This document defines key terms related to toxicology such as poison, toxin, and toxicity. It then discusses the principles of treating poisoning, including resuscitation following the ABCDE approach, risk assessment, supportive care/monitoring, investigations, decontamination techniques like activated charcoal, enhanced elimination methods, use of antidotes, and determining patient disposition. Specific techniques are outlined for managing exposure to different toxins or overdoses. Normal ranges are provided for some common toxicology lab values. Examples are given for managing high paracetamol and organophosphorus poisoning cases based on these principles.
Poisoning is one of the very alarming topic now a days. This presentation will give you a basic idea on poisoning, drug poisoning, animal poisoning, plant poisoning, household poisoning, industrial poisoning, treatment of poisoning e.t.c
Poisoning
Poison
Medicinal Poisoning
Environmental Poisoning
Factors Affecting Environmental poisoning
Drug Poisoning
Role of Pharmacist to Prevent Poisoning
Diagnosis
Treatment
Poisoning is a lethal disruption of bodyās physilogical machanism by the induction of an exogenic biological or chemical agent.
A poison is any substance that is harmful to your body.
Poisons may include-
Prescription or over-the-counter medicines taken in doses that are too high
Overdoses of illegal drugs
Carbon monoxide from gas appliances
Household products, such as laundry powder or furniture polish
Pesticides
Indoor or outdoor plants
Metals such as lead and mercury
Poisoning is one of the very alarming topic now a days. This presentation will give you a basic idea on poisoning, drug poisoning, animal poisoning, plant poisoning, household poisoning, industrial poisoning, treatment of poisoning e.t.c
Poisoning
Poison
Medicinal Poisoning
Environmental Poisoning
Factors Affecting Environmental poisoning
Drug Poisoning
Role of Pharmacist to Prevent Poisoning
Diagnosis
Treatment
Poisoning is a lethal disruption of bodyās physilogical machanism by the induction of an exogenic biological or chemical agent.
A poison is any substance that is harmful to your body.
Poisons may include-
Prescription or over-the-counter medicines taken in doses that are too high
Overdoses of illegal drugs
Carbon monoxide from gas appliances
Household products, such as laundry powder or furniture polish
Pesticides
Indoor or outdoor plants
Metals such as lead and mercury
poisoning, its types and emergent management.bhartisharma175
Ā
it explain about definition, causes, types of poison, severity , diagnostic evaluation, complication of poisoning, emergent management, supportive management and nursing management.
A drug overdose is the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities greater than are recommended or generally practiced. An overdose may result in a toxic state or death.
poisoning, its types and emergent management.bhartisharma175
Ā
it explain about definition, causes, types of poison, severity , diagnostic evaluation, complication of poisoning, emergent management, supportive management and nursing management.
A drug overdose is the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities greater than are recommended or generally practiced. An overdose may result in a toxic state or death.
toxin
medicine
antidotes
medicolegal duties of a RMP
duties of a doctor
management of a case of poisoing
sources of poisons
gastric lavage
ideal homicidal poison
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
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Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.Ā
WHO launched theĀ Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS)Ā in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctorsā offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Ā Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases ofĀ Clostridoides difficileĀ occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died.Ā The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratoryĀ
Ā to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
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Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
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Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
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M Capital Group (āMCGā) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, āDespite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.ā
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (āMTIā) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
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2. Definitions
ā¢ Poison:
ā¢ Any substance that can cause severe organ damage or death if
ingested, breathed in, or absorbed through the skin
ā¢ Toxin:
ā¢ A poisonous substance, especially a protein, that is produced
by living cells or organisms and is capable of causing disease
when introduced into the body tissues but is often also
capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies or antitoxin.
3. Definitions
ā¢ Toxicity:
ā¢ Degree to which a substance can damage an organism
ā¢ Toxicology:
ā¢ The study of the nature, effects, and detection of poisons
(toxins) and the treatment of poisoning.
4. Treatment of Poisoning: Principles
Resuscitation Risk Assessment Supportive Care and
Monitoring
InvestigationsDecontamination
Enhanced
Elimination Antidotes Disposition
5. Resuscitation: The ABCDE way!
Check for Goal Possibility Possible Measures
Airway Maintain
patency
Patent
Obstructed
Position: Left lateral,
Head down
Suctioning
Intubation +/- Guedelās
Airway
6. Resuscitation: The ABCDE way!
Check for Goal Possibility Possible Measures
Breathing
Maintain
adequate
oxygenation and
ventilation
Spontaneous
Apnoeic
SpO2 levels
Start Oxygen at 2L/min via
face mask
Intubation +/- Guedelās
Airway
Check for falling SpO2
7. Resuscitation: The ABCDE way!
Check for Goal Possibility Possible Measures
Circulation
Maintain
perfusion to
vital organs
Feel for Pulses
BP recordable(?)
Attach Monitor, look for
rhythm consider
inotropes (dobutamine)
Start Crystalloids
(Normal Saline
preferred) +/- Consider
vasopressors
(adrenaline)
8. Resuscitation: The ABCDE way!
Check for Goal Possiblity
Possible
Measures
Disability
Assess level of
Consciousness;
Correct life
threatening
conditions
Institute
Resuscitative
Antidotes
Glasgow Coma Scale
or AVPU scale
Hypoglycaemia;
Hypethermia;
Seizure(focal/generalis
ed)
Antidotes
Dextrose bolus
injection; active
cooling;
benzodiazepam
(diazepam)
9. Resuscitation: The ABCDE way!
Check for Goal Possiblity
Possible
Measures
Exposure
Assess
Toxidromes
Cholinergic/Anticholinergic
Delirium, Agitation,
Neuroleptic Malignant
Syndrome
Manage
Accordingly
10. Risk Assessment
ā¢ Distinct Quantitative Cognitive Step
ā¢ Ascertain:
ā¢ Agent(s)
ā¢ Dose(s)
ā¢ Time since ingestion
ā¢ Clinical features and progress
ā¢ Patient factors and co-morbidities
Methods:
ā¢ History by patient
himself/herself;
attendants
ā¢ Missing medicines at
home, previous
medical records,
agents available at
home
11. Supportive Care and Monitoring
ā¢ Fate:
ā¢ Emergency Observation Unit
ā¢ Intensive Care Unit
ā¢ Initially should be done in
ED
ā¢ Duration of Monitoring
determined by:
ā¢ Agent(s) ingested
ā¢ Formulation involved
ā¢ Disposition from ED
depends on:
ā¢ Current clinical status
ā¢ Expected clinical status
17. Enhanced Elimination
ā¢ Increase the rate of removal of an agent with the aim of
reducing the severity and duration of clinical intoxication
ā¢ Only useful in poisoning with few agents that are
characterised by:
ā¢ Severe toxicity
ā¢ Poor outcome despite good supportive care and antidote
administration
ā¢ Slow endogenous rates of elimination
ā¢ Suitable pharmacokinetic properties
18. Techniques for Enhanced Elimination
Urinary Alkalinisation
ā¢ Alkaline urine promotes the ionisation of highly acidic drugs
and prevents reabsorption
ā¢ Sodium bicarbonate, bolus + infusion
ā¢ Useful for Phenobarbitone, Salicylate
Other methods:
ā¢ Multiple Dose Activated Charcoal
ā¢ Hemoperfusion
ā¢ Hemodialysis
ā¢ Plasmapheresis
ā¢ Exchange Transfusion
ā¢ Charcoal Hemoperfusion
19. Antidotes
ā¢ Antidotes are drugs
ā¢ Indication based upon a risk-benefit analysis
ā¢ Administered only when therapeutic benefit exceeds:
ā¢ Potential adverse effects
ā¢ Cost and resource requirements.
ā¢ An accurate risk combined with pharmaceutical knowledge
of the antidote is essential to clinical decision-making.
21. Few Antidotesā¦
Poison/Overdose Antidote
Digoxin Digoxin immune Fab
Heparin Protamine
Warfarin, Coumarins Vitamin K
Benzodiazepines Flumazenil
Paracetamol Acetylcysteine
Iron and iron salts Desferioxamine
Carbon monoxide Oxygen (Hyperbaric)
22. Disposition
ā¢ Medical and Psychosocial disposition
ā¢ A patient may be:
ā¢ Discharged
ā¢ Transferred
ā¢ Referred
ā¢ Emergency Observation
Unit
ā¢ Intensive Care Unit
23. Some Common Toxicological values
Drug/Enzyme Normal Range (Ī¼g/mL)
Phenytoin 10-20
Phenobarbitone 15-40
Paracetamol 10-20
Carbamazepine 4-12
Serum Cholinesterase 4000-11500
24. Lets try solving theseā¦
ā¢ A patientās blood sample was sent tested for serum
paracetamol level and was found to be 300mg/dL. What is
your diagnosis and how will you manage this case?
ā¢ A patient with organophosphorus poisoning presented to
you in Emergency Department. How will you manage the
case?
Editor's Notes
Acute toxicity involves harmful effects in an organism through a single or short-term exposure.
Subchronic toxicity is the ability of a toxic substance to cause effects for more than one year but less than the lifetime of the exposed organism.
Chronic toxicity is the ability of a substance or mixture of substances to cause harmful effects over an extended period, usually upon repeated or continuous exposure, sometimes lasting for the entire life of the exposed organism.
Examples where early administration of an antidote is necessary to ensure a successful resuscitation include
intravenous sodium bicarbonate in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning,
naloxone in severe opioid intoxication
digoxin-specific antibody fragments for patients with suspected digoxin intoxication with cardiovascular compromise.
Antidotes during resuscitation:
intravenous sodium bicarbonate in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning
naloxone in severe opioid 1 intoxication
digoxin-specific antibody fragments for patients with suspected digoxin intoxication with cardiovascular compromise
Examples where early administration of an antidote is necessary to ensure a successful resuscitation include
intravenous sodium bicarbonate in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning,
naloxone in severe opioid intoxication
digoxin-specific antibody fragments for patients with suspected digoxin intoxication with cardiovascular compromise.
1Toxidromes: Physiologically based abnormalities that are known to occur with specific classes of substances and typically are helpful in diagnosis
Major causes of poisoning morbidity and mortality are acute effects of poison on cardiovascular, central nervous or respiratory systems: supportive care thus required
Monitoring is essential to detect the progress of the intoxication and the timing of institution, escalation and withdrawal of supportive care and other measures.
Major causes of poisoning morbidity and mortality are acute effects of poison on cardiovascular, central nervous or respiratory systems: supportive care thus required
Monitoring is essential to detect the progress of the intoxication and the timing of institution, escalation and withdrawal of supportive care and other measures.
Are either:
Screening Tests:
Qualitative and quantitative evaluation for active ingredient, its metabolite or other affected biochemical parameters
May direct therapy
Blood, Urine, Stool, Other body fluids e.g. gastric aspirate
Specific Tests
Should be requested selectively, if anticipated to assist risk assessment or management
Includes Complete Blood Counts, Liver Function Test, Renal Function Test, Arterial Blood Gas Analysis, Chest X-ray
High Hazard Potential: Not to be used routinely
Clinical judgment based on potential benefits, potential risks and available resources
Absorption virtually completed within 1 hr- so decontamination should be done as early as possible
have specific indications, contraindications, optimal administration methods, monitoring requirements, appropriate therapeutic end-points and adverse effect profiles.