The document discusses various modes of pollination in angiosperms including self-pollination, cross-pollination promoted through dioecism, dichogamy, hercogamy, heterostyly and self-sterility. It also describes the primary means of pollination as wind (anemophily) or insects (entomophily), and sometimes water. Flowers adapted for wind or insect pollination have different characteristics like perianth size and color.
Pollination Detailed Explanation with examples Sumita Sinha
Pollination and Its types with examples.Contrivances of self - Pollination and Cross - Pollination.Agents of Pollination is also clearly mentioned.The topic is clearly explained with relevant images for better understanding.
Pollination Detailed Explanation with examples Sumita Sinha
Pollination and Its types with examples.Contrivances of self - Pollination and Cross - Pollination.Agents of Pollination is also clearly mentioned.The topic is clearly explained with relevant images for better understanding.
Pollination in plants is the process where pollen is transferred from the anther, the male part of a flower, to the stigma, the female part of a flower. Pollen can be transferred to one plant or even a nearby plant so that they can get fertilized and make more flowers. This happens in plants that have flowers called angiosperms.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) What is Pollination?
2) Types of Pollination
3) Self-Pollination
- Adaptations for Self-Pollination
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Self-Pollination
4) Cross-Pollination
- Adaptations for Cross-Pollination
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Cross-Pollination
5) Agents of Cross-Pollination
- Entomophilous
- Anemophilous
- Hydrophilous
6) Artificial Pollination
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
fruit pollination is the very good factor for fruit production and very beneficial chapter for students and scientist. they are give more knowledge about pollination and fruit development of student
Pollination : Types and significance.
The Seminar presented by Biswajit Das
L.T.K. College, Department of Botany.
In order that a plant is able to produce seeds, the male and female gametes must come together.
The male gamete is produced by the androecium within the pollen grain, while the female gamete is produced by the gynoecium within the ovule.
Pollination is the process that helps in bringing male and female gametes together.
Self-pollination and cross-pollination are two major ways. Flowering plants are adapted to use vivid agents, like biotic and abiotic.
.............................................................. Thank You.
Pollination is very important. It leads to the creation of new seeds that grow into new plants. All plants do not have flowers. Some might have small or large flowers. The pollination process varies from plant to plant depending on the kind of flowers. Different pollinators feed on different plants and therefore pollinate different plants. Some common pollinators are bees, butterflies, birds, and moths. there are flowers which get pollinated by elephants.
Pollination in plants is the process where pollen is transferred from the anther, the male part of a flower, to the stigma, the female part of a flower. Pollen can be transferred to one plant or even a nearby plant so that they can get fertilized and make more flowers. This happens in plants that have flowers called angiosperms.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) What is Pollination?
2) Types of Pollination
3) Self-Pollination
- Adaptations for Self-Pollination
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Self-Pollination
4) Cross-Pollination
- Adaptations for Cross-Pollination
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Cross-Pollination
5) Agents of Cross-Pollination
- Entomophilous
- Anemophilous
- Hydrophilous
6) Artificial Pollination
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
fruit pollination is the very good factor for fruit production and very beneficial chapter for students and scientist. they are give more knowledge about pollination and fruit development of student
Pollination : Types and significance.
The Seminar presented by Biswajit Das
L.T.K. College, Department of Botany.
In order that a plant is able to produce seeds, the male and female gametes must come together.
The male gamete is produced by the androecium within the pollen grain, while the female gamete is produced by the gynoecium within the ovule.
Pollination is the process that helps in bringing male and female gametes together.
Self-pollination and cross-pollination are two major ways. Flowering plants are adapted to use vivid agents, like biotic and abiotic.
.............................................................. Thank You.
Pollination is very important. It leads to the creation of new seeds that grow into new plants. All plants do not have flowers. Some might have small or large flowers. The pollination process varies from plant to plant depending on the kind of flowers. Different pollinators feed on different plants and therefore pollinate different plants. Some common pollinators are bees, butterflies, birds, and moths. there are flowers which get pollinated by elephants.
2014 Nature Night: Attracting Native Pollinators by Mace VaughanDesLandTrust
Mace Vaughan from the Xerces Society presents at the Deschutes Land Trust's Nature Night on Attracting Native Pollinators. Learn all about native bees, challenges they face, and how you can help.
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Pollination, transfer of pollen grains from the stamens, the flower parts that produce them, to the ovule-bearing organs or to the ovules (seed precursors) themselves. In plants such as conifers and cycads, in which the ovules are exposed, the pollen is simply caught in a drop of fluid secreted by the ovule. In flowering plants, however, the ovules are contained within a hollow organ called the pistil, and the pollen is deposited on the pistil’s receptive surface, the stigma. There the pollen germinates and gives rise to a pollen tube, which grows down through the pistil toward one of the ovules in its base. In an act of double fertilization, one of the two sperm cells within the pollen tube fuses with the egg cell of the ovule, making possible the development of an embryo, and the other cell combines with the two subsidiary sexual nuclei of the ovule, which initiates formation of a reserve food tissue, the endosperm. The growing ovule then transforms itself into a seed.
Presentation Includes very important topics related to Pollination and Double Fertilization in Flowering Plants (Angiosperms). The presentatio will be important for Class XII and X students as well many questions can be asked from the presentation.
ZOOPHILY- POLLINATION WITH HELP OF ANIMALSHarshika4
what is zoophily, Types of zoophily, entomophilous flowers characteristics, Pollination in yucca, poliination in salvia, Calotropis, Trap door rmechanism, pseudocopulation, Save the pollinators
Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is by making seeds.
Are we not lucky that plants reproduce sexually? The myriads of flowers that we enjoy gazing at, the scents and the perfumes that we swoon over, the rich colours that attract us, are all there as an aid to sexual reproduction. Flowers do not exist only for us to be used for our own selfishness. All flowering plants show sexual reproduction.
in this slide the chapter explanation is according to NCERT Syllabus which would be helping students in every field..
For CBSE class 10th and 12
Have you ever wondered why bees are attracted to flowers? Flowers look beautiful and are fragrant, but there is a reason behind this – flowers actually help plants to reproduce. Flowering plants have seeds, carry the genetic information of the parents and develop into a new plant.
Explore pollination notes provided here to learn about the process and types of pollination.
Table of Contents
Pollination
Process
Types
The process of pollination begins when the pollen grains from the respective flowers lands on the stigma and form a pollen tube with the style length, which connects both the stigma and ovary. After the completion of the pollen tube, the pollen grain starts transmitting sperm cells from the grain to the ovary.
Later the process of fertilization in plants will take place when the sperm cells will reach the ovary and egg cells. The seed is then released from the parent plant and making it able to grow into a plant and continue the reproductive cycle with the use of the pollination method.
From the forgoing presentation, it can be concluded that breeding characters viz., flowering period, inflorescence, time of flower opening, time of anther dehiscence, time of stigma receptivity, pollinating agent ,time of visitor of pollinating agent and fruit set (%) in tropical species are required to be studied as they are vital for any improvement and eco-environmental planning purposes. It also throws light on how species adopts itself along with the phenomenon of speciation and reproductive isolation. From these characters we can introduce new variety which is essential for further evaluation and also the identification of the interactions between biological factors, such as animal, plant species, and non-biological factors, like temperature, RH, rain and wind, helps us to elaborate management and conservation plans for the ecosystems of the planet, which have become more and more necessary due to highly increased rate of deterioration of different ecosystems during the last few decades.
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Pollination
Effective pollination involves the transfer of pollen from the anthers to a stigma of the same
species and subsequent germination and growth of the pollen tube to the micropyle of the ovule.
Pollen transfer is effected by wind, water, and animals, primarily insects and birds. Wind-
pollinated flowers usually have an inconspicuous reduced perianth, long slender filaments and
styles, covered with sticky trichomes and often branched stigmas, pendulous catkin
inflorescences, and small, smooth pollen grains.
2. Wind pollination is derived in angiosperms and has developed independently in
several different groups. For example, within the aster family wind pollination accompanied by
floral reduction has developed independently in the tribes Heliantheae and Anthemideae. Water
pollination occurs in only a few aquatic plants and is highly complicated and derived.
There is a wide range of animal pollinators of angiosperms as well as a wide range of adaptations
by the flowers to attract those pollinators. Some of the living unspecialized families of basal
angiosperms are pollinated by beetles. The beetles forage and feed on pieces of the perianth and
stamens. There are no nectaries but rather food bodies on these organs.
Bees are responsible for the pollination of more flowers than any other animal
group. Bees usually feed on nectar and in some cases on pollen. They may be general pollinators
by visiting flowers of many species, or they may have adapted (i.e., elongated) their mouthparts
to different flower depths and have become specialized to pollinate only a single species.
Flowers pollinated by bees commonly have a zygomorphic, or bilaterally symmetrical, corolla
with a lower lip providing a landing platform for the bee (see photograph).
Nectar is commonly produced either at the base of the corolla tube or in extensions of the corolla
base. The bees partially enter the corolla mouth to feed with their long tongues on the nectar, at
which point they deposit pollen picked up from other flowers and collect pollen from the new
flower. Flowers pollinated by bees are often blue or yellow or exhibit patterns of both. Particular
pattern markings and ultraviolet reflection patterns (see photograph) serve as
recognition guides.
3. A high degree of coevolution is common in orchids (e.g., Ophrys speculum [see
photograph]), where the flower not only appears to resemble the female wasp of a particular
species but also produces the pheromone released by the insect to attract males of the species.
The male wasp effects pollination by pseudocopulation with the orchid flower. Other insect
pollinators include flies, butterflies (see photograph), moths, and mosquitoes.
Many flowers pollinated by flies are called carrion flowers because they look and smell like
rotting meat. The skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) and the carrion flowers (Stapelia
schinzii) have evolved these characteristics independently.
Vertebrate pollinators include birds, bats, small marsupials, and small rodents. Many bird-
pollinated flowers are bright red, especially those pollinated by hummingbirds (see
photograph). Hummingbirds rely solely on nectar as their food source. Flowers
(e.g., Fuchsia) pollinated by birds produce copious quantities of nectar but little or no odour
because birds have a very poor sense of smell. Flowers pollinated by bats produce large
quantities of nectar and strong fragrances. They generally open only at night, when bats are the
most active, and often hang down on long inflorescence stalks, which provide easy access to the
nectaries and pollen. Some eucalypts (Eucalyptus) are pollinated by small marsupials (e.g.,
honey possums).
Whatever the agent of dispersal, the first phase of pollination is successful when a pollen grain
lands on a receptive stigma. The surface of the stigma can be wet or dry and is often composed
of specialized glandular tissue; the style is lined with secretory transmitting tissue. Their
secretions provide an environment that nourishes the pollen tube as it elongates and grows down
the style. If mitosis in the generative cell has not yet occurred in the pollen grain, it does so at
this time.
To prevent self-fertilization, many angiosperms have developed a chemical system of self-
incompatibility. The most common type is sporophytic self-incompatibility, in which the
secretions of the stigmatic tissue or the transmitting tissue prevent the germination or growth of
incompatible pollen. A second type, gametophytic self-incompatibility, involves the inability of
the gametes from the same parent plant to fuse and form a zygote or, if the zygote forms, then it
fails to develop. These systems force outcrossing and maintain a wide genetic diversity.
4. The pollen tube ultimately enters an ovule through the micropyle and penetrates one of the sterile
cells on either side of the egg (synergids). These synergids begin to degenerate immediately after
pollination. Pollen tubes can reach great lengths, as in corn, where the corn silk consists of the
styles for the corn ear and each silk thread contains many pollen tubes.
Angiosperm pollination
Sunday 24 October 2004, by Rebecca, www.botanique.org
All the versions of this article: [English] [français]
Pollination can be made according to various modes:
Self pollination. The stigma of a flower receives the pollen of the same plant. This mode is
frequent, but not compulsory, in cultivated Grasses. It is on the other hand compulsory for
flowers that do not open (cleistogamous ) such as the Violet.
Crossed pollination. The stigma of a flower receives the pollen of another plant.
Cross pollination can be promoted:
By dioecism: male flowers and female flowers are on separate plants (dioecious species),
By dichogamy: male and female organs mature at different times. The pollen is before released
while the stigma is immature (protandry) or the stigma is receptive while stamens are still young
(protogyny),
By hercogamy: some structures prevent pollen from being transferred on stigma of the same
flower (rostellum of the Orchis),
By heterostyly: in Primula, flowers with high style and stamens situated on the base of the
corolla must be pollinated by flowers with short style and stamens situated on the top of the
corolla,
By self sterility: flowers can’t be self pollinated because of dimorphism in pollen grains and
stigma surfaces.
Means of pollination are the wind (anemophily) or insects (entomophily), less often water. In the
first case, flowers generally have a well developed and coloured perianth. In the second case,
there is no perianth or it is reduced and uncoloured.