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes our previous work on
patient monitoring and some other related work on health monitoring. Section 3 briefly discusses
the Controller Area Network Protocol with some description the CAN data packets. The overall
system is described in Section 4. In Section 5, the monitoring period and sampling rates of human
vital signs are shown. Section 6 discusses the proposed aggregation scheme used to aggregate the
vital signs before they are transmitted to the Central Monitoring Station (CMS). Moreover, the
algorithm and technique for separation of the aggregated vital signs, received at the CMS, are
shown. Section 7 focuses on some discussions and finally section 8 concludes the paper.
2. BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH
In our previous work of VCAN [8] we presented the idea of CAN-based vital signs monitoring
system. VCAN based system provides provision of monitoring sign vital sign including
Electrocardiogram (EKG), heart rate (HR), blood oxidation (SPO2), Stolic Blood Pressure (SBP),
diastolic blood pressure (DBP), temperature (temp). These vital signs were aggregated and
transmitted to the CMS. This method of aggregation was adopted to efficiently utilize the
bandwidth by decreasing the bus load. In this work we utilized the VCAN-based system for a
network of interconnected ICUs.
In this section we described some of the research related to health monitoring. There is an
implementation of aggregation scheme for sending vital sign data over the network in [9]. In this
work, the data of four patients traveling in an ambulance, with medical equipment connected via
CAN, is aggregated and sent to the hospital via CAN-UMTS gateway.
3. International Journal of Advanced Information Technology (IJAIT) Vol. 2, No.4, August 2012
3
A CAN based home health information system is presented in [10], in which the CAN bus is used
for interconnecting smart sensors. This system allows the remote monitoring of elderly and sick
people.
The interconnection of ICU network is a new application area. In this work we illustrate the
system of interconnected CAN based ICUs via CAN-Ethernet gateways and also elaborate the
CAN based ICU network where each bedside act as an aggregation unit. This system will ensure
the availability of timely information of patients to keep the doctors updated and to provide them
early warnings to make life saving interventions.
3. CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK (CAN)
Controller Area Network (CAN) was developed by Bosch to reduce the bulky wiring, complexity
and cost related to the interconnection of the electronic devices in automobiles. It has now
become standard for industrial communication.
In CAN network, every node is connected to a single CAN bus hence the messages are
broadcasted through each node. Each node access the bus with a very efficient bitwise arbitration
mechanism which prevents collisions when multiple nodes simultaneously transmit data. This
provides good message latency. In addition to this, CAN offers efficient error detection
mechanism. These properties make CAN a robust network for communicating short messages.
The Bosch specifications [11] contains all the information about the CAN protocol. Here we
discussed briefly about the CAN data frame.
CAN protocol defines four different type of frames i.e. data frame, remote frame, error frame,
overload frame. Figure 1 shows the data frame of CAN protocol.
Figure 1. Data frame of CAN protocol
Each data frame can carry 0 to 8 bytes of data. The Data Length Code (DLC) is a 4-bit control
field which defines the number of bytes present in the data field of data frame. We used DLC
field to identify the type of message which help in applying the algorithm to separate the
aggregated data of vital signs.
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
In this work we proposed a system in which medical camps are connected with each other and the
main hospital to share the health information of the patients. This scenario is best suited in the
situation of mass casualties when there is lack of intensivists and other specialized staff. It has
been examined that the mortality rate of those patient managed by critical care physician is higher
than those managed by non-critical care physician [12]. If the hospitals are networked, the critical
care physician in one hospital can remotely give useful directions to the non-critical care staff in
distant medical camps. This coordination will able the non-critical care paramedics to provide
more effective medication to the patient. Figure 2 shows the scenario of interconnected hospital
and camps.
4. International Journal of Advanced Information Technology (IJAIT) Vol. 2, No.4, August 2012
4
Figure 2. Interconnected Hospital network
The critical care units within short distances can be networked via CAN bus however for
transmitting health information data to a distant location, a gateway such as CAN-Ethernet
gateway can be used to transmit data of CAN packets over Ethernet.
In order to efficiently utilize the bandwidth we propose to implement the vital sign data
aggregation and transmission scheme presented in [13]. According to the VCAN based patient
monitoring system, each bedside will act as CAN aggregation unit. The vital signs data from the
sensors, attached to each bedside, is encapsulated in CAN data frame by the CAN chip. The
identifier of each CAN message will assign an ID to each patient data which help to discriminate
the data of patients at the central monitoring station. This monitoring data once received at central
monitoring station can be stored and further transmitted to other camps and hospitals.
Figure 3 shows the block diagram of the VCAN based critical care system in which patient
bedsides share a single CAN bus. Each node transmits the human vital sign data from the sensors
to the Central Monitoring System. Central monitoring system can also put the data on internet so
the monitoring of the patient can be done at remote distance via internet.
Figure 3: CAN network of Patient Bedside and Central Monitoring System (CMS).
CAN BUS
CMS
Data Base
Bedside Node
5. International Journal of Advanced Information Technology (IJAIT) Vol. 2, No.4, August 2012
5
4.1. Monitoring Period of Vital Signs
The proposed system is based on the observation that some vital sign parameters do not change
significantly in short period of time such as temperature, stolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart
beat and SPO2. Hence, we proposed that data of these sensors be collected periodically after fixed
interval of time. However the EKG data will be transmitted continuously at a rate of 300 to 500
samples per minute (typical sampling rates of EKG).
Table 1 shows the monitoring period of each parameter in term of the typical sampling rates.
Table 1. Sampling Rate of Vital Signs
4.2. Bedside Aggregation Unit
In critical care unit the patient bedside is equipped with sensors to monitor the vital signs. In
VCAN each bedside act as an aggregation unit which collects and aggregates the data of sensors
in a single CAN packet. Figure 4 shows block diagram of an aggregation units with six
multiplexed vital sign sensors.
Figure 4. Transmitting CAN Node
The host processor of the CAN node collects digitized sensor data and aggregates it in a single
data frame. During the aggregation the node places the data of each sensor in the proposed order
according to Table 2 taken from [13].
Vital Sign Sampling Rate
Electrocardiogram (EKG) 300 sample/min
Stolic blood pressure (SBP) 1 sample/min
Distolic blood pressure (DBP) 1 sample/min
Heart Rate (HR) 2 sample/min
Temperature (T) 1 sample/min
Oxygen Saturation (SPO2) 2 sample/min
6. International Journal of Advanced Information Technology (IJAIT) Vol. 2, No.4, August 2012
6
Table 2. Arrangement of Vital Sign Data in Data Field of CAN Frame
Byte Number Vital Sign
1 and 2 EKG
3 HR
4 SPO2
5 SBP
6 DBP
7 Temp
The sampling rate of EKG can vary form 300 to 500 samples per seconds. Figure 5 shows the
data transmission of each bedside over a period of 60 seconds.
Figure 5. Transmission of Vital Signs
For each message the DLC filed of the CAN protocol provides information about the number of
data bytes in the data frame. Since we have restricted the arrangement of the vital sign in data
field therefore each CAN data packet can be distinguished by using the information of DLC field.
The following section describes the aggregation algorithm for aggregating the vital sign at each
bedside.
4.3 Aggregation and Transmission Algorithm
Each bedside unit collects and aggregates the sensors data according to the algorithms proposed
in [13]. This algorithm uses timers with preset values to schedule the data collection from the
sensors. In this way, it avoids frequent transmission of those vital signs which do not change
significantly in short interval of time such as temperature, SPO2.
For every patient there is a set of normal range of vital signs parameters which is determined by
the doctors. These values are used by the CAN controller for comparison against the measured
values of vital signs. If any measured vital sign crosses the prescribed range. The controller sets
the “r0” bit of the CAN frame. Figure 6 shows r0 bit in the CAN data frame.
7. International Journal of Advanced Information Technology (IJAIT) Vol. 2, No.4, August 2012
7
Figure 6. Standard CAN Frame and R0 bit Highlighted
This r0 bit is reserved by CAN protocol to be used in future. In VCAN this bit is used to indicate
the CMS about the abnormal condition of patient. Whenever CMS receives a packet with r0 bit
set, it generates the alarm. We have elaborated this process in section 4.4. Flowchart in figure 7
shows the algorithm of vital sign data aggregation and transmission at patient bedside.
Figure 7. Algorithm for Sending Node at Patient Bedside
4.4 Data Length Code based Separation of Aggregated Data
The aggregated data receive at the central monitoring station must be separated in order to extract
vital sign data and to process this data to visualize on the monitoring screens. Figure 8 shows the
block diagram of data separation unit.
Figure 8. Receiving CAN Node
The CAN controller is responsible for separating the aggregated data received form the CAN bus.
Once the data is received, the CAN controller checks the DLC field to extract the information
about the length of data .There could only three type of data frames, with value of DLC be 2, 4 or
7 as described in section 3.
8. International Journal of Advanced Information Technology (IJAIT) Vol. 2, No.4, August 2012
8
-- If the value of DLC is 2 then the message contains 2 bytes EKG data only.
-- If DLC is 4, the message contains 2 bytes EKG, 1 byte HR and 1 byte SPO2 data.
-- If DLC is 7, then the data contains data of all vital signs.
In addition to this, the controller check for r0 bit. If this bit is high, the alarm is generated at the
Central Monitoring station to inform the paramedic staff about the anomaly in condition of
patient. Fig 9 shows the algorithm of separation of aggregated data at Central Monitoring Station.
Figure 9. Algorithm for Receiving Node at Central Monitoring Station
5. RESULTS AND SIMULATIONS
In this section we have shown the bandwidth requirement per patient for a VCAN based
system. In figure 10 the bar graph shows the bandwidth requirement per patient with and
without the aggregation of data. It can be seen that the unaggregated data transmission
requires more bandwidth per patient than the aggregated transmission. It can be as high as
50 kbps if EKG is sampled at 500 samples per seconds
Figure 10. Aggregated Vs Unaggregated Data Transmission over CAN
9. International Journal of Advanced Information Technology (IJAIT) Vol. 2, No.4, August 2012
9
CAN provides maximum bandwidth of 1 Mbit/s when transmission distance is less than
40 meters and can decrease down to 10 kbits/s for transmission distance of 6 km. In
Figure 11, the impact of this bandwidth lost on the number of patient that can
accommodated in a single CAN network is shown. For each sampling rate of EKG, the
three bar show the number of patients when bandwidth is 1Mbps, 800Kbps and 512Kbps.
Figure 11. Maximum Number of Patients Accommodated by System with 1Mbps, 800kbps and 512kbps
The proposed system is simulated using Verilogger. It provides visual observation of the
output of the transmitting VCAN node. The following figures show the instantaneous
results of the simulation. This program generates the values of vital signs and put these
vales on the output register. It also compares the generated vital sign value with the
normal values and sets or resets the r0 bit based on the comparison results. The value of
DLC indicates the number of bytes sent to the output. Figure 12 and fiure 13 show the
simulation results of EKG transmission on Verilog.
Figure 12. Verilog Simulation Result showing EKG Transmission (DLC = 2)
10. International Journal of Advanced Information Technology (IJAIT) Vol. 2, No.4, August 2012
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Figure 13: Verilog Simulation Result with r0 = 1
6. CONCLUSIONS
In this research we proposed a very cost effective solution of patient monitoring in critical care
unit. The interconnection of critical care units allows the hospital to share the heath information
of the patients so that the critical care physician in one hospital can manage the patients at other
hospital so that the mortality can be increased. The deployment of CAN as underlying network in
ICU is proved to very low cost and robust. The proposed aggregation scheme has decreased the
bus load by 70% and requires 50% less bandwidth per patient as compared to unaggregated
transmission.
These types are ICUs and critical care network is best suited for resource poor countries. In
current era when there is lack of critical care units even in developed countries, the proposed
solution will provide a cost effective solution to increase the ratio to intensive care units beds per
population.
REFERENCES
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Authors
Nadia Ishaque, earned Masters in Information Technology at Humdard University,
Pakistan. She is Assistant Professor in Computer Engineering Department at Sir Syed
University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan. Her research interests
include, Controller Area Network Applications and localization in wireless sensor
networks. Nadia Ishaque has published three research papers in international conferences
and currently working on localization in wireless sensor networks.
Noveel Azhar, has completed Bachelors in Electronic Engineering from Sir Syed
University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan and now working as Research
Assistant in Electronic Engineering Department at Sir Syed University.
Umm-e-Laila, has done her bachelors in Science in 2001 and Master in 2007. She is
working as assistant professor in Computer Engineering Department at Sir Syed
University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Ayesha Urooj, has done Master of Science in Telecommunication & Networking and
conducting research to find the appropriate scheduling algorithm to cope with network
and radio conductors and enhance the performance of HSDPA network in terms of
spectrum efficiency.
Atiya Azmi, is lecturer in Yanbu Univerisity college, Saudia Arabia. She earned
Masters in Telecommunication. Her Research interests are mobile communication, data
communications, optical communications and networks.