Neo-functionalism emerged in the 1980s as a revision and expansion of Parsonian functionalism. Jeffrey Alexander and Paul Colomy are the main proponents of neo-functionalism in the US. They define it as a self-critical strand of functional theory that broadens its scope while retaining its theoretical core. Specifically, neo-functionalism aims to incorporate conflict, subjective meaning, contingency, and creativity into functionalism, address its anti-individualism and resistance to change, and analyze systems as tendencies rather than givens. It also pushes functionalism to the left by rejecting optimism about modernity and emphasizing democracy.

1. NEO-FUNCTIONALISM
JEFFREY C ALEXANDER AND PAUL COLOMY

2. Neo-functionalism-
Emergence
A revival of interest in Parson’s work, first in Germany and then, the
United States; led to the emergence of neo-functionalism in the mid
1980s.
To merge certain aspects of functionalism, those which have withstood
the test of time with other paradigms that have developed better critical
perspective
In 1984, American Sociological Association devoted two sessions to a
conference on neo-functionalism at its annual meeting
Reconsideration of Parsonian theory
All these papers later edited by Jeffrey C Alexander, The leading
proponent of neo-functionalism in United States

3. Four volume work, Theoretical Logic in Sociology
Introduction to Neo-functionalism, 3 similarities
between Neo-functionalism and Neo-marxism
Both include critique of some of the basic tenets
of the original theory
Main spokespersons of neo-functionalism in
America are Jeffrey Alexander and Paul Colomy

4. JEFFREY C ALEXANDER AND PAUL COLOMY

5. In one of their joint publications of 1985, they define neo-functionalism as a
‘self-critical strand of functional theory that seeks to broaden functionalism’s
intellectual scope while retaining its theoretical core’
Under the rubric of neo-functionalism, they have made an effort to extend
structural functionalism by overcoming its difficulties.
Alexander and Colomy think that the deficiencies of structural functionalism are
not irreversible
Its synthetic orientation can be recaptured
The concepts of conflict and subjective meaning can be introduced
One can regard the integration of the system and the interpenetration of its
various subsystems as a ‘tendency’, to be investigated rather than as a ‘given’
or ‘assumed’ fact.

6. Neo-functionalism as a tendency
rather than a developed theory
(1985)
1.To create a form of functionalism that is multi-dimensional and
includes micro as well as macro levels of analysis
2.To push functionalism to the left and reject Parson’s optimism
about modernity
3.To argue for an implicit democratic thrust in functional analysis
4.To incorporate a conflict orientation and
5.To emphasise contingency (uncertainty) and interactional
creativity

7. Neo-Functionalism:Problems
that Need to be Surmounted
1.Anti-Individualism- the individual in structural functionalism is passive and
lacks creativity, and is simply a product of the social forces, which he neither
checks nor controls
2.Antagonism to change- Structural functionalism is a theory of social order
rather than of change
3.Conservatism- Structural functionalism has worked toward offering a
justification of the system and its practices, often justifying inequality,
exploitation and oppression
4.Idealism- Structural functionalism speaks in terms of an ideal society, where
everything is in order and stability
5.Anti-empiricist bias— structural functionalism is more concerned with
abstract social systems instead of real societies.

8. Merits and Demerits of
Neo-functionalism
A restricted use of the term ‘neo-functionalism’ is
also found in ecological studies where it basically
means assigning primary importance to techno-
environmental forces in an analysis of the
processes of cultural adaptation
Neo-functionalism worked on the aspects that
were not considered by the followers of the
functional approach

9. REFERENCES
Jeffrey C. Alexander and Paul Colomy, Towards Neo-
Functionalism, Sociological Theory, Vol.3, No.2 (Autumn,
1985), pp. 11-23, American Sociological Association
Ronald R Matson (2005) The spirit of sociology : a
reader, Boston: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon
Abrahamson, Mark (2001) Functional, conflict and
Nonfunctional Theories. In George Ritzer and Barry
Smart (eds) Handbook of Social Theory. Sage
Publications (pp. 141-51)