While is old of this Chapter in textbook, I have restructured to capture the meaning of political culture and format of politics, ideology, power, legitimacy.

1. CH6: Politics and
Culture
Instructed by Chheng Dolla
Contact: dolla.chheng@gmail.com
P/H: 0883020847

2. Course Outline
• 6.0 The meaning of Political Culture
• 6. 1 Topologies of Political Culture
• 6.2 Political socialization
• 6. 3 Regimes, Power and Legitimacy
• 6.4 Political Ideology

3. What is Political Culture?
• Almond, Gabriel and Verba, Sidney (1963), states
that political culture refers to the specifically
political orientations and attitude towards the
political system and its various parts, and attitude
towards the role of the self in the system.
• According to Pye (1965), in the Heuristic
(Intuitional) definition, political culture involves
with these attributes including attitudes, feelings,
sentiments, beliefs, and values which concern to
the nature of politics.

4. • Elkins and Simeon (1979), advanced that political
culture is “the property of a collectivity” such as nation,
region, class, ethnic, community, formal organization,
and so on.
• Suresh, M Kumar (2008), illustrates that culture is
regarded as a complex phenomenon which includes
knowledge, art, belief, morals, law, custom and other
capabilities acquired by man as a member of society.
• From the literature mentioned above, it can be
summarized that political culture is defined as
specifically political orientations and patterned form of
political philosophy that consists of a set of widely
complex phenomenon which includes belief, values,
and attitude concerning the ways on how government
and political system ought to be carried out.

5. 6.1 Different Typologies of Political Culture
• Almond and Verba (1963)103 outlined three pure
types of political culture: Parochial, subject, and
participant:
• (1) Parochial political culture: Low awareness,
expectations, and participation
• (2) Subject political culture: Higher level of
awareness and expectation but low participation
• (3) Participant political culture:

6. (1) Parochial political culture
• Refers to those people who have no political
orientations towards political objects. This type of
political culture, citizens is only remotely aware of
the presence of central government, and lives their
lives near enough regardless of the decisions taken
by the state.
• Citizens have no cognition orientations towards
political system and unaware of political
phenomena
• They have neither knowledge nor interest in politics

7. (1) Parochial political culture
• This type of political culture is congruent with a
traditional political structure.
• This exists in a traditional society
• Societies characterized by this type of political
culture do not expect anything positive of
government, nor do they expect to participate in
politics because it is seen as the elite domain.

8. (2) Subject political culture
• Refers to the people have passive orientation towards a
political system and conceive themselves as having
minimum influence on the political process.
• Citizens have orientations toward the out put aspects
of the system. People know about decision-making
mechanism.
• This type of political culture is congruent with a
centralized authoritarian structure.
• There is a political awareness but no confidence to air
political views, thus there is an absence of participatory
norms.

9. (3) Participant political culture:
• Participant political culture refers to people who
respond positively to all political objects. This type
of political culture, citizens are able to influence the
government in various ways and they are affected
by it.

10. 6.2 Political socialization
• Political socialization is the process of acquiring and
changing culture of one’s own political
environment by which people form their ideas
about politics.
• It affected by agent of political socialization: such as
internal and external factors.
• Internal factors: Colonialism, Globalism
• Internal factor: family, school, peer, social media,
political generation.

11. External factor of political socialization
• Colonialism is defined as “control by one power
over a dependent area or people.”
• Form type of Government from colonizer: England,
Franch, US, Spanish, Portugual

12. External factor of political socialization
• Globalizationism: Free trade economy, Multiple
polar system
• The form of Government or political culture
changes to adapt the global.

13. Internal Factors of Political Socialization
• Agents of socialization, which include parents,
teachers, family, peers, education, religion, faith,
race, gender, age, geography and mass media,
convey orientations to subjects, who are mostly
passive.
• These agents of socialization influence to different
degrees an individual's political view, political
attitude, political value and political beliefs
throughout the rest of their lives.

14. Internal Factors of Political Socialization
• Family: Foremost among agencies of socialization
into politics is the family.
• Family is the major context within which the
individual’s development of political attitude,
values, and beliefs take place.
• A hierarchical power structure exists within many
families that stress parental authority and
obedience to the rules that parents establish.

15. Internal Factors of Political Socialization
• School: Formal education plays a critical role in the
process of political socialization.
• In school, students learn about meaning of the
common cultural goals of freedom, equality and liberty.
• Some scholars consider the school, rather than the
family, to be the most influential agent of political
socialization (Hess and Torney, 1967)
• Schools can stimulate political learning through formal
classroom instruction via civics and history classes, the
enactment of ceremonies and rituals such as the flag
salute, and extracurricular activities such as student
government.

16. Internal Factors of Political Socialization
• Peer Group: Peers mean a group of people who are
linked by common interests, equal social position,
and similar age.
• Young people desire approval and are likely to
adopt the attitudes, viewpoints, and behavior
patterns of groups to which they belong.
• Unlike the family and school, which are structured
hierarchically with adults exercising authority, the
peer group provides a forum for youth to interact
with people who are at similar levels of maturity.

17. Internal Factors of Political Socialization
• Media: Media plays general influences role in
political socialization
• In a modern era, there are numerous ways of
communicating political ideas.
• Thus newspapers, magazines, books, the radio,
television and films play an important role in
creating intelligent public opinion.

18. Internal Factors of Political Socialization
• Political generations: A political generation is a
group of individuals, similar in age, who share a
general set of political socialization experiences
leading to the development of shared political
orientations that distinguish them from other age
groups in society.

19. 6. 3 Regimes, Power and Legitimacy
• Regime refers to the rules that a state sets and
follows in exerting its power.
• Power is the ability to influence an outcome to
achieve an objective or the ability to influence
someone to act in a way contrary to the way
he or she would choose to act.
• Legitimacy is the understanding that a state
has certain authority to carry out tasks; the
right to rule.

20. Regimes
• Regime refers to the rules that a state sets and
follows in exerting its power.
• Type of regimes:
• Monarchy: All or most of the power is in the hands of
one person: King, Queen, or Emperor. Monarch’s power
is hereditary. Hereditary – passed down through the
family.
• Dictatorship: The government is under the control of
one person. Takes power by force rather than inheriting
power. Often were members of the military or police

21. Regimes
• Democracy: Power is shared by all of the people;
“government by the people”
• Communist States: All property is publicly owned. Each
person paid based on their need, not their abilities
• Anarchy: No government; often occurs after war. State
of disorder

22. • Power is the ability to influence an outcome to
achieve an objective or the ability to influence
someone to act in a way contrary to the way
he or she would choose to act.
Power

23. 1. Force is power involving physical means.
2. Persuasion is nonphysical power in which the
agent using power makes its use of power clear
and known to the agent over whom power is
exercised.
3. Manipulation is nonphysical power in which
the agent using power conceals the use of
power.
4. Exchange is the use of power through
incentives.
Types of power

24. Sources of political power
1. Percolation-up model: Political power
rests with the citizens. In turn, citizens
grant political power to their leaders
through elections.
2. Drip-down model: Political power rests with
the leaders, who organize society and
impose order. Nevertheless, citizens retain
the power to overthrow the government by
electing new leaders.

25. Legitimacy
• Legitimacy is the understanding that a state
has certain authority to carry out tasks; the right
to rule.
• Legitimacy may be secured in a number of
ways, using sources such as social compacts,
constitutions, and ideologies.

26. Types of legitimacy
• Traditional legitimacy rests upon the belief
that tradition should determine who should rule
and how.
• Charismatic legitimacy is based on the
dynamic personality of an individual leader or
a small group.

27. 6.4 Political ideologies
• Political Ideologies are sets of political values held
by individuals regarding the basic goals of
government and politics.

28. Political ideologies
1. Liberalism places emphasis on individual
political and economic freedom.
▪ Freedom is the ability of an individual to act
• independently, free of retribution from the
state or other individuals.
2. Communism generally values equality over
freedom.
▪ Equality refers to a shared material standard
of individuals within a community, society, or
country.

29. Political ideologies
3. Socialism shares the value of equality with
communism but is also influenced by the liberal
value of freedom.
4. Fascism is the belief that the state has the right and
the responsibility to mold the society and economy
and to eliminate obstacles (including people) that
might weaken them.