The document outlines various types of political risks that can affect multinational enterprises (MNEs) at the firm, country, and global levels. It emphasizes the importance of analyzing these risks, including governance and cultural factors, to prepare and negotiate effectively, while also highlighting the challenges of predicting events like terrorism. Additionally, it discusses the implications of corporate social responsibility and sustainable development in relation to these risks.

1. P olitical Risks & Management Assessment
Political risk is the hazard that
political decisions or events will
have a negative effect on your
business.
By:
Ahmed Hassan ElMasry
Ahmed Mohamed Adel
Haytham Nadim
Hazem Saied
Mohamed El Demerdash

2. P Euromoney Country Risk
(http://www.euromoneycountryrisk.com/#supertop)
Political risk is the hazard that
political decisions or events will
have a negative effect on your
business.

3. Political Risks Levels
1-Firm specific risk:,
• Those are political risks that affect the MNEs at the project or corporate level.
Governance risk occurs due to goal conflict between an MNE and its host government
The firm must analyze if its activities are likely to conflict the host country goal as evidenced by
existing regulations or not.
,
2-Country specific risk:
• Known as Macro risks
Those risks also affect the MNEs at the project and corporate level but originate at the country
level. The firm attempts to assess a host country’s political stability and attitude towards foreign
investors
,
3-Global specific risk:
• Known as Macro risks
Those risks also affect the MNEs at the project and corporate level but originate at the country
level

4. Predicting the Risk
Firm Specific Risk
• The need for the firm to analyze political risk had led to a demand for tailor-made studies
undertaken in-house by professional political risk analysts.
• This demand is heightened by the observation that outside risk analysts rarely even agree on
the degree of macro-political risk that exists in a set of countries.
• Thus, it is necessary to plan protective steps in advance to minimize the risk of damage from
unanticipated changes.
Macro Risk
• Political risk studies usually include an analysis of the historical stability of the country in
indications of economic stability and trends in cultural and religious activities.
• Data are usually assembled by reading local newspaper , monitoring radio and television
broadcasting , tapping the knowledge of outstanding expert consultants and contacting other
business persons who had business experience in the host country.
• Despite the difficulty of predicting the country risk , the MNE must still attempt to do it in
order to prepare itself for the unknown.

5. Predicting the Risk
Global Specific Risk
• It is even more difficult than the other two types of risks.
• Nobody can predict the world trade center attack on September 11 , 2001.
• Since there is a great need to predict terrorism , we can expect to see a number of new
indices , similar to country-specific indices , but devoted to ranking different types of terrorist
threats , their locations , and potential targets.

6. Risks

7. Firm Specific Risk
A- Governance risk:
• It is defined as the ability to excersie control ovr and MNE‘s operations within a
country legal and political enviroment.
•Historically , conflicts between objectives of MNE‘s and host governments have arisen
over as the firm‘s impact on economic development , percieved infringement on
national sovereignty , foreign control of key industries , influence on the foreign
exchange of its currency.
•The attitude of conflicts are often colored by views about free enterprise versus state
socialism , the degree of nationalism or internationalism.
•The best approcah to goal conflict management is to anticipate problems and
negotiate understanding ahead of time.
•Prenegotiation of all possible areas of conflict provides a better basis for a successful
future for both parties.

8. Firm Specific Risk Cont
B- Negotiating investment agreements:
•An investment agreemnet should define policies on financial and managerial issues
including the following:
•The basis on which fund flows such as dividends , management fees , royalties , patent
fees and loan repaymnets
•The basis of setting transfer prices.
•The right to export to a thrid world country markets.
•Methods of taxiation.
•Permission for a 100% foreign ownership versus local ownership participation.
•Price controls.
•Requirements for local sourcing versus import of raw materials and components.

9. C-Investment insurance and guranteees:
•MNE‘s sometimes transfer the political risk to a home country public agency through an
investment insurance and gurantee program such as OPIC in USA
•These kind of agencies offers insurnace that cover the following types of risk:
1- Inconvertibility:
Is the risk that the investor will not be able to convert profit , royalties , fees of other
income as well as the original capital invested into dollars.
2- Expropriation:
Is the risk that the host government takes a specific step that for one year prevents the
investor or the foreign subsidiary from excercising effective control over use of the
property.
3-War , revolution , insurrection and civil strife:
Coverage applies primarily damage of physical property of the insured , although in
some cases inability of a foreign subsidiary to repay a loan becasue of a war may be
covered.
4-Business income coverage:
Provides compensation for loss of business income resulting fromevents of political
violence that directly cause damage to the assets of a foreign enterprise.

10. Country-specific risks:
These risks affect all firms either domestic or foreign that are resident in the host country
A- Block funds:
• Transfer risk is defined as limitations on the MNE‘s to transfer funds into and out of a
host country without restrictions.
•When a government runs short of foreign exchange and cabt obtai additional funds
through borrowing or attracting new foreign investments , it usually limits transfer of
foreign exchange out of the country by blocked funds.
The firm must react to any potential with blocked funds as follows:
1-Prior to making investment,the firm must analyse the effect of blocked funds on
ROI.
2- During the operation a firm can attempt to move funds through various
techniques.
3-Funds that cant be moved must be reinvested in the local country in a manner
that avoids deterioration in their real value because of inflation or excahnge
depreciation.

11. Moving of blocked funds can be done using these
techniques:
1- Fronting loans:
• It is a parent to subsidary loan channeled through a financial intermediatry usually a
large international bank.
• The bank choosen for the fronting loan is usually in a neutral country away from both the
lender and the borrower‘s legal jurisdiction.
2- Creating unrelated exports:
• That benefits both the subsidary andf host country and helps the MNE in providing a
potential mean to transfer funds out.
3- Forced reinvestment :
• Under such a situation the firm must find local oppourtunities that will maximize the rate
of return for a given acceptable level of risk.
4- Special dispensation
• If the firm is developing in an industry that is important for the host company such as
telecom and pharmaceutical.
• The firm may bargain for a special dispensation to repatriate some portion of the funds
that otherwise would be blocked.

12. Country specific risks (cont‘d)
B- Cultural and institutional risks:
Difference in allowable ownership structures:
• In some countries the only way to execute a business is by doing a joint venture
with a local firm or citizen.
Difference in human resource norms
• MNE are often required to hire certain portion of local employees versues expats.
Difference in religious heritage
• MNE strategy must understand and respect the host‘s country religious traditions.
Neopotism and corruption
• Specially in Africa.
Protection of intellectual property rights
•This grantes the exclusive use of patented technology and copy righted creative
material.
Protectionism
• It is defined as the attempt of the government to protect certain of its designated
industries from foreign competition such as agriculture,defense and infant
industries.
• This can ne done by using tarrif and non-tarrif barriers.

13. Global-specific risks
1-Terrorism and war
• Althought the world trade center attack and its aftermath,the war in afghanistan and
iraq,have affected nearly everyone in the world,many other acts of terrorism have been
committed in recent years.
• More terrorist acts are expected to occur in the future.
• Practically exposed are the foreign subsidiaries of MNEs and their employees.
• No MNE has the tools to avoid terrorism thats hy they must depned on the governments.
• Inreturn governments expect finanicial , verbal and matterial support from MNE that
must be taking into consideration.
2-Crisis planning
• Crisis planning has become a major activity for MNEs at both the foreign subsidary and
parent level firm.
• Crisis planning means educating management and other employees to react to various
scenarios of violence.
3-Antiglobalization movement:
• During the past decades there has been a growing negative reaction by some groups to
reduced trade barriers and efforts to create regional markets such as NAFTA and
european union.
• MNEs dont have the tools to combat antiglobalization movemnet but they are blamed
for fostering the problem in first place.
• MNE must rely on governments and crisis planning to manage these risks.

14. Global-specific risks (Cont‘d)
4-Enviromental concerns
• MNEs has been accused of exporting their enviromental problems to other countries.
• The accusation is that MNEs frustrated by pollution controls in home country have
relocated their activities to countries with weaker controls.
• This is a main reason for global warming.
5-Poverty
• MNEs have located foreign subsidiaries in some countries with extremely uneven income
distribution.
• Most of the population suffers from lack of education,social and eonomic infrastructure
and political power.
• MNE are contributing in this issue by hiring the elite class to manage their operations.
• On the other hand MNEs are creating relatively stable and well paying jobs for those who
were otherwise unemployed and living below the poverty level.
6-Cyber attacks:
• The rapid growth of the internet has fostered a whole new generation of scam artists
who disrupt the usefulness of the world wide web.
• MNEs can face costely cyber attacks because of their visibility and the complexity of their
internal information systems.
.

15. Global-specific risks (Cont‘d)
6-Corporate social responsibilty
• The first years of the twenty first century have been a rebirth in soceity‘s refelctions on
business.
• One of the most audible debates that regarding sustainable development , the principle
that economic development today should not compromise the ability of future
generations to acheive and enjoy similar standards of living.
• Althought the sustainable development intially focused on enviromental concerns , it has
evolved to include equal concerns that „incorporate the ambition for a just and caring
society“.
.