1. Phylum Porifera includes sponges with cellular bodies and mineralized skeletons. Lecosolenia, Eupectella, and Hyalonema are examples of sponges.
2. Lecosolenia is a colonial marine sponge with cylindrical vertical tubes connected by horizontal tubes. It has simple canal and pore systems and calcareous triaxial spicules.
3. Eupectella, known as the Venus's flower basket, is a solitary glass sponge with a rigid cylindrical shape formed by fused siliceous spicules.
4. Hyalonema is a marine glass rope sponge with a spherical body traversed by a bundle of long fused siliceous sp
Sponges,are pore bearing,multicellular,diploblastic animals that belong to phylum Porifera
Body of all sponges is perforated by large number of pores called ostia through which water enters Inside body and flows through a system of criss-crossing canals known as canal system
Three main types of canal systems in the order of increasing complexity are Asconoid, Syconoid and Leuconoid type.
The invertebrates, or invertebrates, are animals that do not contain bony structures, such as the cranium and vertebrae. The simplest of all the invertebrates are the Parazoans, which include only the phylum Porifera: the sponges.
Parazoans (“beside animals”) do not display tissue-level organization, although they do have specialized cells that perform specific functions. Sponge larvae are able to swim; however, adults are non-motile and spend their life attached to a substratum.
Since water is vital to sponges for excretion, feeding, and gas exchange, their body structure facilitates the movement of water through the sponge. Structures such as canals, chambers, and cavities enable water to move through the sponge to nearly all body cells.
are worm-like parasites. The clinically relevant groups are separated according to their general external shape and the host organ they inhabit. There are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species.
The definitive classification is based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.
In flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms.
Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”).
The nervous system of Pila globosa consists of paired and unpaired ganglia with their commissures and connectives.
The commissures are the nerves that establish connections between similar ganglia, while connectives are the nerves that connect two dissimilar or different ganglia.
Chordata is the last phylum of kingdom Animalia.
Which is further subdivided into subphylums, divisions and classes.
The Slides shows the classification of the phylum along with the basis on which it is classified.
(includes examples along with pictures for easy understanding and memorizing)
Sponges,are pore bearing,multicellular,diploblastic animals that belong to phylum Porifera
Body of all sponges is perforated by large number of pores called ostia through which water enters Inside body and flows through a system of criss-crossing canals known as canal system
Three main types of canal systems in the order of increasing complexity are Asconoid, Syconoid and Leuconoid type.
The invertebrates, or invertebrates, are animals that do not contain bony structures, such as the cranium and vertebrae. The simplest of all the invertebrates are the Parazoans, which include only the phylum Porifera: the sponges.
Parazoans (“beside animals”) do not display tissue-level organization, although they do have specialized cells that perform specific functions. Sponge larvae are able to swim; however, adults are non-motile and spend their life attached to a substratum.
Since water is vital to sponges for excretion, feeding, and gas exchange, their body structure facilitates the movement of water through the sponge. Structures such as canals, chambers, and cavities enable water to move through the sponge to nearly all body cells.
are worm-like parasites. The clinically relevant groups are separated according to their general external shape and the host organ they inhabit. There are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species.
The definitive classification is based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.
In flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms.
Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”).
The nervous system of Pila globosa consists of paired and unpaired ganglia with their commissures and connectives.
The commissures are the nerves that establish connections between similar ganglia, while connectives are the nerves that connect two dissimilar or different ganglia.
Chordata is the last phylum of kingdom Animalia.
Which is further subdivided into subphylums, divisions and classes.
The Slides shows the classification of the phylum along with the basis on which it is classified.
(includes examples along with pictures for easy understanding and memorizing)
Non-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical Drug DevelopmentNon-Clinical
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
Porifera is a phylum of primitive invertebrate animals comprising the sponges and having a cellular grade of construction without true tissue or organ formation but with the body permeated by canals and chambers through which a current of water flows and passes in its course through one or more cavities lined with choanocytes.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. General characters:
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Habitat: Aquatic, mostly marine,except one family, spongillidae few are terrestrial
• Habit: They are solitary or colonial.
• Grade of organization: cellular grade of body(multicellular)
• Shape: Body shape is variable, mostly cylinder shaped
• Symmetry: Asymmetrical or radially symmetrical.
• Germ layer: Diploblastic animals. The adult body wall contains two layers, outer dermal layer and inner gastral layer. In
between these two layers, there is a gelatinous and non-cellular mesoglea containing numerous free amoeboid cells.
• Coelom: Absent; acoelomate but spongocoel is present
• Surface of the body has numerous perforation called ostia (for the entry of water) and a large pore at the apex called
osculum (for the exit of water).
• Water canal system present
• Endoskeleton: Either calcareous spicules (calcium carbonate) or siliceous spicules (silica) or sponging fibers (protein).
• Mouth absent, excretory and respiratory organ absent.
• Nutrition: holozoic
• Digestion: Intracellular
• Nervous system: absent
• Circulatory system: absent
• Reproduction: Asexual: by budding or gemmule or regeneration; Sexual: gamatic fusion
• Fertilization: Internal
• Organisation of sponge have been grouped into 3 main type: ascon sycon and leuconoid type
3.
4. 1.Leucosolenia
• Phylum. Porifera Pore bearing, cellular grade, asymetrical or
radiallymmetrical.
• Class. Calcarea Calcareous spicules present. Syconoid sponges with
internal folds, exclusively marine
• Order: leucosolemia (homocoela) asconoid sponge with radial symmetrical
cylindral body,body wall thin and not folded.
Habit and habitat
Marine colonial sponge found in shallow waters.
Comments:
(1) Colony is composed of bunches of whitish vertical cylinders and tubes about 25 mm long.
(2) Vertical tubes of the colony contain osculum distally. They are joined together by horizontal
tubes at the base. The surface of the body is perforated by numerous pores or ostia or incurrent
pores.
(3) Magnified portion of the colony shows vase-shaped individuals, inhalent ostia, tri-radiate
spicules and horizontal branches attached to substratum.
5. (4) Simplest sponge with ostia spongocoel OSculum arrangement of water current. Canal
system simplest of ascon type. Osculum is surrounded by oscular fringe.
(5) Body wall is composed of dermal epithelium forming outer layer, and Choanocyte layer forming
inner layer, separated by middle mesenchyme layer.
(6) Calcareous spicules are monaxon or Triaxon.
(7)asexual repproduction by budding,branching,and regeneration, and sexual by gamte formation
6. •Classiflication :
•Phylum. Porifera Pore bearing cellular grade, asymmetrical or
radially symmetrical
•Class. Hexactinellida Glass sponges with siliceous spicules of triaxon or sixpointed
•Order. Hexasterophora: spicules are hexaster (star like shape)
•Habit and habitat: Euplectella is solitary animal found abundantly in deep waters.
•Comments:
•(1) Commonly called as Venus's flower basket due to its beautiful elegant
glossy shape.
•(2) Body is long, rigidly curved and cylindrical.
•(3) Body is composed of four and six-rayed siliceous spicules, interlaced and
fused at their tips forming three dimensional net-work with parietal gaps.
• (4) It is attached to the substratum by long siliceous threads of root tuft.
•(5) its upper end is closed by an oscular sieve plate.
•They are in great demand in japan for marriage ceremonys because of its
skeletons with commensel crustacean are costly wedding present as a symbol of “
union till death” .
2. Eupectella
7. Phylum.. Porifera : Pore bearing cellular grade, asymmetrical or radially symmetncal.
Class : hexactinellida :Glass sponges with siliceous spicales of triaxon or six-pointed t
Order : amphidiscophora : spicules are amphidiscus. No hexaster.
Habit and habitat: Hyalonema is marine animal, found 60 to 95 fathoms deep
Distribution : Found along new England coast.
Comments:
(1) Commonly called as glassrope sponge.
(2) Body is spherical or ovoidal and axially traversed by a bundle
of long spicules.
(3) Spicules are often fused to form a lattice(net)-like skeleton, giving
the sponge a glasslike appearance when dried.
Hyalonema
8. 4) Glass sponges are most symmetrical and most individualized. Body is cup or vase-shaped
measuring 10 to 30 cm in height. Spongocoel is well developed. Osculum contains sieve plate.
(5) Stick or columella is composed of a root tuft or root spicules which acts as hold fast organ.
(6)Root spicules are compact, stalk like elongated, twisted and giving ne appearance of a rope.
The middle columella contain symbiotic polyps (Epizoanthus).
(7)it prosses large and small amphidisk spicules like fresh-water sponges. Entire body contains
small, branching, six-rayed spicules resembling Christmas trees on cross-shaped bases.
(8)flagellated chambers are arranged radially and in parallel planes in the sponge
