toxin
medicine
antidotes
medicolegal duties of a RMP
duties of a doctor
management of a case of poisoing
sources of poisons
gastric lavage
ideal homicidal poison
This lecture includes Introduction to Poisons, Different Types of Classification of Poisons, Analysis of Poisons (Volatile, Nonvolatile) (Acidic, Basic, Neutral).
Heavy metal poisoning is caused by the accumulation of certain metals in the body due to exposure through food, water, industrial chemicals, or other sources. While your body needs small amounts of some heavy metals to function normally — such as zinc, copper, chromium, iron, and manganese — toxic amounts are harmful.
This lecture includes Introduction to Poisons, Different Types of Classification of Poisons, Analysis of Poisons (Volatile, Nonvolatile) (Acidic, Basic, Neutral).
Heavy metal poisoning is caused by the accumulation of certain metals in the body due to exposure through food, water, industrial chemicals, or other sources. While your body needs small amounts of some heavy metals to function normally — such as zinc, copper, chromium, iron, and manganese — toxic amounts are harmful.
EVALUATION SEMINAR ON FORENSIC TOXICOLOGYSupriyaCS12
This slides explains details Of Forensic Toxicology with its advantages and disadvantages of various specimens used in forensic toxicologyand forensic workplace drug testing based on four disciplines of forensic toxicology.
This ppt / lecture contains all the necessary information like Manufacturing / Source, Chemical Structures, Process of Extraction, Effects, Overdose and Withdrawal Symptoms, Forensic Analsys about Narcotic Drugs like Opium, Morphine, Heroine, Cannabis, Cocaine, Mandrax, LSD, Methaqualone, Mecloqualone and Psychotropic Substances like Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines.
EVALUATION SEMINAR ON FORENSIC TOXICOLOGYSupriyaCS12
This slides explains details Of Forensic Toxicology with its advantages and disadvantages of various specimens used in forensic toxicologyand forensic workplace drug testing based on four disciplines of forensic toxicology.
This ppt / lecture contains all the necessary information like Manufacturing / Source, Chemical Structures, Process of Extraction, Effects, Overdose and Withdrawal Symptoms, Forensic Analsys about Narcotic Drugs like Opium, Morphine, Heroine, Cannabis, Cocaine, Mandrax, LSD, Methaqualone, Mecloqualone and Psychotropic Substances like Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines.
poisoning, its types and emergent management.bhartisharma175
it explain about definition, causes, types of poison, severity , diagnostic evaluation, complication of poisoning, emergent management, supportive management and nursing management.
the presentation talks about the insecticides used in public health and its impact on human health. Ways of insecticide exposure to human health and clinical manifestations due to insecticide exposure.
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE
FORENSIC MEDICINE
INDIAN PENAL CODE
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE
CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
INDIAN LEGAL SYSTEM
INQUEST - Police & Magistrate
COURTS OF LAW
JUVENILE JUSTICE BOARD
MEDICAL EVIDENCE
Medical Certificate
Medicolegal certificate
Dying Declaration & Dying Deposition
SUMMONS
RECORDING OF EVIDENCE IN A COURT
WITNESS
DOCTOR IN THE WITNESS BOX
Insanity
Mind in Psychology
DISORDERS OF COGNITION
DISORDERS OF AFFECT / EMOTIONS
DISORDERS OF CONATION / BODY FUNCTIONS
Classification of Psychiatric disorders ICD -10
LUCID INTERVAL- Psychiatry & Head Injury
Feigned Insanity
Test for determining criminal responsibilities
McNaughton Rules-The right or wrong test)
Durham’s Rule
Curren’s Rule
American law Institute Test
Civil and Criminal responsibility of an insane
Section 84 IPC
MENTAL HEALTHCARE ACT,2017
DISORDERS OF AFFECT / EMOTIONS
DISORDERS OF CONATION / BODY FUNCTIONS
Classification of Psychiatric disorders ICD -10
LUCID INTERVAL- Psychiatry & Head Injury
Feigned Insanity
Test for determining criminal responsibilities
McNaughton Rules-The right or wrong test)
Durham’s Rule
Curren’s Rule
American law Institute Test
Civil and Criminal responsibility of an insane
Section 84 IPC
MENTAL HEALTHCARE ACT,2017
CLASSIFICATION OF SEXUAL OFFENCES
DEFINITION OF RAPE- Sec 375 IPC
Punishment of Rape - Section 376 IPC
STATUTORY RAPE
CUSTODIAL RAPE
DATE RAPE
COMPLICATIONS OF RAPE
Rape trauma syndrome
CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE VICTIM & ACCUSED IN CASES OF SEXUAL ASSAULT EVIDENTIAL MATERIAL COLLECTION IN CASES OF SEXUAL ASSAULT TYPES & MEDICO LEGAL ASPECTS OF UNNATURAL SEXUAL OFFENCES TYPES & MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS OF SEXUAL PERVERSIONS
Supreme court verdict on 6th Sept 2018
Sex-linked offences -Indecent assault
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
1. AN INTRODUCTION
TO TOXICOLOGY
Dr Arun Pinchu Xavier
Assistant Professor
Dept: Of Forensic Medicine
Sree Mookambika Institute Of Medical Sciences
2. What is toxicology..?
• Toxicology is the science which deals with properties, action,
toxicity, fatal dose ,detection, estimation ,interpretation of the result
of toxicological analysis of different toxins produced by plants,
animals ,bacteria & fungi which are harmful to man
• Forensic toxicology is a branch of Forensic Medicine dealing with
medical and legal aspects of the harmful effects of chemicals on
human beings
4. Lets see, what a Poison is..?
• Is a substance which, when administered inhaled ingested is capable of acting
deleteriously on human body.
• There is really no boundary between medicine and a poison because medicine in
toxic dose is a poison and a poison in small dose may be a medicine
• In law the real difference between medicine and poison is the intent with which it
is given
5. Poison are classified accordingly to:
MODE OF ACTION :
• Corrosive poisons
• Irritant poisons
• Systemic poisons
MOTIVE OR NATURE OF USE:
6. •MODE OF ACTION:
1. CORROSIVE POISONS
these produce both inflammation
and ulceration of tissues
Alkalis
NaOH ,KOH
Metallic salts
ZnCl2 ,
FeCl3
Acids
Inorganic-HCL
,H2So4,HNO3
Organic acids-
Oxalic , Carbolic
acid
10. Lets also see about:
•Sources of poison:
•Routes of administration of poisons
•Mechanism of action of poisons:
•Fate of poison in body
•Excretion of poisons
13. Mechanism of action of poisons:
1. Local action
Acts only on the part with which it comes in contact
Eg:Mineral acids like - Sulphuric acid ,Nitric acids
2. Remote Action
Some poison act on being absorbed into the system by body. Secondary to
absorption into the blood stream they cause systemic effects /organ damage
Eg:Alcohol ,Opium
3. Combined Action
Some poison have both local and remote action
Eg:Oxalic acid ,carbolic acid
14. Fate of poison in body
• A part of poison when taken orally gets eliminated unabsorbed by means of
defecation and vomiting
• Before absorption the poison may exert effects in GI tract
• When absorbed ,the poison reaches different organs thru circulation but some
may not cross tissue barrier
• Major part is detoxified and than excreted after exerting its toxic effects on the
body .
• Liver is the main organ to detoxify or metabolize most of the poisons
• Certain poisons like Choroform,Phosphrous Nitrates Acetic acid disappear by
evaporation or oxidized in the body ,it may not even be detected in Post mortem
if its delayed
16. CONDITION AFFECTING THE ACTION OF POISONS:
• DOSE
• FORM OF POISONS:
• METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION
• CONDITION OF THE BODY
17. CONDITION AFFECTING THE ACTION OF POISONS:
DOSE
• Small dose produce therapeutic action large dose produce toxic effects,however
there are certain exception to this:
• Idiosyncrasy – inherent intolerance -towards certain drugs and food
• Allergy – Hypersensitivity
• Habit- diminishes the effect of certain poisons, since a tolerance is gradually
developed
• Synergism – when two drugs in nontoxic doses are administered simultaneously
,their final response is equal to the sum of their individual actions
• Some poisons(Arsenic Pb, Mercury) are eliminated slowly and may accumulate in
the body Cumulative poisons.
18. FORM OF POISONS:
• Physical state:
Order of absorption -Gaseous and volatile poisons / Liquid / Solids .
• Chemical combination:
Toxic effects of substances may vary greatly from chemical combination. Some
substances may become poisonous while some becomes inert.
• Mechanical combination:
The action of poison is considerably altered when combined with a inert substance
19. METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION:
• A poison acts most rapidly when inhaled in gaseous or vaporous form or when
injected intravenously next when injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously and
least when swallowed .
The action of poison is slowed down if :
• Applied on unbroken skin
• Presence of food in stomach
• It is a partly soluble poison
20. CONDITION OF THE BODY:
• AGE –
Children and elderly are more susceptible to poisons
Hepatic detoxification system are relatively underdeveloped in young children
• STATE OF HEATH –
ill health is likely to accelerate the effects of poisons
• SLEEP AND INTOXICATION-
Action of poison is delayed during sleep ,because of low metabolic activity
22. IDEAL HOMICIDAL POISON
• Odorless Tasteless Colorless
• Readily soluble in water as it allows for easy administration in normal foods
drinks
• Delayed onset of action
• Low dose of lethality
• Undetected in routine toxicological analysis
• Easily obtained ,but not traceable, so that it will leave no investigative trail that
would lead to the prisoner.
• The poison should mimic a natural disease, as the poisoning will be missed
24. DUTIES of a RMP in a case of poisoning:
1. Supportive care-maintain physiologic homeostasis
2. Prevention of further poison absorption
3. Enhancement of poison elimination
4. Administration of antidotes
5. Prevention of re-exposture
MEDICOLEGAL duties of a RMP in poisoning :
• Treatment
• Intimation
• Documentation
• Preservation “ P C DDo I T ”
• Consultation
• Dying declaration & Death intimation
25. MANAGEMENT OF A CASE OF POISONING
DUTIES OF A RMP IN A CASE OF POISONING
5 STEPS constitute the fundamentals of poisoning management
1. Supportive care
2. Prevention of further poison absorption
3. Enhancement of poison elimination
4. Administration of antidotes
5. Prevention of re-exposure
26. •01. SUPPORTIVE CARE
The goal of supportive therapy is to maintain physiologic homeostasis until
detoxification is accomplished and to prevent and treat secondary complications.
This includes:
• Airway protection
• Treatment of arrhythmia
• Oxygenation /Ventilation
• Hemodynamic support
• Correction of metabolic derangements
• Prevention of secondary complications
27. 02. PREVENTION OF FURTHER POISON ABSORPTION
–DECONTAMINATION
• Inhaled poisons:
Removing patient from the source
Giving oxygen by mask
• Contaminated eyes :
Irrigating eyes with copious amount of plain water for 15-20minutes
• Injected poisons:
Application of tourniquets ,proximal to the point of injection may slow absorption
28. •Poisons acting locally :
• Many substances ,such as Organophosphorus and Corrosives can be absorbed
through skin and mucous membrane.
• The affected cloths should be removed and the area should washed with copious
amounts of water.
• Chemical antidotes should not be used unless absolutely indicated.
• Heat liberated during the chemical reaction may aggravate injury.
29. •Ingested poisons:
❖EMESIS
Administration of a root of small shrub – Ipecac
Acts by local activation of peripheral sensory receptors in GIT and by central
stimulation of CTZ with activation of central vomiting center
It can be induced by tickling the throat with fingers or oral administration of :
• Common salt / Mustard / Tincture of iodine
• Copper sulphate / Zinc Sulphate / Ammonium carbonate
• Emesis should not be used if the patient has cerebral depression and in semi-
conscious state as stomach contents may get regurgitated
31. ❖GASTRIC LAVAGE / STOMACH WASH
Should be considered only if patient has ingested a life threatening amount of a
poison and presents to the hospital within 1-3 hours of ingestion.
Indications:
• Ingested Unabsorbed poison presenting within 1-2 hours
• In cases of parenteral poisons such as morphine, in which the poison get re-
secreated into the stomach thru entero-hepatic circulation
Contraindications:
• Absolute : should never be undertaken at any circumstances ingestion of mineral
acids except carbolic acid, owing to the danger of perforation.
• Relative :GI can be done under protection of airways ,using cuffed ET
Hemorrhagic diathesis, Coma, Esophageal varices
32.
33. Gastric lavage …
Contraindications:
• Absolute : should never be undertaken at any circumstances ingestion of mineral
acids except carbolic acid, owing to the danger of perforation.
• Relative :GI can be done under protection of airways ,using cuffed ET
Hemorrhagic diathesis, Coma, Oesophageal varices
•Procedure:
• Explain the procedure and get consent.
• If refused better not to undertake ,because it amounts to an assault ,besides
increasing the risk of complications due to active non-cooperation
34. Gastric lavage…
Procedure…
• Endotracheal intubation must be done prior to lavage in case of relative
contraindications
• Head down position, left lateral side
• Lubricate the tube & insert via oral route ,the tube is passed into pharynx .and the
patient is instructed to swallow
Confirmation of the tube reaching stomach..?
• The position can be checked either by air insufflations while auscultation over
stomach ,or by aspiration
35. Special lavage solutions in different poisoning
• Potassium permanganate – alkaloids salicylates
• Sodium thiosulphate – cyanides
• Castor oil and warm water – Carbolic acid
• Calcium gluconate – Oxalates
Lavage should be continued until no further particulate matter is seen, and the
efferent lavage solution is clear
Complications:
• Aspiration pneumonia
• Laryngospasm
• Perforation of stomach and esophagus
36. ❖ACTIVATED CHARCOAL:
• Fine odorless powder
• It irreversibly binds the drugs within the bowel and reduces the blood
concentration by reducing drug absorption and by creating a negative diffusion
gradient between the gut lumen and blood
• It reduces the systemic absorption of drugs like aspirin barbiturates..
37. •03.Enhancement of poison elimination:
• Its based on rational understanding of drug properties and clinical condition of
patient
The various methods are:
• Forced alkaline diuresis
• Extracorporeal techniques
➢Haemodialysis
➢Haemoperfusion
➢Peritoneal dialysis
➢Hemofiltration
➢Plamapheresis
38. •04.Administion of antidotes:
Therapeutic sub modify/counteract with clinical effects of particular toxic sub
Universal antidote: Wide range of poisons
Activated Charcoal 2 parts (Physical antidote ) +
Magnesium Oxide 1 part (Chemical antidote ) +
Tannic Acid 1 part (Precipitates poison)
Antidotes are classified based on their mechanism of action:
• Physical antidotes , Chemical , Physiological, Antagonistic
• Competitive antagonistic antidote , Receptor antagonistic antidote
• Antigen antibody reaction antidote
39. Receptor
antagonistic
antidote
Atropine for
ACH
Physical
prevents the
action of
poison
mechanically
Activated
charcoal
Chemical antidote
Neutralizing and
chelating
BAL , EDTA
Physiological
Producing signs and
symptoms opp to
that produced by
poison
Naloxone,
Neostigmine
Antagonistic
Diazepam
Competitive
antagonistic antidote
It competes with the
poison for the enzyme
Ethanol with methanol
Antigen
antibody
Digoxin specific
antibodies
40. 05.Prevention of re-exposure:
• Victims of accidental exposures should be instructed of safety measured and
advised to avoid circumstances that result in poisoning
• Depressed /Psychotic patients should receive psychiatric assessment and regular
follow-ups.
• Prescriptions should be given for a limited supply of drugs.
42. Medico-legal duties of a doctor in suspected poisoning:
01.Treatment :
• The first and foremost duty is to safe the life of patient
• Every hospital is under a legal obligation to treat to best possible extent and no
case case be turned away on the pretext that the hospital is not authorized to
handle MLC
• If the facilities don’t exist for proper treatment ,the victims should be administered
first aid /possible medical or surgical help possible before referring him !
• The treatment given must the one that has been approved by at least one of the
school of thought
• Over the phone consultations must be avoided
43. 02Intimation :
• If a case of poisoning is accidental / suicidal in nature, the attending doctor
working in private sector is under no legal obligation to notify the police. But a
Government RMP has to report every case regardless of its nature.
• If the patient dies, the police has to be informed. Death certificate must not be
issued.
• All cases of homicidal poisoning must be compulsorily reported to the police as
per section 39 of CrPC. Failure to do so will make him culpable under Sec 176
IPC.
44. Intimation …
• If the police require information on any case of poisoning which is either suicidal
or homicidal in nature, the attending doctor has to divulge it. There is no scope
for professional secrecy in such matters -175 CrPC.
• If information is withheld or wrong information is provided, the doctor becomes
culpable under section 202 and 193 IPC respectively.
45. 03.Documentation:
• It is a good practice to document the findings in the case register
• This document must contain all the important findings that have a bearing on the
case like history ,manifestations, treatment progress any untoward outcome
04.Preservation :
All evidentiary materials preserved , 3 GL wash samples, vomitus, fecal stain ,saliva
Failure to do – Penalized under 201-IPC
05.Consultation:
In case of doubt ,it is always good to have an expert opinion
46. 06.Dying Declaration:
If the treating RMP anticipates such eventuality or if death is imminent still the
victim is conscious and able to speak, it is preferable to call magistrate to record .If
in case the treating RMP himself record
07.Death intimation:
If the victim dies it is mandatory to inform the police regardless of the fact ,he being
treated under Private / Government.
In circumstances of death in case of poisoning ,death certificate should not be
issued and body should be taken for medico-legal examination.
48. COLLECTION OF PROPER AUTOPSY SPECIMEN IS ESSENTIAL
Ingested poison
Poison reaches the stomach
Absorbed into blood thru proximal part of small intestine
Liver metabolizes and detoxifies the poison
Excreted thru Kidney and urine
49. VISERA & BODY FLUID ROUTINELY PRESERVED
• Stomach and its contents
• Proximal 30cm of Small Intestines with its contents
• 500gms of liver + Gall bladder
• Longitudinal half of each Kidneys
SPECIAL VISCERA
• Narcotic drugs /Cyanide / Strychnine: Brain
• Alcohol: Vitreous humor
• Cardiac poison : Heart
• Heavy metals: Long bone, 500 micrograms of plucked hair ,Finger / Toe nail
• Snake bite / Injection sites: Subcutaneous tissue + underneath muscle and similar
tissue from opposite side as control
50. Stomach with
contents
+
Proximal
30cm of Small
Intestines
+
Preservative
500gm of
Liver with
Gall bladder
+
half of each
Kidney
+
Preservative
10-20ml of
Blood
preserved in
sodium
fluoride and
potassium
oxalate
50 ml of
saturated sol
of Common
Salt / Sample
Preservative
used
VISERA PACKING
51. PRESERVATIVES TO BE USED FOR VISCERA AND BODY
FLUIDS
• For Viscera:
Rectified sprit / Common salt
• For Blood:
Venous blood sample – is Venepuncture of femoral vein
Potassium oxalate (anticoagulant) 10mg/ml &
Sodium fluoride (Enzyme inhibitor) 30mg/10ml
• For Urine:
Rectified sprit / Thymol crystals / Sodium fluoride
52. CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR USING CERTAIN
PRESERVATIVES
• Saturated Sodium chloride:
Aconite poisoning, heavy metal poisoning vegetable poison and corrosive acids
• Rectified spirit:
Alcohol, acetic acid, carbolic acid, kerosene, paraldehyde & phosphorous
53. PACKING TIPS:
• Stomach and intestines to be opened before packing
• Kidney liver to be cut into pieces to ensure better penetration
• Preservatives to be filled up to 2/3rd of bottle to prevent bursting
FORWARDING SAMPLES
• All samples should be properly sealed and labelled with name ,PM no ,nature of
sample collection site preservative used date and time of collection
• Handed over to be delivered to Forensic science laboratory /Regional forensic
science laboratory for chemical analysis after obtaining proper receipt
55. LEGAL PROVISIONS
• SEC 176 IPC:
Omission to Give notice / Information to a public servant is legally punished by
simple imprisonment up to 6 months
• SEC 201 IPC:
Causing disappearance of evidence of an offence or giving false information to
protect an offender – may be punished up to 7 years
56. MAY THE GRACIOUS GOD
BLESS US ALL ALWAYS
WISHING YOU ALL SUCCESS
FOR YOUR UPCOMING
EXAMS
Your valuable suggestions are
entertained -
drpinchu89@gmail.com