This study investigated how the fuel value index (FVI) of five tree species in Mali varied with rainfall gradients. [1] Trees were sampled across five regions to determine relationships between FVI and latitude, longitude, elevation, and estimated rainfall. [2] Regression analyses found FVI was related to geographical factors for four species, though relationships depended on species and wood properties. [3] The results do not allow generalizing about FVI relationships with rainfall across species, requiring tailored domestication strategies for each species.
Sentinel Landscapes and Component 3: links in the CRP6CIFOR-ICRAF
Component 3 of the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP6) focuses on landscape management for environmental services (ES), biodiversity conservation and livelihoods. This presentation explores the links between the various themes of CRP6 Component 3 and the cross-cutting CRP6 research theme of sentinel landscapes. How these links fit into a broader context of the CGIAR’s strategic results framework is also discussed.
This presentation formed part of the CRP6 Sentinel Landscape planning workshop held on 30 September – 1 October 2011 at CIFOR’s headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia. Further information on CRP6 and Sentinel Landscapes can be accessed from http://www.cifor.org/crp6/ and http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/crp/CRP6-Sentinel-Landscape-workplan_2011-2014.pdf respectively.
Tracking the effects of land use and management on vegetation conditionRichard Thackway
'Tracking the effects of land use and management on vegetation condition'. Staff seminar given on 6 March 2013 to NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, Goulburn Street, Sydney.
The use and management of native vegetated landscapes results in their transformation. Intensification leads to transforming diverse plant communities into agricultural, plantation forestry and urban land cover types. Extensification can lead to transforming agricultural and plantation forestry cover types into other cover types including native plant communities. Site and landscape interactions include degradation, modification, conversion, fragmentation, restoration, regeneration and increased connectivity. To date there has been no standardized national system for ecologically accounting for the effect of anthropogenic practices on vegetation condition over time. VAST aims to provide a consistent approach to tracking change and trend in the use and management of vegetated landscapes.
Sentinel Landscapes and Component 3: links in the CRP6CIFOR-ICRAF
Component 3 of the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP6) focuses on landscape management for environmental services (ES), biodiversity conservation and livelihoods. This presentation explores the links between the various themes of CRP6 Component 3 and the cross-cutting CRP6 research theme of sentinel landscapes. How these links fit into a broader context of the CGIAR’s strategic results framework is also discussed.
This presentation formed part of the CRP6 Sentinel Landscape planning workshop held on 30 September – 1 October 2011 at CIFOR’s headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia. Further information on CRP6 and Sentinel Landscapes can be accessed from http://www.cifor.org/crp6/ and http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/crp/CRP6-Sentinel-Landscape-workplan_2011-2014.pdf respectively.
Tracking the effects of land use and management on vegetation conditionRichard Thackway
'Tracking the effects of land use and management on vegetation condition'. Staff seminar given on 6 March 2013 to NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, Goulburn Street, Sydney.
The use and management of native vegetated landscapes results in their transformation. Intensification leads to transforming diverse plant communities into agricultural, plantation forestry and urban land cover types. Extensification can lead to transforming agricultural and plantation forestry cover types into other cover types including native plant communities. Site and landscape interactions include degradation, modification, conversion, fragmentation, restoration, regeneration and increased connectivity. To date there has been no standardized national system for ecologically accounting for the effect of anthropogenic practices on vegetation condition over time. VAST aims to provide a consistent approach to tracking change and trend in the use and management of vegetated landscapes.
2012 ASPRS Track, Forest cover loss in Papua New Guinea: How much does subsis...GIS in the Rockies
Deforestation rates in Papua New Guinea (PNG) are more rapid than the Brazilian Amazon. This high rate of forest degradation and loss largely impacts scientific understanding of biodiversity in PNG. While many factors have been linked to deforestation and land degradation in PNG, the relationship between agricultural practices and deforestation have not been fully examined. The effects of agricultural expansion have been overestimated in some areas due to population growth, the negative perception of swidden agriculture (slash-and-burn), and difficulties in discerning agriculture from logged areas in aerial imagery. To examine how swidden agricultural strategies contribute to land cover changes a coastal village was selected. This village, Kamiali, has thwarted logging industry advances and maintained primary forest cover. To assess agricultural and land use changes participatory research was conducted and responses were linked to land cover change via aerial imagery.
Temporal analyses of satellite imagery revealed that cultivated area in Kamiali has increased by 9% between 1992 and 2010 despite an estimated population growth of 63%. Thus, agricultural strategies other than expansion were employed to sustain the population. Interviews supported intensification strategies, which included 1) shortened fallows, 2) an increase in crops planted per area, and 3) new cultivar and crop introductions. The intensification was supported with brightness-wetness index, a tasseled cap band subtraction analysis. Image differencing then suggested a temporal increase in crop coverage and density. These results show that subsistence agriculture has influenced land cover changes, but has not been a major contributor to deforestation rates in Kamiali.
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) requires better monitoring, measurement and verification (MRV) to assess carbon and non-CO2 greenhouse gases. With REDD likely to evolve into a whole landscape accounting approach which includes Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU), reliable and cost efficient MRV across complex landscapes is becoming increasingly important.
Experts from the World Agroforestry Centre present four case studies that showcase work on measuring carbon in complex landscapes and agro- ecosystems with trees: Western Kenya; the Peruvian Amazon; the peatlands of West Kalimantan, Indonesia and the Africa Soil Information Service project. There are also insights about choosing the right tools and methods for different contexts, ensuring measurements are accurate, statistically relevant, and can be scaled up.
2012 ASPRS Track, Forest cover loss in Papua New Guinea: How much does subsis...GIS in the Rockies
Deforestation rates in Papua New Guinea (PNG) are more rapid than the Brazilian Amazon. This high rate of forest degradation and loss largely impacts scientific understanding of biodiversity in PNG. While many factors have been linked to deforestation and land degradation in PNG, the relationship between agricultural practices and deforestation have not been fully examined. The effects of agricultural expansion have been overestimated in some areas due to population growth, the negative perception of swidden agriculture (slash-and-burn), and difficulties in discerning agriculture from logged areas in aerial imagery. To examine how swidden agricultural strategies contribute to land cover changes a coastal village was selected. This village, Kamiali, has thwarted logging industry advances and maintained primary forest cover. To assess agricultural and land use changes participatory research was conducted and responses were linked to land cover change via aerial imagery.
Temporal analyses of satellite imagery revealed that cultivated area in Kamiali has increased by 9% between 1992 and 2010 despite an estimated population growth of 63%. Thus, agricultural strategies other than expansion were employed to sustain the population. Interviews supported intensification strategies, which included 1) shortened fallows, 2) an increase in crops planted per area, and 3) new cultivar and crop introductions. The intensification was supported with brightness-wetness index, a tasseled cap band subtraction analysis. Image differencing then suggested a temporal increase in crop coverage and density. These results show that subsistence agriculture has influenced land cover changes, but has not been a major contributor to deforestation rates in Kamiali.
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) requires better monitoring, measurement and verification (MRV) to assess carbon and non-CO2 greenhouse gases. With REDD likely to evolve into a whole landscape accounting approach which includes Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU), reliable and cost efficient MRV across complex landscapes is becoming increasingly important.
Experts from the World Agroforestry Centre present four case studies that showcase work on measuring carbon in complex landscapes and agro- ecosystems with trees: Western Kenya; the Peruvian Amazon; the peatlands of West Kalimantan, Indonesia and the Africa Soil Information Service project. There are also insights about choosing the right tools and methods for different contexts, ensuring measurements are accurate, statistically relevant, and can be scaled up.
Quantification of deadwood littered by Acacia spp. in semi-arid ecosystems of...Innspub Net
Deadwood (DW) is an important carbon component for conservation and management of biodiversity resources. They are ubiquitous in many semi-arid ecosystems although its estimation is still posing lots of challenges. At Chimwaga woodland in Dodoma Region of Central Tanzania, seasonal quantification of DW produced by two Acacia spp. was done to evaluate the influence of each tree species, Dbh and canopy area on DW biomass and to determine their ecological role in conservation of semi-arid ecosystem. Both purposive and random sampling techniques were used in the course of a completely randomized design (CRD). Thirty trees from each species of Acacia tortilis and Acacia nilotica were studied. Results portray that DW biomass was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the dry season than in the rain season whereby A. tortilis produced 669.0 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and only 74.3 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season) while A. nilotica produced 426.1 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and 36.5 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season). DW biomass did not correlate significantly (P > 0.05) with Dbh and canopy area. Inter-specific interactions were encountered from experimental areas where DW was littered that facilitated ecosystem balance in semi-arid areas. This information is important for estimating amount of dead wood biomass required to be retained in the forest provided that, at the expense of ecology, they are refuge for arthropods, fungi, bryophytes and other important soil microbes representing primary components of Biodiversity in semi-arid ecosystems.
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Vulnerabilities of forests and forest dependent people
Peter Minang, FTA, ICRAF
Social and environmental justice as a trigger of robust ambitious climate action and prosperous future for all
Chilean pavilion, COP 25, Madrid, 7th December 2019
An increasing multitude of insect pests and pathogens is targeting indigenous trees of natural forests, agroforestry systems, and exotic trees in planted forests in Africa. This is raising major concerns for a continent already challenged by adaptations to climate change, as it threatens a vital resource for food security of rural communities, economic growth, and ecosystem conservation. The accidental introduction through trade of non‐native species in particular is accelerating, and it adds to the damage to tree‐based landscapes by native pests and diseases. Old‐time and new invaders heavily impact planted forests of exotic eucalypts, pines, and acacias, and are spreading quickly across African regions. But many non‐native pathogens are recently found affecting important indigenous trees.
Decent work and economic growth: Potential impacts of SDG 8 on forests and fo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This paper assesses the potential impact of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8 on forests and forest-dependent people. The concepts of decent work and economic growth are put in the context of predominant development theories and paradigms (modernization, economic growth, basic needs, sustainable development) which shape the agendas of governments, private sector, civil society, and investors. These stakeholders pursue different goals and interests, with uneven prioritization of SDG 8 targets and mixed impacts on forests and livelihoods.
Forest conservation and socio-economic benefits through community forest conc...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
With an extension of 2.1 million ha, the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) in Petén, Guatemala is the largest protected area in Central America. To reconcile forest conservation and socio-economic development, community forest concessions were created in its Multiple Use Zone (MUZ) in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Operated by a community forest enterprise (CFE), and with a cycle of 25 years, the concessions grant usufruct rights to local communities on an area of about 400,000 ha. Currently, nine concessions are active, while the contracts of two concessions were cancelled and the management plan of another suspended.
Sustainable land management for improved livelihoods and environmental sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
A healthy viable multifunctional landscape has the capability of supporting sustainable agricultural productivity, providing agroforestry and forest products (timber, fuel wood, fruits, medicine, fertilizer, gum etc.) for the sustenance of mankind while providing other environmental services. However these products are increasingly becoming unavailable due to declining soil fertility, climatic extremes, and high costs of inputs. Identifying low-cost, sustainable ways to attain food security and sustainable environment for millions of smallholder farmers in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) remains a major developmental challenge.
Rangelands are more than just grass but rather complex and biodiverse ecosystems. Covering nearly half the world’s land area, they are in need of restoration and sustainable management.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
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price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
In the Adani-Hindenburg case, what is SEBI investigating.pptxAdani case
Adani SEBI investigation revealed that the latter had sought information from five foreign jurisdictions concerning the holdings of the firm’s foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) in relation to the alleged violations of the MPS Regulations. Nevertheless, the economic interest of the twelve FPIs based in tax haven jurisdictions still needs to be determined. The Adani Group firms classed these FPIs as public shareholders. According to Hindenburg, FPIs were used to get around regulatory standards.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
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[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
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1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
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1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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Variation in fuel value index of five tree species in Mali: relationships with rainfall gradients
1. Variation in fuel value index of five tree species in Mali:
Variation in fuel value index of five tree species in Mali
relationships with rainfall gradients
Carmen Sotelo Montes1, John C. Weber1 , Dimas Agostinho da Silva2, Clarice Andrade2,
Rosilei A. Garcia3, Graciela Inês Bolzón de Muñiz2, Antoine Kalinganire1
1World Agroforestry Centre (Bamako, Mali), 2Universidade Federal do Paraná (Curitiba, Brazil),
3Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
Introduction
Rural communities in the West African Sahel depend on many native tree species for
fuelwood. Tree growth and wood properties such as density, moisture and ash content have
an effect on the fuel’s value. Rainfall varies with latitude and longitude in the region, so one
would expect that tree growth and wood properties of trees in natural populations would
also vary with latitude and longitude. Understanding variation among natural populations is
important for tree domestication and conservation programmes, but there has been very
little research in the West African Sahel. ICRAF initiated a project to investigate geographic
variation in growth and wood properties of native tree species in the Sahel. In this poster,
we present preliminary results of a study of variation in the fuel value index of five native
B. aegyptiaca
tree species in Mali. The major objective was to determine if the fuel value index of the P. reticulatum
wood varied with rainfall gradients. Five species were studied: Balanites aegyptiaca (L.)
Delile, Combretum glutinosum Perr.ex DC., Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel., Piliostigma
reticulatum (DC.) Hochst. and Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. All five species are used for
firewood, produce abundant natural regeneration if protected from animal browsing and
resprout vigorously after coppicing. Therefore, there is potential to manage natural
regeneration of the species for fuelwood production in rural communities.
C. glutinosum
Materials and Methods
Trees were sampled in natural populations (i.e. parkland agroforests and woodlands) in five
regions in Mali (Figure 1). In general, sampling was done along a latitudinal transect in each
Z. mauritiana
region: 15‐16 trees per species per region. Trees were selected if the stem diameter was 4‐
12 cm at 30 cm above ground, was not d
b d damaged and was not a resprout. A sample of the
d d l f h
wood was obtained from the stem (30‐40 cm above ground) for determination of wood
properties. For each tree, latitude, longitude and elevation were recorded with a GPS Figure 1. Geographic location of five tree species sampled in five regions in
receiver, and estimated mean annual rainfall was obtained from the WorldClim database. G. senegalensis Mali, and mean annual rainfall isohyets (mm) in the sample region.
Based on Pearson correlation coefficients between geographical coordinates and estimated
Table 1. Mean values of wood properties of five tree species sampled in Table 2. Regression equations predicting fuel value index of four tree species from
mean annual rainfall at the location of sampled trees, mean annual rainfall decreases with Mali. geographical coordinates and mean annual rainfall.
latitude and elevation and increases with longitude (r = ‐0.67, ‐0.12 and 0.41, respectively; Species FVI BDen (kg NetCV (MJ AshC MoistC
Species Equation R2 P SE
P<0.001 for latitude and longitude and 0.016 for elevation, N=395). m‐3) kg‐1) (%) (%)
B. aegyptiaca 1208.85709 – 4.57474(Lon2) 0.238 <0.001 0.93417
B. aegyptiaca 881 615 17.7 1.2 11.3 C. glutinosum 859.28441 + 0.00002108(Lat2Elev2) 0.119 0.002 0.00000655
The fuel value index (FVI) = [(BDen)*(NetCV)]/[(AshC)(MoistC)] where BDen = basic density C. glutinosum 1191 666 17.7 1.1 10.8 G. senegalensis 1841.45073 + 0.00199(ElevRain) 0.057 0.034 0.00091861
(kg m‐3), NetCV = net calorific value (MJ kg‐1), AshC = ash content (%) and MoistC = moisture G. senegalensis 2312 674 18.6 0.5 11.0
P. reticulatum 728.21833 – 2.28136(LatLon) 0.157 <0.001 0.60291
content (%) of the wood. BDen was measured on a disk (2 cm thick, sampled at 30 cm above P. reticulatum 472 531 17.7 1.9 11.7
Independent variables: Lat and Lat2 = linear and quadratic latitude (°N), Lon and Lon2 =
ground) using the water‐displacement method. NetCV, AshC and MoistC were measured on Z. mauritiana 907 582 18.1 1.2 10.9 linear and quadratic longitude (°W), Elev and Elev2 = linear and quadratic elevation (m),
sawdust (sampled 32‐40 cm above ground). NetCV is the energy available from an air‐dry FVI = fuel value index BDen = basic density NetCV = net calorific value
index, density, value,
Rain = estimated mean annual rainfall (mm). R2 = coefficient of determination of model.
sample: it was measured using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. AshC and MoistC were AshC = ash content, MoistC = moisture content. Sample size: 79 for all
P = probability of F ratio. SE = standard error of regression coefficient. Sample size: 79 for
all species.
measured using an incinerator. Tree age was estimated from the number of rings on the disk species.
(at 30 cm above ground): estimated mean age of all trees was 5.9 years. Trees varied in age
so the effect of age on the wood variables was investigated using analysis of covariance Balanites aegyptica Combretum glutinosum
1600
(ANCOVA) within each region. If the effect was significant (P<0.05), the variable was 1200
1400
adjusted using the covariate parameter from the ANCOVA (yadj = y – βregion(tree age – mean
1000
age across regions). After adjusting the variables, geographic variation was investigated 1200
using multiple regression analysis. Regression models were determined using the stepwise 800 1000
procedure: independent variables included linear, quadratic and interaction terms for the 800
FVI
600
trees’ latitude, longitude, elevation and estimated rainfall.
FVI
600
400
400
150 m
Results and Discussion 200 200
350 m
Mean FVI was highest for G. senegalensis and lowest for P. reticulatum (Table 1) due to the 0 0
large differences in BDen NetCV and AshC between these species Due to rounding error
BDen, species. error, 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 11.5
11 5 12 12.5
12 5 13 13.5
13 5 14 14.5
14 5
mean FVI in the table does not equal the product of BDen, NetCV, AshC and MoistC. Longitude (°W) Latitude (°N)
Piliostigma reticulatum
FVI of trees was significantly related to latitude, longitude, elevation and/or mean annual Guiera senegalensis 700
rainfall for four of the five species (Table 2). Judging from the R2, the strongest relationship 3000
600
was for B. aegyptiaca while the weakest relationship was for G. senegalensis. Plots of the 2500
regression equations (Figure 2) indicate that FVI did not vary in a consistent manner with 500
geographical coordinates and rainfall in all four species. The FVI of B. aegyptiaca and C. 2000
400
FVI
glutinosum was greater in the drier parts of the sample region (i.e. in the east and north):
FVI
1500
300
FVI of B. aegyptiaca increased from west to east, and FVI of C. glutinosum increased from
south to north especially at higher elevations. The FVI of P. reticulatum also increased from 1000 600 mm 200
5°W
west to east, but decreased slightly from south to north. In contrast, the FVI of G. 1000 mm 12°W
500 100
senegalensis was slightly greater in areas of higher rainfall, but the regression equation 0
explained very little variation among trees (Table 2). Moreover, there was no significant 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5
relationship f Z mauritiana.
l ti hi for Z. iti Elevation (m) Latitude (°N)
Figure 2. Fuel value index (FVI) of four tree species predicted by geographical coordinates and mean annual rainfall in Mali
Conclusion (regression equations in Table 2).
We cannot make a general statement about the relationship between FVI of trees of these
species and rainfall gradients in Mali. Relationships depend on the specific species and the
variation in wood properties that affect FVI in that species. The species with higher FVI are
of course exploited more for charcoal and firewood production. Therefore, researchers
should work with rural communities to develop participatory domestication/conservation
strategies tailored for each species and sustainable fuelwood production systems for species
Research funded by a post‐doctoral research grant from the World Agroforestry Centre,
with higher FVI. the International Fund for Agricultural Development, UFPR and UFRRJ. Contact
c.sotelo@cgiar.org for further details.