The document discusses key concepts related to postcolonial literature and theory. It defines colonialism, imperialism, and postcolonialism and discusses their historical contexts. It notes that colonialism involved violence and the marginalization of non-European cultures and literatures. Postcolonial literature seeks to address this and find modes of resistance, retrieval, and reversing the erasure of pre-colonial pasts. It is a literature of protest that aims to understand history to plan for the future.
Postcolonial and new criticism presentationqadir dad
New Criticism was a literary theory that emerged in the United States in the early 20th century as a way to establish an American literary canon separate from the dominant English tradition. While New Criticism was initially a tool to promote post-colonial American literature, it also had negative impacts by rendering post-colonial cultures ambiguous and could be used to promote imperialism. Post-colonial theory later developed as a way to re-examine texts and canons from a post-colonial perspective, focusing on issues like representation, language, and the effects of colonialism on native cultures.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in postcolonial studies and literature. It discusses colonialist and postcolonial literature, defining each. It also summarizes some of the major theorists in postcolonial studies, including Frantz Fanon, Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, and Gayatri Spivak. Their works examined how colonial powers constructed the colonized as the inferior "other" and justified imperial domination. Postcolonial literature is defined as writing from both the colonial era and after independence, with genres and strategies that rewrite history and establish identity.
“Critique on Black Skin White Mask – Critical analysis with the Justification...nilamba
The document provides a critique and analysis of Frantz Fanon's book "Black Skin, White Masks". It summarizes each chapter, which deal with the psychological aspects of racism and the mental conditions of both black and white people. The book examines ideas of blackness, whiteness, identity, and how white colonial rule shaped perceptions of race in America and Martinique. It concludes that Fanon's work presents concepts like hybridity and creolization to discuss social, moral and political issues of race in a way that can be compared to other post-colonial literature exploring similar themes.
Decolonizing the African Mind: Further Analysis and Strategy by Dr. Uhuru Hotep RBG Communiversity
The central objective in decolonizing the African mind is to overthrow the authority which alien traditions exercise over the African. This demands the dismantling of white supremacist beliefs, and the structures which uphold them, in every area of African life. It must be stressed, however,that decolonization does not mean ignorance of foreign traditions; it simply means denial of their authority and withdrawal of allegiance from them.-Chinweizu-
From: Chairman Omali Yeshitela , Ch. 3. The Theory of African Internationalism. In: An Uneasy Equilibrium - Commemorative Edition: The African Revolution Versus Parasitic Capitalism, Burning Spear Uhuru Publications, 2014.
1) Postcolonial theory originated in literary studies to examine the cultural impacts of colonialism, particularly how English was used to promote colonial ideologies.
2) Postcolonial studies problematize the distinction between "culture as art" versus "culture as way of life," and the concept of culture itself. They also challenge the colonial assumption that their own cultures were superior.
3) Looking to the future, postcolonial studies will remain grounded in analyzing the local impacts of large ideologies while also constructing theoretical frameworks for analysis and resistance. The field balances general theories with examinations of specific post-colonial realities.
Chinweizu_ Marcus Garvey and Black Power (Parts 1 through 6)RBG Communiversity
Garvey argued that the Black race will be exterminated if it does not build a Black superpower in Africa by the end of the century. He summarizes Marcus Garvey's legacy, including his institution building, profound ideas, and projects for successors. Key aspects of Garvey's legacy were his establishment of political, business, social, and paramilitary institutions through the UNIA; ideas like race first, racial autonomy, self-reliance, nation building, and industrialization; and his dramatization of Black power that inspired future leaders despite attempts to discredit him.
This document defines key concepts in colonialism and postcolonialism. It discusses how colonialism involves extending authority over other territories for economic dominance and imposing cultural practices. Postcolonialism studies colonialism's effects and involves critical analysis of European imperial power. Key postcolonial concepts discussed include ambivalence, hegemony, identity, hybridity, mimicry, orientalism, other, race, worlding, and subaltern. Analyses of postcolonial literature examine historical, physical, ideological, gender, and cultural aspects. Important postcolonial thinkers mentioned are Homi Bhabha, Edward Said, Frantz Fanon, Gayatri Spivak, and Chinua Achebe.
Postcolonial and new criticism presentationqadir dad
New Criticism was a literary theory that emerged in the United States in the early 20th century as a way to establish an American literary canon separate from the dominant English tradition. While New Criticism was initially a tool to promote post-colonial American literature, it also had negative impacts by rendering post-colonial cultures ambiguous and could be used to promote imperialism. Post-colonial theory later developed as a way to re-examine texts and canons from a post-colonial perspective, focusing on issues like representation, language, and the effects of colonialism on native cultures.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in postcolonial studies and literature. It discusses colonialist and postcolonial literature, defining each. It also summarizes some of the major theorists in postcolonial studies, including Frantz Fanon, Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, and Gayatri Spivak. Their works examined how colonial powers constructed the colonized as the inferior "other" and justified imperial domination. Postcolonial literature is defined as writing from both the colonial era and after independence, with genres and strategies that rewrite history and establish identity.
“Critique on Black Skin White Mask – Critical analysis with the Justification...nilamba
The document provides a critique and analysis of Frantz Fanon's book "Black Skin, White Masks". It summarizes each chapter, which deal with the psychological aspects of racism and the mental conditions of both black and white people. The book examines ideas of blackness, whiteness, identity, and how white colonial rule shaped perceptions of race in America and Martinique. It concludes that Fanon's work presents concepts like hybridity and creolization to discuss social, moral and political issues of race in a way that can be compared to other post-colonial literature exploring similar themes.
Decolonizing the African Mind: Further Analysis and Strategy by Dr. Uhuru Hotep RBG Communiversity
The central objective in decolonizing the African mind is to overthrow the authority which alien traditions exercise over the African. This demands the dismantling of white supremacist beliefs, and the structures which uphold them, in every area of African life. It must be stressed, however,that decolonization does not mean ignorance of foreign traditions; it simply means denial of their authority and withdrawal of allegiance from them.-Chinweizu-
From: Chairman Omali Yeshitela , Ch. 3. The Theory of African Internationalism. In: An Uneasy Equilibrium - Commemorative Edition: The African Revolution Versus Parasitic Capitalism, Burning Spear Uhuru Publications, 2014.
1) Postcolonial theory originated in literary studies to examine the cultural impacts of colonialism, particularly how English was used to promote colonial ideologies.
2) Postcolonial studies problematize the distinction between "culture as art" versus "culture as way of life," and the concept of culture itself. They also challenge the colonial assumption that their own cultures were superior.
3) Looking to the future, postcolonial studies will remain grounded in analyzing the local impacts of large ideologies while also constructing theoretical frameworks for analysis and resistance. The field balances general theories with examinations of specific post-colonial realities.
Chinweizu_ Marcus Garvey and Black Power (Parts 1 through 6)RBG Communiversity
Garvey argued that the Black race will be exterminated if it does not build a Black superpower in Africa by the end of the century. He summarizes Marcus Garvey's legacy, including his institution building, profound ideas, and projects for successors. Key aspects of Garvey's legacy were his establishment of political, business, social, and paramilitary institutions through the UNIA; ideas like race first, racial autonomy, self-reliance, nation building, and industrialization; and his dramatization of Black power that inspired future leaders despite attempts to discredit him.
This document defines key concepts in colonialism and postcolonialism. It discusses how colonialism involves extending authority over other territories for economic dominance and imposing cultural practices. Postcolonialism studies colonialism's effects and involves critical analysis of European imperial power. Key postcolonial concepts discussed include ambivalence, hegemony, identity, hybridity, mimicry, orientalism, other, race, worlding, and subaltern. Analyses of postcolonial literature examine historical, physical, ideological, gender, and cultural aspects. Important postcolonial thinkers mentioned are Homi Bhabha, Edward Said, Frantz Fanon, Gayatri Spivak, and Chinua Achebe.
This document provides an overview of post-colonialism as it relates to international relations. It discusses how post-colonial thinking emerged in the 1990s after the end of the Cold War to challenge mainstream theories. Post-colonialism takes a "bottom-up" approach focused on culture as seen through fiction, poetry and memoir from a post-colonial perspective. It also discusses decolonization after World War II, challenges to concepts of development, voices from former colonies, and influential post-colonial thinkers like Fanon who argued colonialism must be overcome mentally for independence to be meaningful.
This document discusses post-colonial studies and provides biographies of three key figures: Edward Said, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, and Homi K. Bhabha. It defines post-colonialism as emerging in the mid-20th century in response to colonialism and its impacts. It outlines Edward Said's work critiquing Western views of the East. It summarizes Spivak's work examining imperialism and the subaltern. And it notes Bhabha's influence from post-structuralism and his work on nation and narration. Examples are given of how early media portrayed colonialist ideologies.
1. This document summarizes a book about the role of animals in Brazilian society from the 16th to 19th centuries. It describes how indigenous peoples, Europeans, and Africans interacted with and used local animals for food, medicine, labor, clothing, entertainment, and religion.
2. Iconographic evidence from the period, like drawings, prints, and paintings, provides valuable insight into human-animal relationships and the integration of animals into daily life. Animals are depicted in hunting scenes, markets, homes, and landscapes.
3. The book is divided into chapters examining the use of local wildlife as a food source for colonists, traditional animal-based medicines, the whale fishing and hunting industries, the introduction
The document discusses the history of slavery in the Americas, noting that:
1) Indigenous peoples of the Americas were widely enslaved by European colonists, contrary to common narratives that focus only on African slavery. Indians were enslaved in large numbers and worked in mines, plantations, and as domestic servants across the Americas.
2) Slavery and other forms of forced labor were essential to the establishment and growth of European colonies in the Americas. Colonies were almost entirely dependent on enslaved Indian and African labor to produce goods for export.
3) Enslavement was an institution that affected peoples of all backgrounds in history. Anyone could potentially be enslaved, and Europeans were
Postcolonial Theory examines the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism. It developed after colonial countries gained independence in the mid-20th century. Postcolonial theory analyzes how colonial power dynamics shaped notions of identity, race, and nationalism in both colonized and colonizing nations. Key theorists discussed in the document include Edward Said, who questioned Western stereotypes of Eastern cultures through his analysis of orientalism; Gayatri Spivak, who focused on marginalized voices; and Homi Bhabha, who analyzed how colonialism shaped concepts of self and other.
The frontier of "the exotic": a reflection on its meaning in society and art.teporce
This document discusses the concept of the exotic in society and art. It explores how indigenous peoples, immigrants, and other "others" have historically been objects of curiosity and interpretation by artists. It also examines how early European depictions of indigenous Americans ranged from portraying them as semi-human monsters to idealizing them as noble savages. The concept of the exotic emerged in Latin America in association with geography, particularly the contrast between tropical and European climates. In Uruguay specifically, the appeal to the exotic developed later due to the country's greater ethnic and linguistic uniformity. The notion of the exotic serves to foster diversity and originality in art by legitimizing and incorporating representations of otherness. It also acts as a dynamic
Early humans lived as hunter-gatherers for millions of years before settling into agricultural villages during the Neolithic Revolution around 8000 BC. This led to the rise of civilization, with specialized jobs, social classes, governments, religions, and art. The first major civilizations emerged in Mesopotamia and Egypt along major rivers from 3000 BC. They developed writing, legal codes, empires, and major architectural achievements like the pyramids. Other important early peoples included the Phoenicians, Israelites, Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Persians.
The document discusses key concepts from Antonio Gramsci's Prison Notebooks, including:
1. Gramsci used the term "subaltern" to refer to social groups that are subordinate to the ruling classes and excluded from power.
2. For Gramsci, "ideology" referred to the worldviews and ideas that help ruling groups maintain dominance. He saw ideology as distinct from economic and political structures.
3. Gramsci analyzed how cultural institutions like education and media shape ideology and help the ruling classes exercise "hegemony" over subordinate groups.
This document summarizes key points from a book that discusses seven myths about the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. It describes Cortes receiving credit for the fall of the Aztecs but notes the book goes into detail about his journey. It also discusses the Aztec capital overwhelming the first Spanish visitors, the death of the Aztec leader Cuauhtemoc, Africans who helped the Spanish as "invisible warriors," and the myth of European superiority that was used to justify dominance over native people.
Casta paintings were created during the Spanish colonial period in Latin America to depict the system of racial categorization and hierarchy that developed, known as the casta system. The system classified people into categories based on their racial background and mixture, with Peninsulares and Criollos at the top and Blacks and Indigenous peoples at the bottom. The paintings showed various racial mixtures and demonstrated the complex social control structure imposed on the multi-ethnic colonial populations.
centers of art,
learning, and ideas.
Patterns of interregional unity formed across Afroeurasia as inventions, trade goods, ideas, and religions spread from their regions of origin. Population growth and migration, expanding trade networks and empires, and the sharing of ideas across regions encouraged cultural exchange. Large empires brought many different groups together, stimulating the spread of languages, technologies, arts, and styles of living.
This document provides an overview of Chelsea England's book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest". Each chapter examines a common myth or misconception about the conquest. Chapter 1 looks at the myth that the conquistadors were simply soldiers sent by the King of Spain. Chapter 2 discusses the myth of communication between the Spanish and indigenous groups. Chapter 3 analyzes the myth that the conquest instantly reduced native American populations and cultures.
This document summarizes the key points from each chapter of Matthew Restall's book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest". The chapters debunk common myths about the Spanish conquest of Central and South America, such as the ideas that the conquest was led by a small group of adventurers, that the conquistadors were professional soldiers, and that native cultures were completely destroyed. Restall argues that the conquest has been portrayed through exaggerated and misleading myths that originated in the 16th century to justify Spanish actions and dominance over native peoples.
This presentation focuses on IR as an imperialist or colonial of social science. I will start by outlining what the term IR means and then I will summarize the History of IR. I will conclude by eyeing the critics of IR; whether it is the imperial imagination or not. Then we shall discuss about it.
This document contains lecture materials on AP World History for Period 1. It includes summaries of key topics like the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods, the Neolithic Revolution, early agricultural societies in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and India, and the emergence of states and civilizations. There are also discussion questions, charts comparing various societies, and information on early religious traditions in places like India, the Hebrew region, and Persia.
This document provides an overview of world history from 8000 BCE to 600 CE. It outlines the major periods, including the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and the rise of early civilizations. Eight key elements that define civilizations are identified, including writing systems, organized belief systems, cities, and specialized jobs. Major early civilizations discussed include those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and the Mediterranean. The document also summarizes major belief systems such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Judaism that emerged during this time period.
10 new world and columbian exchange readingfasteddie
The document discusses the results of the Age of Exploration following Columbus' voyage to the Americas in 1492. It notes that over 2,000 English words have Native American origins, including common words like barbecue, hammock, and hurricane. It also discusses how Europeans introduced new crops, minerals, and goods to the Americas and brought horses, cattle, and pigs, while devastating native populations through disease and warfare. Over the centuries, this exchange of people, plants, animals, technologies, and ideas fundamentally reshaped societies on both sides of the Atlantic.
This document summarizes the key points from each chapter of Matthew Restall's book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest". The chapters debunk common myths about the Spanish conquest, including that it was led by a small group of adventurers, the conquistadors were professional soldiers, Native Americans and blacks played no role, and Native American culture was completely destroyed. Restall argues these myths originated to justify Spanish actions but fail to recognize the diversity of those involved or Native American agency. He examines how an ideology of Spanish superiority developed and why these myths have persisted.
The book Sapiens by Yuval Noah Harari provides a brief history of humankind over the past 2.4 million years. It summarizes that Homo sapiens have only existed for around 150,000 years, which is a small portion of the total time humans have been around. The book then outlines some of the major revolutions in human history, including the cognitive revolution around 70,000 years ago, the agricultural revolution around 11,000 years ago, and more recent scientific and industrial revolutions. One of the most striking aspects discussed is the potential for developing "amortality" through advances in biotechnology, which could allow humans to live indefinitely through avoiding death, though not confer true immortality.
The document discusses postcolonial studies, feminism, and poststructuralism in literature. It provides an overview of key concepts in postcolonial theory such as Orientalism, othering, and the colonial gaze. It examines how colonialist literature characterized colonized peoples and countries. It also discusses major postcolonial theorists like Fanon, Said, Bhabha, and Spivak and their critiques of colonial discourse. It notes how postcolonial literature rewrites history from perspectives of the colonized. The document also summarizes key concepts in feminism and poststructuralism such as gender construction, phallogocentrism, deconstruction, and différance.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in postcolonialism, including colonialism and decolonization. It discusses how colonialism involved the physical and economic exploitation of colonies. Cultural imperialism spread colonial ideologies and asserted the cultural superiority of the colonizers. Examples discussed include Orientalism and how works like Heart of Darkness portrayed Africa and indigenous people. Decolonization involved independence movements starting in the mid-20th century. Postcolonial resistance includes strategies like separatism, cultural syncretism, recreating histories/identities, and appropriating colonial languages and forms.
This document provides an overview of post-colonialism as it relates to international relations. It discusses how post-colonial thinking emerged in the 1990s after the end of the Cold War to challenge mainstream theories. Post-colonialism takes a "bottom-up" approach focused on culture as seen through fiction, poetry and memoir from a post-colonial perspective. It also discusses decolonization after World War II, challenges to concepts of development, voices from former colonies, and influential post-colonial thinkers like Fanon who argued colonialism must be overcome mentally for independence to be meaningful.
This document discusses post-colonial studies and provides biographies of three key figures: Edward Said, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, and Homi K. Bhabha. It defines post-colonialism as emerging in the mid-20th century in response to colonialism and its impacts. It outlines Edward Said's work critiquing Western views of the East. It summarizes Spivak's work examining imperialism and the subaltern. And it notes Bhabha's influence from post-structuralism and his work on nation and narration. Examples are given of how early media portrayed colonialist ideologies.
1. This document summarizes a book about the role of animals in Brazilian society from the 16th to 19th centuries. It describes how indigenous peoples, Europeans, and Africans interacted with and used local animals for food, medicine, labor, clothing, entertainment, and religion.
2. Iconographic evidence from the period, like drawings, prints, and paintings, provides valuable insight into human-animal relationships and the integration of animals into daily life. Animals are depicted in hunting scenes, markets, homes, and landscapes.
3. The book is divided into chapters examining the use of local wildlife as a food source for colonists, traditional animal-based medicines, the whale fishing and hunting industries, the introduction
The document discusses the history of slavery in the Americas, noting that:
1) Indigenous peoples of the Americas were widely enslaved by European colonists, contrary to common narratives that focus only on African slavery. Indians were enslaved in large numbers and worked in mines, plantations, and as domestic servants across the Americas.
2) Slavery and other forms of forced labor were essential to the establishment and growth of European colonies in the Americas. Colonies were almost entirely dependent on enslaved Indian and African labor to produce goods for export.
3) Enslavement was an institution that affected peoples of all backgrounds in history. Anyone could potentially be enslaved, and Europeans were
Postcolonial Theory examines the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism. It developed after colonial countries gained independence in the mid-20th century. Postcolonial theory analyzes how colonial power dynamics shaped notions of identity, race, and nationalism in both colonized and colonizing nations. Key theorists discussed in the document include Edward Said, who questioned Western stereotypes of Eastern cultures through his analysis of orientalism; Gayatri Spivak, who focused on marginalized voices; and Homi Bhabha, who analyzed how colonialism shaped concepts of self and other.
The frontier of "the exotic": a reflection on its meaning in society and art.teporce
This document discusses the concept of the exotic in society and art. It explores how indigenous peoples, immigrants, and other "others" have historically been objects of curiosity and interpretation by artists. It also examines how early European depictions of indigenous Americans ranged from portraying them as semi-human monsters to idealizing them as noble savages. The concept of the exotic emerged in Latin America in association with geography, particularly the contrast between tropical and European climates. In Uruguay specifically, the appeal to the exotic developed later due to the country's greater ethnic and linguistic uniformity. The notion of the exotic serves to foster diversity and originality in art by legitimizing and incorporating representations of otherness. It also acts as a dynamic
Early humans lived as hunter-gatherers for millions of years before settling into agricultural villages during the Neolithic Revolution around 8000 BC. This led to the rise of civilization, with specialized jobs, social classes, governments, religions, and art. The first major civilizations emerged in Mesopotamia and Egypt along major rivers from 3000 BC. They developed writing, legal codes, empires, and major architectural achievements like the pyramids. Other important early peoples included the Phoenicians, Israelites, Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Persians.
The document discusses key concepts from Antonio Gramsci's Prison Notebooks, including:
1. Gramsci used the term "subaltern" to refer to social groups that are subordinate to the ruling classes and excluded from power.
2. For Gramsci, "ideology" referred to the worldviews and ideas that help ruling groups maintain dominance. He saw ideology as distinct from economic and political structures.
3. Gramsci analyzed how cultural institutions like education and media shape ideology and help the ruling classes exercise "hegemony" over subordinate groups.
This document summarizes key points from a book that discusses seven myths about the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. It describes Cortes receiving credit for the fall of the Aztecs but notes the book goes into detail about his journey. It also discusses the Aztec capital overwhelming the first Spanish visitors, the death of the Aztec leader Cuauhtemoc, Africans who helped the Spanish as "invisible warriors," and the myth of European superiority that was used to justify dominance over native people.
Casta paintings were created during the Spanish colonial period in Latin America to depict the system of racial categorization and hierarchy that developed, known as the casta system. The system classified people into categories based on their racial background and mixture, with Peninsulares and Criollos at the top and Blacks and Indigenous peoples at the bottom. The paintings showed various racial mixtures and demonstrated the complex social control structure imposed on the multi-ethnic colonial populations.
centers of art,
learning, and ideas.
Patterns of interregional unity formed across Afroeurasia as inventions, trade goods, ideas, and religions spread from their regions of origin. Population growth and migration, expanding trade networks and empires, and the sharing of ideas across regions encouraged cultural exchange. Large empires brought many different groups together, stimulating the spread of languages, technologies, arts, and styles of living.
This document provides an overview of Chelsea England's book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest". Each chapter examines a common myth or misconception about the conquest. Chapter 1 looks at the myth that the conquistadors were simply soldiers sent by the King of Spain. Chapter 2 discusses the myth of communication between the Spanish and indigenous groups. Chapter 3 analyzes the myth that the conquest instantly reduced native American populations and cultures.
This document summarizes the key points from each chapter of Matthew Restall's book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest". The chapters debunk common myths about the Spanish conquest of Central and South America, such as the ideas that the conquest was led by a small group of adventurers, that the conquistadors were professional soldiers, and that native cultures were completely destroyed. Restall argues that the conquest has been portrayed through exaggerated and misleading myths that originated in the 16th century to justify Spanish actions and dominance over native peoples.
This presentation focuses on IR as an imperialist or colonial of social science. I will start by outlining what the term IR means and then I will summarize the History of IR. I will conclude by eyeing the critics of IR; whether it is the imperial imagination or not. Then we shall discuss about it.
This document contains lecture materials on AP World History for Period 1. It includes summaries of key topics like the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods, the Neolithic Revolution, early agricultural societies in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and India, and the emergence of states and civilizations. There are also discussion questions, charts comparing various societies, and information on early religious traditions in places like India, the Hebrew region, and Persia.
This document provides an overview of world history from 8000 BCE to 600 CE. It outlines the major periods, including the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and the rise of early civilizations. Eight key elements that define civilizations are identified, including writing systems, organized belief systems, cities, and specialized jobs. Major early civilizations discussed include those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and the Mediterranean. The document also summarizes major belief systems such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Judaism that emerged during this time period.
10 new world and columbian exchange readingfasteddie
The document discusses the results of the Age of Exploration following Columbus' voyage to the Americas in 1492. It notes that over 2,000 English words have Native American origins, including common words like barbecue, hammock, and hurricane. It also discusses how Europeans introduced new crops, minerals, and goods to the Americas and brought horses, cattle, and pigs, while devastating native populations through disease and warfare. Over the centuries, this exchange of people, plants, animals, technologies, and ideas fundamentally reshaped societies on both sides of the Atlantic.
This document summarizes the key points from each chapter of Matthew Restall's book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest". The chapters debunk common myths about the Spanish conquest, including that it was led by a small group of adventurers, the conquistadors were professional soldiers, Native Americans and blacks played no role, and Native American culture was completely destroyed. Restall argues these myths originated to justify Spanish actions but fail to recognize the diversity of those involved or Native American agency. He examines how an ideology of Spanish superiority developed and why these myths have persisted.
The book Sapiens by Yuval Noah Harari provides a brief history of humankind over the past 2.4 million years. It summarizes that Homo sapiens have only existed for around 150,000 years, which is a small portion of the total time humans have been around. The book then outlines some of the major revolutions in human history, including the cognitive revolution around 70,000 years ago, the agricultural revolution around 11,000 years ago, and more recent scientific and industrial revolutions. One of the most striking aspects discussed is the potential for developing "amortality" through advances in biotechnology, which could allow humans to live indefinitely through avoiding death, though not confer true immortality.
The document discusses postcolonial studies, feminism, and poststructuralism in literature. It provides an overview of key concepts in postcolonial theory such as Orientalism, othering, and the colonial gaze. It examines how colonialist literature characterized colonized peoples and countries. It also discusses major postcolonial theorists like Fanon, Said, Bhabha, and Spivak and their critiques of colonial discourse. It notes how postcolonial literature rewrites history from perspectives of the colonized. The document also summarizes key concepts in feminism and poststructuralism such as gender construction, phallogocentrism, deconstruction, and différance.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in postcolonialism, including colonialism and decolonization. It discusses how colonialism involved the physical and economic exploitation of colonies. Cultural imperialism spread colonial ideologies and asserted the cultural superiority of the colonizers. Examples discussed include Orientalism and how works like Heart of Darkness portrayed Africa and indigenous people. Decolonization involved independence movements starting in the mid-20th century. Postcolonial resistance includes strategies like separatism, cultural syncretism, recreating histories/identities, and appropriating colonial languages and forms.
This document provides an overview and analysis of Chinua Achebe's novel "Things Fall Apart" from a post-colonial perspective. It discusses post-colonialism and its key concepts like hybridity. It summarizes Achebe's response to earlier European novels that depicted Africans negatively. It also analyzes how the novel portrays Igbo society in Nigeria and examines the effects of colonialism on their culture from a native perspective. The document evaluates how colonialism disrupted traditions but also eliminated some harmful cultural practices. It discusses the self-defining nature of the novel for post-colonial writers dealing with issues of cultural identity and hybridity.
This document provides an overview of postcolonial theory and criticism. It discusses key concepts such as Orientalism, cultural imperialism, and the subaltern. It examines works by prominent postcolonial theorists like Frantz Fanon, Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, and Homi Bhabha. Methods of postcolonial analysis include examining the historical, physical, ideological, gender, and cultural aspects of colonial relationships. Postcolonial literature and criticism aims to resist and revise the Western canon by introducing marginalized voices and exposing colonialist perspectives and silences.
Postcolonial theory analyzes the political and cultural impacts of colonialism. It examines topics like identity, power dynamics, and representation in formerly colonized works and societies. In The Tempest, Shakespeare depicts colonial relationships through Prospero's domination of the island's natives, Caliban and Ariel. Prospero establishes himself as a colonizer, asserting power and defining the islanders' inferior identities to justify his control over the island. Postcolonial readings critique the racism and exploitation inherent in colonial systems of power depicted in the play.
Colonialism refers to the conquest and control of other people's lands and goods. Postcolonialism examines the cultural legacy and human consequences of colonialism, including its effects on colonized peoples' languages, identities, and literatures. Key thinkers who established postcolonialism include Frantz Fanon, Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, Homi Bhabha, and Dipesh Chakrabarty. They rejected Western cultural dominance and provided new perspectives for understanding the experiences and voices of colonized populations.
The document discusses several concepts related to imperialism and post-colonialism in media, including cultural imperialism, orientalism, and representations of non-Western cultures. It explains that dominant Western cultures have historically tried to control developing countries by imposing their lifestyle and values through exported media. Even after colonies gained independence, Western influence lingered through imposed languages and ongoing economic dominance. The media often portrayed colonized peoples through stereotypes that reinforced Western superiority.
Post-colonialism is the study of the effects of colonial subjugation by Western powers on Third and Fourth World nations that emerged in the 1970s. It examines various forms of injustice, domination of culture and gender, and the experiences of subaltern groups. In literature, post-colonialism analyzes the interaction and reaction between colonial societies and the impact of colonialism on literary works. The document then defines and discusses several key post-colonial concepts like mimicry, hybridity, orientalism, and universalism and how they are applied in literary analysis and critique works from a post-colonial perspective.
Colonialism, Post-colonialist Theory, Globalisation & the MediaEmma McAneny
This document provides context on colonialism, post-colonialist theory, and their relationship to globalization and media. It defines key concepts like colonialism, empire, cultural imperialism, and orientalism. It outlines the history of British colonialism and discusses post-colonialist thinkers like Edward Said, Frantz Fanon, and W.E.B. Du Bois. Their work examined how colonialism continues to impact formerly colonized societies and how media representations perpetuate colonial power dynamics. The document also discusses criticisms of post-colonialist theory and related topics like neocolonialism, diaspora, double consciousness, and the effects of globalization.
This document provides an overview and analysis of representation of the "Other" in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart. It discusses how Conrad negatively portrays Africans as savage and primitive, while Achebe aims to correct these distortions by authentically representing Igbo culture. The document also examines Edward Said's concept of Orientalism and how the West constructs knowledge about non-Western societies to justify colonial domination. It argues Achebe writes as a postcolonial intellectual to redeem Africans from the dark image created by colonial assumptions and restore pride in their pre-colonial past.
Postcolonial theory examines life after foreign colonial rule. It considers the history of colonialism from the 15th-20th centuries when European powers established colonies in other continents and exploited the indigenous populations. Key aspects of colonialism included extending political rule beyond national borders, economically restructuring colonies, and asserting cultural dominance through ideas of European superiority. Postcolonial theory seeks to give voice to subaltern or marginalized groups that were denied agency under colonial systems and to challenge the lingering effects of Western imperialism.
This document provides an overview of postcolonialism, including its definition, origins, key theorists, themes, and texts. It begins by defining postcolonialism as the study of the political, cultural, and linguistic experiences of formerly colonized societies. Some of the major theorists discussed include Edward Said, Frantz Fanon, Gayatri Spivak, and Homi Bhabha. The document also summarizes several postcolonial novels from different regions, including Africa, India/Pakistan, the Caribbean, and Australia/New Zealand to illustrate common postcolonial themes.
European powers expanded their empires in the late 19th century due to factors like industrialization which increased demand for raw materials and new markets, as well as growing populations in Europe which needed more space and jobs. Europeans established different forms of colonial control over conquered lands, ranging from settlement colonies to spheres of influence. Economic, nationalistic, cultural, and religious motives all contributed to the wave of imperialism during this time period.
This document discusses colonialism and post-colonialism. It begins by asking questions about examples of colonialism and colonial thinking in literature. It then outlines some major issues in post-colonialism, including resisting colonialism through language, history, and identity construction. Strategies for resistance include separatism, re-creation, cultural syncreticism, and mimicry. It defines colonialism and discusses different types. It also examines flows of natural resources and people during colonialism, as well as migration flows. It discusses theories of cultural imperialism and provides examples of how literature portrayed colonized regions. It examines effects of cultural imperialism like self-hatred and resistance.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on the origins of the anthropological perspective and cultural relativism. It discusses how early anthropologists like Franz Boas studied other cultures as "strangers abroad" and rejected evolutionary theories that portrayed some cultures as more advanced than others. Boas is credited with establishing the fieldwork method, cultural relativism, and the idea that each culture must be understood on its own terms rather than in comparison to others. The lecture traces the development of anthropology from its roots in colonialism to modern approaches like post-colonialism and national anthropologies.
This research paper would like to examine Marlow’s frailty as a narrator, his ethnocentricity and color consciousness and inability to comprehend inscrutable Africa that leads the author to support the colonizers against the Africans and how his approach is shared by Conrad as well. Conrad, in the colonial novel, Heart of Darkness has biasness for European colonialism, though the biasness is not so much conspicuous but ostensible, covertly and allusively maintained throughout. This study aims to focus upon Conrad’s treatment of and race and racial conflicts. It also would like to explain the concept of race through applying the critical comments made by different critics and scholars.
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1. Postcolonialism Reading listeading list
PostcolonialismPostcolonialism
ColonialismColonialism, Imperialism, Decolonization, Postcolonialism,, Imperialism, Decolonization, Postcolonialism,
NeocolonialismNeocolonialism
From Commonwealth Literature to Postcolonial LiteratureFrom Commonwealth Literature to Postcolonial Literature
Frantz FanonFrantz Fanon: ‘Wretched of the Earth’, ‘Black skin, White Masks’: ‘Wretched of the Earth’, ‘Black skin, White Masks’
Edward SaidEdward Said and Orientalismand Orientalism
Bill AshcroftBill Ashcroft: The Empire Writes Back: The Empire Writes Back
Nationality, Negritude and Nationalistic CultureNationality, Negritude and Nationalistic Culture
Postcolonialism and GenderPostcolonialism and Gender
2. A study of postcolonial literature must begin with theA study of postcolonial literature must begin with the historical contextshistorical contexts ofof
colonialism, contexts that are unremittingly and frighteningly shot throughcolonialism, contexts that are unremittingly and frighteningly shot through violenceviolence..
The violence of colonialism –The violence of colonialism – epistemic, cultural, economic, political and militaryepistemic, cultural, economic, political and military - is- is
so integral to the history of theso integral to the history of the ‘Third World’‘Third World’ nationsnations that no literature or criticalthat no literature or critical
approach has been able to ignore it.approach has been able to ignore it.
Postcolonial literature seeks to address the ways in whichPostcolonial literature seeks to address the ways in which non-Europeannon-European (Asian,(Asian,
African, South American and Settler colonies) literatures and cultures have beenAfrican, South American and Settler colonies) literatures and cultures have been
marginalized as an effect of colonial rule, and to find if possible, modes of resistance,marginalized as an effect of colonial rule, and to find if possible, modes of resistance,
retrieval, and reversal of their ‘own’ pre colonial pasts.retrieval, and reversal of their ‘own’ pre colonial pasts.
It is a literature of resistance, anger, protest and hope. It seeks to understand historyIt is a literature of resistance, anger, protest and hope. It seeks to understand history
so as to plan for the future.so as to plan for the future.
Pramod K Nayar: Postcolonial Literature: An Introduction,
Key terms : colony, colonialism, imperialism, neocolonialism,
decolonization, postcolonialism,
3.
4. ColonyColony: English Vocabulary 14: English Vocabulary 14thth
CC
originorigin – ‘Latin– ‘Latin coloniacolonia 'settlement, farm', from'settlement, farm', from colonuscolonus 'settler, farmer', from'settler, farmer', from colerecolere 'cultivate‘'cultivate‘
late Middle Englishlate Middle English – settlement of Roman citizens in a hostile or newly conquered country.– settlement of Roman citizens in a hostile or newly conquered country.
These citizens retained their Roman citizenship, received lands in the new place and servedThese citizens retained their Roman citizenship, received lands in the new place and served
Roman interest by working as garrison ( a group of soldiers living in or defending a town orRoman interest by working as garrison ( a group of soldiers living in or defending a town or
building, or the buildings that the soldiers live in )building, or the buildings that the soldiers live in )
1515thth
CC – Belonging to or relating to a colony, or specifically British Colonies.– Belonging to or relating to a colony, or specifically British Colonies.
OED (OED (the coloniesthe colonies) all the foreign countries or areas formerly under British political control) all the foreign countries or areas formerly under British political control
OED (OED (the coloniesthe colonies) the thirteen areas on the east coast of North America that gained) the thirteen areas on the east coast of North America that gained
independenceindependence
colonies -colonies - settlements by communities seeking better lifesettlements by communities seeking better life
- roman, puritan migration- roman, puritan migration
Derek WalcottDerek Walcott – Satiric –– Satiric – New WorldNew World
Adam had an ideaAdam had an idea
He and the snake would shareHe and the snake would share
the loss of Eden for profitthe loss of Eden for profit
so both made the New Worldso both made the New World
and it looked goodand it looked good
5. Present OED definition – Colonialism:Present OED definition – Colonialism:
the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political controlthe policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control
over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting itover another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it
economicallyeconomically
Synonymous withSynonymous with oppression, inequality, racism and exploitationoppression, inequality, racism and exploitation
Non European cultures, knowledge were destroyed, modified andNon European cultures, knowledge were destroyed, modified and
disciplined.disciplined.
In IndiaIn India
I Stage: Assimilation – Interest in language, culture, religion, artI Stage: Assimilation – Interest in language, culture, religion, art
II Stage: superiority – primitive, irrelevant, out of dateII Stage: superiority – primitive, irrelevant, out of date
III Stage: Imposition – language, knowledge, modernizationIII Stage: Imposition – language, knowledge, modernization
6. back up postcolonial postmodern literatureRace Essay.pdfback up postcolonial postmodern literatureRace Essay.pdf
RRace Theories: Science, Medicine, anthropology, and other disciplines formalizedace Theories: Science, Medicine, anthropology, and other disciplines formalized
theories of race that justified imperial presence in Asian and African lands.theories of race that justified imperial presence in Asian and African lands.
Non European races occupied the lower end of the scale of human developmentNon European races occupied the lower end of the scale of human development
native races- primitive, childlike, effeminate, irrational, irreligious, criminal,native races- primitive, childlike, effeminate, irrational, irreligious, criminal,
unreliableunreliable
should be taken care of – justification for European presenceshould be taken care of – justification for European presence
Three central features of colonialism:Three central features of colonialism:
1. The governance of non European places by European administrators – through1. The governance of non European places by European administrators – through
economic, political, and military modeseconomic, political, and military modes
2. The study of non European cultures by European academics, scholars, and2. The study of non European cultures by European academics, scholars, and
scientists( anthropology, literature, ‘area studies’)scientists( anthropology, literature, ‘area studies’)
3. The slow transformation of native societies (missionary work, European3. The slow transformation of native societies (missionary work, European
education system, bureaucracy)education system, bureaucracy)
7. Racial difference =
biological difference
Africans = black skin,
small brain + savagery
e.g. Darwin The
Descent of Man (1871);
C Murray and R. J.
Herrnstein The Bell
Curve (1994)
differences of whites’
and black’s IQ test
performances caused
by their genetic
differences.
8. Up to 15th
C migration involved a mixing or races
18th
C 19th
C retained their original differences – England – Home
native as different from ‘settler’ or ‘ colonizer’
USA, South America, Australia – destroyed Native Population
OED – ‘an alleged policy of exploitation of backward or weak people by large power’
In India
I Stage – Assimilation – Warren Hasting – William Bentinck – William Jones- JS Mill
studied Sanskrit/Persian – Translation
Law, Religion, Art, Science
II Stage – Assertion of Superiority – Indian Texts and Cultures
primitive, Irrelevant, out of date
III Stage – Imposition – English as a medium of Instruction – Macaulay’s Minute
European culture – equality, liberty, development and
modernization, knowledge, religion
9. Formulation of Race Theory:
CED : a group, especially of people, with particular similar physical characteristics,
who are considered as belonging to the same type, or the fact of belonging to such a
group.
classifications based on observable characteristics as skin color, hair type, body
proportions, and skull measurements
Now seen as socially and ideologically constructed to meet specific needs during
slavery. It was used as a mode of social organization and identity formation in the
West.
What is caste/regionalism/linguistic difference in India?
science, medicine anthropology, were used to justify the imperial presence
of Europeans in Asian and African lands
Native Races
1. Primitive, child like, effeminate, irrational, pagan, criminal, unreliable
2. cannot take care of itself. It must be taken care of – By whom?
For more : The Incredible Human Journey / Racism: A History (ep 2:Fatal Impact )
10. Forms of Colonialism:
1. Colonies of occupation
2. Colonies of Settlement
1. Colonies of occupation: spaces occupied by European military and political
powers and economically exploited for the benefit of ‘ mother country ‘
eg ?
2. Colonies of Settlement: spaces where the white races settled down
eg: Australia, USA, Canada, Brazil, South Africa
Were these countries empty?
Were there locals/ indigenous people?
Legal term – ‘terra Nullis’ (L) = nobody’s land/ no man’s land
brutal suppression of natives - History of Racism – BBC 4
In India: Aryans, Moghul - Colonies of occupation/Colonies of Settlement ?
Indian Colonialism ?
12. Ellek Beohmer – Colonial and
Postcolonial Literature (OUP)
Colonialism = settlement of
territory, the exploitation or
development of resources,
and the attempt to govern the
indigenous inhabitants of
occupied lands
1. settlement of land
2. economic relationship
3. unequal power relationship
13.
14. Imperialism - not a synonym of colonialism
also a rule by a European nation on a non-European
Practice of governance through ‘remote control’, without
actual settlement
Imperialism is the ideology to justify colonial rule.
conquest of newer regions for the sake of economic
exploitation.
political theory behind colonial conquest.
originates from European centers of political, military,
and economic power and spreads outwards to take in
the whole earth.
15.
16. justifies conquest in the name of evangelicalism
(uplift the pagans),
economy ( for the good of the European
nation) or
politics ( the defense of democracy).
non-European region on the periphery and
controls it mostly through economic measures
(slave labour, capitalism, trade restrictions
may be accompanied by political and military
control) Eg: Iraq, Afghanistan,
Imperialism is the theory and colonialism is the
practice.
17. Decolonization
a political process, frequently involving violence. In extreme circumstances,
there is a war of independence, sometimes following a revolution.
In rare cases, the actions of the native population are characterized by
nonviolence.
Three Periods:
1. Loss of American colonies & the Declaration of Independence in 18th
C
2. Creation of dominions – CANS – formed Commonwealth – became
independent
3. End of Second World War – Achievement of Independence
It seeks freedom from colonial forms of thinking, a freedom to revive and
rejuvenate native forms of knowledge. It is a methodology wherein European
categories and epistemologies are called into question.
Closely examines the historical process – European forms of though, nationalist
thinking and forms of resistance.
18. NeocolonialismNeocolonialism
"As long as imperialism exists it will, by definition, exert its domination over
other countries. Today that domination is called neocolonialism”.
Che Guevara
Practice of using capitalism, globalization, and cultural forces to control a
country (usually former European colonies in Africa or Asia) in lieu of direct
military or political control.
Such control can be economic, cultural, or linguistic; by promoting one's own
culture, language or media in the colony, corporations embedded in that
culture can then make greater headway in opening the markets in those
countries.
19. “The result of neo-colonialism is that foreign capital is
used for the exploitation rather than for the
development of the less developed parts of the world.
Investment under neo-colonialism increases rather
than decreases the gap between the rich and the
poor countries of the world.
The struggle against neo-colonialism is not aimed at
excluding the capital of the developed world from
operating in less developed countries.
It is aimed at preventing the financial power of the
developed countries being used in such a way as to
impoverish the less developed”.
Vladimir Lenin's Imperialism, the Last Stage of
Capitalism (1916)
20. From Commonwealth Literature to Postcolonial LiteratureFrom Commonwealth Literature to Postcolonial Literature
Postcolonial Writing:Postcolonial Writing:
Textual/ literary processes through which formerly colonized people assertTextual/ literary processes through which formerly colonized people assert
difference from, resistance to, and negotiation with, European colonialdifference from, resistance to, and negotiation with, European colonial
masters and cultures while attempting to develop similar strategies to tacklemasters and cultures while attempting to develop similar strategies to tackle
contemporary globalizing and neocolonial processes of domination by Euro-contemporary globalizing and neocolonial processes of domination by Euro-
American powersAmerican powers
Commonwealth literature:Commonwealth literature:
--From 1950 – to describe literatures in English emerging from a selection ofFrom 1950 – to describe literatures in English emerging from a selection of
countries with a history of colonialismcountries with a history of colonialism
- to identify the common concerns- to identify the common concerns
RK Narayan (India), George Lamming (Barbados), KatherineRK Narayan (India), George Lamming (Barbados), Katherine
Mansfield(NZ), Chinua Achebe (Nigeria)Mansfield(NZ), Chinua Achebe (Nigeria)
-Salman Rushdie: Commonwealth Literature- Does not Exist- it forces people-Salman Rushdie: Commonwealth Literature- Does not Exist- it forces people
from diverse countries, cultures, and colonial experience into a ‘ghetto’ – sofrom diverse countries, cultures, and colonial experience into a ‘ghetto’ – so
preferred Postcolonialpreferred Postcolonial
-1950-60 – Post colonial literature: Themes of Nationalism, euphoria of-1950-60 – Post colonial literature: Themes of Nationalism, euphoria of
21. Themes:Themes:
bi-culturalism, nationalism, local and tribal identities as opposed to universalbi-culturalism, nationalism, local and tribal identities as opposed to universal
humanism, the conflict between European modernization and native tradition,humanism, the conflict between European modernization and native tradition,
generating a discourse about the nature of postcolonial identitygenerating a discourse about the nature of postcolonial identity
- Raja Rao, Narayan, Patrick White, Derek Walcott- Raja Rao, Narayan, Patrick White, Derek Walcott
1980s – multicultural cities, countries – loss of postcolonial dream –1980s – multicultural cities, countries – loss of postcolonial dream –
disillusionment with nationdisillusionment with nation
Salman Rushdie- Midnight’s ChildrenSalman Rushdie- Midnight’s Children
Naipaul – The Mimic MenNaipaul – The Mimic Men
Ngugi – Petals of BloodNgugi – Petals of Blood
Roy – The god of small… Adiga – White Tiger… Ghost – Sea of PoppiesRoy – The god of small… Adiga – White Tiger… Ghost – Sea of Poppies
Mixing of genres – autobiography, popular culture, documentary history,Mixing of genres – autobiography, popular culture, documentary history,
fictionfiction
common themes:common themes:
cultural rootscultural roots
identityidentity
migrancymigrancy
multiculturalismmulticulturalism
displacementdisplacement
Nativization of English languageNativization of English language
22.
23. Orientalism
A study of how western colonial powers of Britain and France represented
North African and Middle Eastern lands in the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries.
Orient – collective Noun refers to far Eastern lands
Orientalism refers to the sum of the West’s representations of the Orient.
The shape of Orientalism
The stereotypes of the Orient
24. I The shape of Orientalism
1. Orientalism constructs binary divisions
2. Orientalism is a western fantasy
3. Orientalism is an institution
4. Orientalism is literary
5. Orientalism is legitimating
6. Latent and Manifest Orientalism
II Stereotypes of the Orient
1. The Orient is timeless
2. The orient is strange
3. Orientalism makes assumptions about race
4. Orientalism makes assumptions about gender
5. Orient is feminine
6. The oriental is degenerate
25. I The shape of Orientalism
1. Orientalism constructs binary divisions
Orient and Occident
assumed to exit in opposition to the other
orient is what West is not
the orient described in negative terms
West seat of knowledge and learning
west – superior and east subservient
orient has been fundamental in defining the East ‘as its contrasting image, idea, personality,
experience’
the west comes to know itself by proclaiming via Orientalism everything it believes it is not
26. 2. Orentalism is a Western Fantasy
orient is the result of West’s Dreams, fantasies and assumptions about this radically different,
contrasting place contains.
Orientalism is a fabricated construct, a series of images that come to stand as the Orient's
reality for those in the West.
It doesn’t exist outside of the representations made about it by Westerners
3. Orientalism is an institution
used Science and history to serve its ends
the Orient became an object ‘suitable for study in the academy, for display in the museum for
reconstruction in the colonial office, for theoretical illustration in anthropological, biological,
linguistic, racial and historical theses about mankind and the universe, for instances of
economic and sociological theories of development, revolution, cultural personality, national
religious character
27. 4. Orient is literary
influences literary and non-literary writing.
Philology – the study of the history of languages
lexicography – dictionary making
history, biology, political, and economic theory, novel writing and lyric poetry
adventure story - popular – Victorian period
5. Orientalism is legitimizing:
orientalist representations function to justify the propriety of Western colonial rule of Eastern lands.
6. latent and manifest Orientalism
28. Stereotypes of the Orient
1. the Orient is timeless
Orientalism assumed an unchanging orient
trapped in antiquity far behind the modern developments of the ‘enlightened’ west
considered ‘ primitive or backwards’
a westerner travelling to Oriental lands was not just moving in space from one
location to the other, potentially they were also travelling back in time to an earlier
world
timeless place, changeless and static, cut off from the progress of Western history
29. 2. The Orient as strange
the orient is not just different; it is oddly different – unusual, fantastic, bizarre.
Occident was rational, sensible, and familiar,
Orient was irrational , extraordinary, abnormal
3. Orientalism makes assumptions about ‘race’
Assumptions about inherent racial characteristics of Orientals
Arab = Violent
Indian = Lazy
Chinese = Inscrutable
racializing categories like ‘ Arabian’ and ‘Indian’ were defined within the genral
negative representational framework typical of Orientalism , and provided
Orientalism with a set of generalized types.
30. 4. Orientalism makes assumptions about gender
gendered stereotypes
effeminate Oriental male or the sexually promiscuous exotic Oriental female
Oriental male – insufficiently manly and displayed a luxuriousness and foppishness
that made him appear grotesque of ‘gentler’ female sex
Oriental female – exoticised – often depicted nude or partially clothed in hundreds of
western works of art
represented as immodest, active creature of sexual pleasure
western men – active, courageous , strong
western women – passive, moral , chaste
gender identity is trangressive
31. 5. The Orient is feminine
East is feminized, deemed passive, submissive, exotic, luxurious, sexually
mysterious and tempting,
West – Masculine, active, dominant, heroic, rational, self controlled and ascetic
sexual vocabulary:
the orient is penetrated by the traveler whose passions it rouses, it is possessed ,
ravished, embraced and ultimately domesticated by the muscular colonizer
6. The Oriental is degenerate:
oriental stereotypes fixed typical weakness as cowardliness, laziness,
untrustworthiness, fickleness, laxity, violence and lust
Oriental people indulge in dubious aspects of human behaviors.
Therefore oriental peoples needed to be civilized and made to conform to the
perceived higher moral standards upheld in the West.
Orientalism justified the propriety of colonialism by calming that Oriental peoples
needed saving from themselves