1. The document discusses the role of agroforestry systems (AFS) in climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. It analyzes data from studies measuring soil carbon storage in AFS compared to non-AFS in various locations.
2. The studies found that AFS generally stored more carbon in soil than non-AFS, with increases in soil carbon under trees and in the upper 50 cm of soil. The amount of carbon storage varied depending on the system, soil type, climate conditions, and age of the AFS.
3. Maintaining carbon in stable soil aggregates is important for long-term carbon sequestration. AFS can increase carbon stored in aggregates through inputs
Variation in fuel value index of five tree species in Mali: relationships wit...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This study investigated how the fuel value index (FVI) of five tree species in Mali varied with rainfall gradients. [1] Trees were sampled across five regions to determine relationships between FVI and latitude, longitude, elevation, and estimated rainfall. [2] Regression analyses found FVI was related to geographical factors for four species, though relationships depended on species and wood properties. [3] The results do not allow generalizing about FVI relationships with rainfall across species, requiring tailored domestication strategies for each species.
The document discusses tools developed by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) for assessing agroforestry systems, water harvesting, conservation agriculture, and negotiating environmental services payments. ICRAF has developed rapid assessment tools to evaluate carbon stocks, biodiversity, hydrology, agrobiodiversity, landslides, and drivers of land use change. These tools help support negotiations around payments for environmental services in Southeast Asia by providing quick appraisals of biophysical and socioeconomic factors. The tools are available online through ICRAF's library to help communities, researchers and policymakers evaluate landscape management options.
This document discusses a study that used a process-based vegetation model (LPJ-GUESS) to simulate the dynamics of forest composition on the Olympic Peninsula since the last glacial period (~15,000 years ago), and compare the simulations to paleoecological records. The study parameterized LPJ-GUESS for 9 tree species common to the region, considering each species' shade tolerance, temperature and moisture requirements. Simulation results showed good agreement with pollen-based reconstructions of forest changes over time for most sites and elevations. However, the model did not fully capture early Holocene dominance of Douglas-fir and alder at some mid-elevation sites. The study provides insights into how tree species life histories and climate
Presentation on the use of novel and innovative technologies to sustainably manage the urban forest. Numerous examples are shown from various projects carried out by ArborCarbon scientists for their clients throughout Australia and south-east Asia.
Tropical wetlands like peat swamp forests and mangroves provide valuable ecosystem services but are under threat from climate change and land conversion. They store vast amounts of carbon in their soils, with estimates of up to 2000-3000 Mg of carbon per hectare stored belowground. However, their carbon stocks are not well quantified and they require specialized methods and guidelines for monitoring, reporting, and verification under REDD+ programs due to their unique belowground carbon dynamics. Effective conservation of tropical wetlands through REDD+ could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions while protecting important habitats and coastal communities.
This document discusses the concepts of sparing and sharing land for agriculture and forestry. It explores arguments for a multifunctional landscape approach where land is used for both agriculture and forestry. This approach may save land compared to specialization and make use of trade-offs and synergies between different land uses. The document also examines the need for balanced economic incentives to encourage multifunctionality at local scales.
Variation in fuel value index of five tree species in Mali: relationships wit...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This study investigated how the fuel value index (FVI) of five tree species in Mali varied with rainfall gradients. [1] Trees were sampled across five regions to determine relationships between FVI and latitude, longitude, elevation, and estimated rainfall. [2] Regression analyses found FVI was related to geographical factors for four species, though relationships depended on species and wood properties. [3] The results do not allow generalizing about FVI relationships with rainfall across species, requiring tailored domestication strategies for each species.
The document discusses tools developed by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) for assessing agroforestry systems, water harvesting, conservation agriculture, and negotiating environmental services payments. ICRAF has developed rapid assessment tools to evaluate carbon stocks, biodiversity, hydrology, agrobiodiversity, landslides, and drivers of land use change. These tools help support negotiations around payments for environmental services in Southeast Asia by providing quick appraisals of biophysical and socioeconomic factors. The tools are available online through ICRAF's library to help communities, researchers and policymakers evaluate landscape management options.
This document discusses a study that used a process-based vegetation model (LPJ-GUESS) to simulate the dynamics of forest composition on the Olympic Peninsula since the last glacial period (~15,000 years ago), and compare the simulations to paleoecological records. The study parameterized LPJ-GUESS for 9 tree species common to the region, considering each species' shade tolerance, temperature and moisture requirements. Simulation results showed good agreement with pollen-based reconstructions of forest changes over time for most sites and elevations. However, the model did not fully capture early Holocene dominance of Douglas-fir and alder at some mid-elevation sites. The study provides insights into how tree species life histories and climate
Presentation on the use of novel and innovative technologies to sustainably manage the urban forest. Numerous examples are shown from various projects carried out by ArborCarbon scientists for their clients throughout Australia and south-east Asia.
Tropical wetlands like peat swamp forests and mangroves provide valuable ecosystem services but are under threat from climate change and land conversion. They store vast amounts of carbon in their soils, with estimates of up to 2000-3000 Mg of carbon per hectare stored belowground. However, their carbon stocks are not well quantified and they require specialized methods and guidelines for monitoring, reporting, and verification under REDD+ programs due to their unique belowground carbon dynamics. Effective conservation of tropical wetlands through REDD+ could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions while protecting important habitats and coastal communities.
This document discusses the concepts of sparing and sharing land for agriculture and forestry. It explores arguments for a multifunctional landscape approach where land is used for both agriculture and forestry. This approach may save land compared to specialization and make use of trade-offs and synergies between different land uses. The document also examines the need for balanced economic incentives to encourage multifunctionality at local scales.
Kasper Johansen_Validation of Landsat-based time-series of Persisten Green-ve...TERN Australia
This document summarizes the validation of a Landsat time-series product for Australia called the Persistent Green Vegetation Fraction. The product maps the fraction of long-term, persistent green (woody) vegetation cover across Australia from 2000-2010 using over 4000 Landsat images. Validation was performed using over 5000 field sites and airborne LiDAR data, showing overall accuracy of 82.6% and high correlation (R^2 = 0.859) between estimated and observed woody foliage cover. The validated product will be useful for ecological and ecosystem modeling of long-term vegetation structure and dynamics across Australia.
Icfre mangement issues in sal & teak forests 24.11.2014RavindraSaksena
This document summarizes a presentation on management issues in Sal and Teak forests. It discusses the current status and distribution of Sal and Teak forests across different Indian states. It identifies issues such as lack of regeneration, over-reliance on coppicing, reduced growing stock, and invasive species as threats to the longevity of Sal and Teak forests. The document also discusses the impacts of climate change, mining activities, and infrastructure projects on India's forests and proposes techniques for assisted regeneration, reclamation planning, and tree transplantation to help conserve forest resources.
Inadequate access to safe water for livestock and people in Ethiopian rural s...ILRI
Poster prepared by Kebede Amenu, Andre Markemann, Regina Robler, Marianna Siegmund-Schultze and Anne Valle Zarate for the 1st International Congress on Pathogens at the Human-Animal Interface (ICOPHAI): Impact, Limitations, and Needs in Developing Countries, Addis Ababa, 15-17 September 2011.
This document summarizes a presentation on tree diversity given by Rengaian Ganesan of Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) in Bangalore, India. It discusses three major programs at ATREE related to tree diversity: 1) Mapping and monitoring tree diversity and estimating ecosystem service values, 2) Understanding and enhancing the role of trees in livelihoods using participatory approaches, and 3) Restoring tree diversity using participatory approaches. Specific examples are provided on agroforestry experiences in India, linking forest fragments to pollination of orange plantations, and meeting fuelwood demands through planting diverse tree species outside of forests to reduce pressure on forest resources.
Bill hlubik and team nj 3rd place nat winner for switchgrass poster nacaa ...nacaa
This study evaluated the establishment and production of five switchgrass cultivars (two upland and three lowland ecotypes) grown for biofuel in New Jersey. The cultivars were planted in July 2010 and evaluated for germination rates after 30 days and dry biomass yields in November 2011. The results showed the lowland cultivars, particularly Alamo, had significantly higher yields than the upland cultivars. After one year, Alamo yielded 3.06 tons/acre compared to 1.85 tons/acre for High Tide. Standard farm equipment can be used to plant and harvest switchgrass. Irrigation was important for establishment but switchgrass can be harvested once annually and provide wildlife habitat and biofuel
- WESPAK-SE is a wetland assessment method developed specifically for Southeast Alaska to evaluate wetland functions and the values of those functions, known as ecosystem services.
- It involves both office and field components, using over 120 indicators to score 16 wetland functions and their values on a scale of 0-10.
- The results can be used to compare wetlands, identify ways to minimize impacts, and inform wetland management decisions.
The document discusses rainbow water, which refers to recycled atmospheric inputs that benefit water supply. It notes that blue water traditionally focuses on rivers and uses, while grey water added pollution. Green water realized the importance of upper watersheds and forests. Rainbow water closes the hydrological cycle and sees evapotranspiration as recycling. The document includes an agenda for a workshop with blocks on new scientific insights, relating findings to climate policy and negotiations, and priorities for linking science to climate action.
Veronika Miranda Chase - Rock Powders: Nourishing Soils, Biodiversity and Peoplegabriellebastien
This document discusses agroforestry and remineralization as approaches to addressing climate change and social issues. Agroforestry involves mixing agriculture and forestry practices on land to create diverse and sustainable land use. Remineralization uses rock powders to restore depleted soils without harming ecosystems. The document presents case studies of these approaches in locations like Brazil, Costa Rica, and Panama, showing benefits like increased yields, income, and carbon sequestration while reducing dependence on fertilizers and pesticides.
Agroforestry: Addressing Climate Challenges and Improving Social Conditions remineralize
V. Miranda Chase, Research Associate, Remineralize the Earth
Advancing Renewable Energy in Latin America and Integrated Farm Energy Systems, RELACCx, Puerto Rico, November 19, 2014
Agroforestry for climate change mitigation and adaptation MirFaizan
This document discusses how agroforestry can help mitigate and adapt to climate change. It provides background on increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and outlines how agroforestry practices like alley cropping, homegardens, and silvopasture can sequester carbon in vegetation and soil. Studies from various countries are cited that measure carbon storage in different agroforestry systems. The document also discusses how agroforestry reduces non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions like N2O and CH4 by improving nutrient cycling and efficiency. Finally, it describes how agroforestry helps farmers adapt to climate change through increased soil resilience, more efficient land use, and improved crop yields during drought years.
This document summarizes a presentation on agroforestry and climate change. It discusses how agroforestry buffers climate variability and promotes resilience through permanent tree cover and diverse ecological niches. It provides examples of how agroforestry protects soil, increases carbon storage, and allows for different crop types. The document concludes that agroforestry has strong potential for climate change adaptation and mitigation through carbon sequestration and sustainable land management.
The presentation makes the case for "tree-rich" agriculture and pastoralist systems in Niger - and the Sahel. It explores carbon financing for development of governance arrangements.
The document discusses research conducted by ICRAF on water and agroforestry from 1991-2007. It focuses on several key areas:
1) Studies in Machakos, Kenya showing that integrating trees with crops can improve soil and water conservation compared to crops alone.
2) Research on how tree roots capture water and influence microclimates to benefit crops. Studies looked at different tree species and arrangements.
3) Long-term consequences of different tree resource capture strategies, including deciduous vs evergreen species.
4) Evidence that deforestation of areas like the Mau Forest Complex in Kenya can negatively impact streamflow. More erosive rains are also predicted.
The document discusses how major institutions are increasingly recognizing agroforestry's potential to address issues like climate change, poverty, and land degradation. Climate change in particular is driving interest, as agriculture and forestry account for 20% of greenhouse gas emissions. The rising threat of climate change means farming systems worldwide will need to reverse carbon emissions through practices like agroforestry that store carbon in soils and vegetation. Agroforestry thus offers a way to simultaneously combat climate change and poverty through sustainable land use.
Climate change is projected to negatively impact agriculture and forests in Sri Lanka through increased rainfall intensity, rising temperatures, sea level rise, and more frequent droughts and floods. Agroforestry systems can help adapt to and mitigate these impacts by diversifying landscapes, enhancing productivity and income sources, and buffering weather-related losses. The document discusses how agroforestry practices in Sri Lanka currently adapt to climate change impacts and makes recommendations to strengthen policies, awareness, technology, and networks to better promote agroforestry's role in climate change adaptation.
Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulner...Joanna Hicks
This document discusses how agroforestry can help smallholder farmers adapt to and mitigate climate change effects. It finds that agroforestry systems can buffer farmers against increasing temperatures, variable precipitation, and extreme weather by regulating microclimates and conserving water and soil resources. Agroforestry also sequesters carbon in trees and soil, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Implementing agroforestry can thus increase farmers' resilience to climate change while also providing livelihood and mitigation co-benefits.
Theme 4 - Climate Change Mitigation and AdaptationCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Christopher Martius, Henry Neufeldt, Glenn Hyman and Laura Snook focuses on the objectives and structure of the climate change adaptation and mitigation program of the FTA Research Program, their evolution over time, the major accomplishments and the main obstacles and challenges.
This document discusses the design and development of agroforestry systems in low rainfall regions of India to combat climate change. It begins by outlining the challenges facing arid lands such as soil erosion from wind and water, vegetation degradation, salinization, and land degradation from overgrazing, deforestation, and poor irrigation practices. It then discusses how agroforestry systems can help sequester carbon and provide economic benefits through various tree-crop-livestock integrated models. Specifically, it evaluates traditional agroforestry systems in Rajasthan that integrate trees like Prosopis cineraria with crops and livestock. It concludes that agroforestry interventions have promise for providing consistent economic returns along with environmental benefits
1) The study examines patterns of phylogenetic diversity (PD) across forest succession sequences (vegetation series) in western Mediterranean and Macaronesian regions.
2) PD was calculated for 4 main seral stages (forest, tall-scrub, low-scrub, grassland) in 10 simplified vegetation series from southwest Portugal and Madeira island.
3) Results show 3 main patterns of PD across stages: a steep decrease from forest to grassland in islands; a decrease from forest to low-scrub with a slight increase in grassland in silicate soils; and a decrease from forest to low-scrub with grassland having similar PD as forests in limestone soils.
Carbon and tree diversity in agricultural systems in Nicaragua: do trees real...CIAT
The Soils Research Area presents a new seminar series to commemorate the International Year of Soils (2015). This seminar series which in LAC will run under the theme: Managing Soils for Smarter Societies, will include monthly presentations and blogs that will focus on soils and the role they play in our society. Presented by Dr. Pablo Siles who is based at the CIAT office in Nicaragua.
Abstract— The cocoa or cacao tree (Theobroma cacao L.) requires shade to efficiently perform its physiological processes. The objectives of this study were to characterize the shading on cocoa plantations in the Chontalpa region of Tabasco to generate possible pruning and phytosanitary control recommendations, and to measure the PAR in three strata of the cocoa agroecosystems to determine the shade percentage and the amount of PAR intercepted by shade and cocoa trees in the sampled plots. PAR was measured in units of µmol/m2/s using a ceptometer. PAR readings were taken on sunny days in three vertical strata, namely the upper, middle and lower parts, and an average of five readings per stratum were considered for plantations with 1 to 10 acres, and 25 to 30 readings per stratum for plantations greater than 10 hectares. The results for the plantations studied indicate that on average 49.1% of the PAR reaches the cocoa plants and only 10.3% reaches the soil surface. The PAR used by cocoa averaged 620 µmol/cm2/s, which represent only 38.9% of the total incident radiation. The PAR measured in the middle and lower strata of the cocoa plantations has a negative logarithmic effect on the shade percentage and is a reliable indicator for estimating the shade percentage in cocoa plantations. There is a direct relationship between the intercepted PAR or shade percentage and the pruning practices performed by the producer on the cocoa plantations.
Kasper Johansen_Validation of Landsat-based time-series of Persisten Green-ve...TERN Australia
This document summarizes the validation of a Landsat time-series product for Australia called the Persistent Green Vegetation Fraction. The product maps the fraction of long-term, persistent green (woody) vegetation cover across Australia from 2000-2010 using over 4000 Landsat images. Validation was performed using over 5000 field sites and airborne LiDAR data, showing overall accuracy of 82.6% and high correlation (R^2 = 0.859) between estimated and observed woody foliage cover. The validated product will be useful for ecological and ecosystem modeling of long-term vegetation structure and dynamics across Australia.
Icfre mangement issues in sal & teak forests 24.11.2014RavindraSaksena
This document summarizes a presentation on management issues in Sal and Teak forests. It discusses the current status and distribution of Sal and Teak forests across different Indian states. It identifies issues such as lack of regeneration, over-reliance on coppicing, reduced growing stock, and invasive species as threats to the longevity of Sal and Teak forests. The document also discusses the impacts of climate change, mining activities, and infrastructure projects on India's forests and proposes techniques for assisted regeneration, reclamation planning, and tree transplantation to help conserve forest resources.
Inadequate access to safe water for livestock and people in Ethiopian rural s...ILRI
Poster prepared by Kebede Amenu, Andre Markemann, Regina Robler, Marianna Siegmund-Schultze and Anne Valle Zarate for the 1st International Congress on Pathogens at the Human-Animal Interface (ICOPHAI): Impact, Limitations, and Needs in Developing Countries, Addis Ababa, 15-17 September 2011.
This document summarizes a presentation on tree diversity given by Rengaian Ganesan of Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) in Bangalore, India. It discusses three major programs at ATREE related to tree diversity: 1) Mapping and monitoring tree diversity and estimating ecosystem service values, 2) Understanding and enhancing the role of trees in livelihoods using participatory approaches, and 3) Restoring tree diversity using participatory approaches. Specific examples are provided on agroforestry experiences in India, linking forest fragments to pollination of orange plantations, and meeting fuelwood demands through planting diverse tree species outside of forests to reduce pressure on forest resources.
Bill hlubik and team nj 3rd place nat winner for switchgrass poster nacaa ...nacaa
This study evaluated the establishment and production of five switchgrass cultivars (two upland and three lowland ecotypes) grown for biofuel in New Jersey. The cultivars were planted in July 2010 and evaluated for germination rates after 30 days and dry biomass yields in November 2011. The results showed the lowland cultivars, particularly Alamo, had significantly higher yields than the upland cultivars. After one year, Alamo yielded 3.06 tons/acre compared to 1.85 tons/acre for High Tide. Standard farm equipment can be used to plant and harvest switchgrass. Irrigation was important for establishment but switchgrass can be harvested once annually and provide wildlife habitat and biofuel
- WESPAK-SE is a wetland assessment method developed specifically for Southeast Alaska to evaluate wetland functions and the values of those functions, known as ecosystem services.
- It involves both office and field components, using over 120 indicators to score 16 wetland functions and their values on a scale of 0-10.
- The results can be used to compare wetlands, identify ways to minimize impacts, and inform wetland management decisions.
The document discusses rainbow water, which refers to recycled atmospheric inputs that benefit water supply. It notes that blue water traditionally focuses on rivers and uses, while grey water added pollution. Green water realized the importance of upper watersheds and forests. Rainbow water closes the hydrological cycle and sees evapotranspiration as recycling. The document includes an agenda for a workshop with blocks on new scientific insights, relating findings to climate policy and negotiations, and priorities for linking science to climate action.
Veronika Miranda Chase - Rock Powders: Nourishing Soils, Biodiversity and Peoplegabriellebastien
This document discusses agroforestry and remineralization as approaches to addressing climate change and social issues. Agroforestry involves mixing agriculture and forestry practices on land to create diverse and sustainable land use. Remineralization uses rock powders to restore depleted soils without harming ecosystems. The document presents case studies of these approaches in locations like Brazil, Costa Rica, and Panama, showing benefits like increased yields, income, and carbon sequestration while reducing dependence on fertilizers and pesticides.
Agroforestry: Addressing Climate Challenges and Improving Social Conditions remineralize
V. Miranda Chase, Research Associate, Remineralize the Earth
Advancing Renewable Energy in Latin America and Integrated Farm Energy Systems, RELACCx, Puerto Rico, November 19, 2014
Agroforestry for climate change mitigation and adaptation MirFaizan
This document discusses how agroforestry can help mitigate and adapt to climate change. It provides background on increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and outlines how agroforestry practices like alley cropping, homegardens, and silvopasture can sequester carbon in vegetation and soil. Studies from various countries are cited that measure carbon storage in different agroforestry systems. The document also discusses how agroforestry reduces non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions like N2O and CH4 by improving nutrient cycling and efficiency. Finally, it describes how agroforestry helps farmers adapt to climate change through increased soil resilience, more efficient land use, and improved crop yields during drought years.
This document summarizes a presentation on agroforestry and climate change. It discusses how agroforestry buffers climate variability and promotes resilience through permanent tree cover and diverse ecological niches. It provides examples of how agroforestry protects soil, increases carbon storage, and allows for different crop types. The document concludes that agroforestry has strong potential for climate change adaptation and mitigation through carbon sequestration and sustainable land management.
The presentation makes the case for "tree-rich" agriculture and pastoralist systems in Niger - and the Sahel. It explores carbon financing for development of governance arrangements.
The document discusses research conducted by ICRAF on water and agroforestry from 1991-2007. It focuses on several key areas:
1) Studies in Machakos, Kenya showing that integrating trees with crops can improve soil and water conservation compared to crops alone.
2) Research on how tree roots capture water and influence microclimates to benefit crops. Studies looked at different tree species and arrangements.
3) Long-term consequences of different tree resource capture strategies, including deciduous vs evergreen species.
4) Evidence that deforestation of areas like the Mau Forest Complex in Kenya can negatively impact streamflow. More erosive rains are also predicted.
The document discusses how major institutions are increasingly recognizing agroforestry's potential to address issues like climate change, poverty, and land degradation. Climate change in particular is driving interest, as agriculture and forestry account for 20% of greenhouse gas emissions. The rising threat of climate change means farming systems worldwide will need to reverse carbon emissions through practices like agroforestry that store carbon in soils and vegetation. Agroforestry thus offers a way to simultaneously combat climate change and poverty through sustainable land use.
Climate change is projected to negatively impact agriculture and forests in Sri Lanka through increased rainfall intensity, rising temperatures, sea level rise, and more frequent droughts and floods. Agroforestry systems can help adapt to and mitigate these impacts by diversifying landscapes, enhancing productivity and income sources, and buffering weather-related losses. The document discusses how agroforestry practices in Sri Lanka currently adapt to climate change impacts and makes recommendations to strengthen policies, awareness, technology, and networks to better promote agroforestry's role in climate change adaptation.
Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulner...Joanna Hicks
This document discusses how agroforestry can help smallholder farmers adapt to and mitigate climate change effects. It finds that agroforestry systems can buffer farmers against increasing temperatures, variable precipitation, and extreme weather by regulating microclimates and conserving water and soil resources. Agroforestry also sequesters carbon in trees and soil, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Implementing agroforestry can thus increase farmers' resilience to climate change while also providing livelihood and mitigation co-benefits.
Theme 4 - Climate Change Mitigation and AdaptationCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Christopher Martius, Henry Neufeldt, Glenn Hyman and Laura Snook focuses on the objectives and structure of the climate change adaptation and mitigation program of the FTA Research Program, their evolution over time, the major accomplishments and the main obstacles and challenges.
This document discusses the design and development of agroforestry systems in low rainfall regions of India to combat climate change. It begins by outlining the challenges facing arid lands such as soil erosion from wind and water, vegetation degradation, salinization, and land degradation from overgrazing, deforestation, and poor irrigation practices. It then discusses how agroforestry systems can help sequester carbon and provide economic benefits through various tree-crop-livestock integrated models. Specifically, it evaluates traditional agroforestry systems in Rajasthan that integrate trees like Prosopis cineraria with crops and livestock. It concludes that agroforestry interventions have promise for providing consistent economic returns along with environmental benefits
1) The study examines patterns of phylogenetic diversity (PD) across forest succession sequences (vegetation series) in western Mediterranean and Macaronesian regions.
2) PD was calculated for 4 main seral stages (forest, tall-scrub, low-scrub, grassland) in 10 simplified vegetation series from southwest Portugal and Madeira island.
3) Results show 3 main patterns of PD across stages: a steep decrease from forest to grassland in islands; a decrease from forest to low-scrub with a slight increase in grassland in silicate soils; and a decrease from forest to low-scrub with grassland having similar PD as forests in limestone soils.
Carbon and tree diversity in agricultural systems in Nicaragua: do trees real...CIAT
The Soils Research Area presents a new seminar series to commemorate the International Year of Soils (2015). This seminar series which in LAC will run under the theme: Managing Soils for Smarter Societies, will include monthly presentations and blogs that will focus on soils and the role they play in our society. Presented by Dr. Pablo Siles who is based at the CIAT office in Nicaragua.
Abstract— The cocoa or cacao tree (Theobroma cacao L.) requires shade to efficiently perform its physiological processes. The objectives of this study were to characterize the shading on cocoa plantations in the Chontalpa region of Tabasco to generate possible pruning and phytosanitary control recommendations, and to measure the PAR in three strata of the cocoa agroecosystems to determine the shade percentage and the amount of PAR intercepted by shade and cocoa trees in the sampled plots. PAR was measured in units of µmol/m2/s using a ceptometer. PAR readings were taken on sunny days in three vertical strata, namely the upper, middle and lower parts, and an average of five readings per stratum were considered for plantations with 1 to 10 acres, and 25 to 30 readings per stratum for plantations greater than 10 hectares. The results for the plantations studied indicate that on average 49.1% of the PAR reaches the cocoa plants and only 10.3% reaches the soil surface. The PAR used by cocoa averaged 620 µmol/cm2/s, which represent only 38.9% of the total incident radiation. The PAR measured in the middle and lower strata of the cocoa plantations has a negative logarithmic effect on the shade percentage and is a reliable indicator for estimating the shade percentage in cocoa plantations. There is a direct relationship between the intercepted PAR or shade percentage and the pruning practices performed by the producer on the cocoa plantations.
Lots of great background info on conservation agriculture including use of cover crops and carbon sequestration rates. Delivered to Project Breadbasket conservation agriculture field workshop in Parana State Brazil by Ademir Calegari, PhD, IAPAR, on July 12, 2011 in Pato Branco.
How do agroforestry production systems function and what could they offer for...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Globally, nearly half (46%) of agricultural land, totaling around 1 billion hectares, has over 10% tree cover due to agroforestry. Agroforestry systems combining trees and crops are particularly common in Southeast Asia and Central and South America. The document discusses the extent and types of agroforestry globally, and its potential benefits for food security, income, resource conservation, and climate change mitigation when applied in the cocoa sector.
The document summarizes research from the Global Research Project 1 (GRP 1) on the domestication, utilization, and conservation of superior agroforestry germplasm. It discusses:
1) GRP 1 sub-projects that focus on improved tree planting material and access to quality germplasm for smallholder farmers.
2) Achievements in decision support tools, understanding tree variation, and new approaches to enhanced tree productivity.
3) Research on geographic variation in wood properties of trees that can help select better germplasm and develop climate adaptation plans.
4) Efforts to develop affordable molecular markers for 36 important tree species to provide useful data for field management.
Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” programExternalEvents
Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” program presented by Hervé Saint Macary, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
Agroforestry systems can help improve environmental quality by increasing carbon sequestration, enhancing biodiversity, and improving water quality. Studies have found that agroforestry systems store more carbon in both aboveground vegetation and belowground soils than non-agroforestry systems. The deeper and more extensive tree roots in agroforestry systems take up more nutrients, reducing levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment runoff into waterways. As a result, agroforestry improves water quality. Agroforestry systems also support higher levels of biodiversity by providing habitat for plants and animals and creating wildlife corridors.
1. The document discusses best practices for planting and engaging communities around tree planting, including choosing suitable tree species for the climate and purposes.
2. It also discusses the social challenges around addressing climate change and engaging communities, noting that solving climate change requires both technical and social solutions.
3. The document provides several examples of tree species that could be suitable for agroforestry projects and diversifying agricultural lands.
The document summarizes the results of a workshop on climate change impacts on cocoa in Ghana. Random forest machine learning was used to analyze climate and soil data and classify suitable cocoa growing zones. Four key zones were identified: 1) low rainfall, long dry season, poor soils in northwest; 2) low temperatures, long dry season, average soils; 3) high temperatures, reliable rainfall, average soils; and 4) high temperatures, low seasonality, rich soils. Analysis found temperatures in some current cocoa areas may exceed tolerable limits by 2050, especially in northwest Ghana. Soil characteristics will influence resilience to climate impacts. The moist evergreen zone may become most suitable while the northwest may become marginal.
This document summarizes research on phenotyping chickpeas for drought tolerance traits. It discusses phenotyping various root traits like structure and function. It also discusses phenotyping canopy temperature, transpiration efficiency measured by carbon isotope discrimination, harvest index, and rate of partitioning. The document shares results from phenotyping a reference collection of chickpea germplasm, identifying trait variation and relationships to drought tolerance and yield.
This document summarizes a study that characterized successional responses of plant communities in the Upland Sonoran Desert ecological site on the Tonto National Forest to increased fire disturbance. The study established trends in post-fire vegetative recovery and provided metrics for land managers. Plant community data from burned and unburned plots showed that shrub and tree canopy cover declined with increased burn severity while forb and graminoid cover increased. Species richness and diversity also increased in burned plots. The study developed a conceptual model outlining potential successional pathways under different fire and management scenarios.
This document summarizes research on evergreen agriculture for sustainable intensification and resilience in the African drylands. The research examines the role of native shrub species, such as Guiera senegalensis and Piliostigma reticulatum, which are commonly found in farmers' fields. Several key findings are highlighted: 1) Shrubs provide significant carbon storage and inputs to soils. 2) Shrubs enhance water infiltration and groundwater recharge through hydraulic redistribution without competing with crops for water. 3) The shrub rhizosphere maintains high microbial activity and diversity year-round. The presence of shrubs has been shown to increase crop yields substantially.
Theo friedrich -_ca_for_cc_adaptation_in_eapAdam Ga
This document discusses conservation agriculture (CA) as an approach for climate change adaptation and mitigation in East Asia and the Pacific region. CA involves minimal soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop diversification. It provides benefits like reduced costs, increased profits and food security while preserving resources and the environment. CA helps increase farms' resilience to climate change through practices like crop rotations and soil cover that improve drought tolerance, water retention, and resistance to heavy rain and frost. The document reviews the global history and adoption of CA, and argues for supportive policies and investments to accelerate its adoption.
Physiological and molecular bases of drought tolerance in cucurbits (f. cucur...Mohamed Farag
This document summarizes research on drought tolerance in cucurbit plants. It begins by providing background on important cucurbit species and international production levels. It then discusses the physiological mechanisms of drought tolerance, including drought escape, avoidance, and tolerance. Effects of drought stress on cucurbit growth and metabolism are outlined. The document also summarizes breeding and transgenic approaches for improving drought resistance in cucurbits, including a case study on screening a watermelon germplasm collection for drought tolerance. Finally, it describes the isolation and characterization of a respiratory burst oxidase gene involved in the drought response of wild watermelon.
1. The study examined the effects of mulching and irrigation on cocoa seedling survival and establishment during the dry season in Ghana.
2. Results showed that irrigation and mulching significantly increased soil moisture content. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated had the highest survival rate of 94.5%, while seedlings without irrigation or mulching had the lowest survival rate of 47.1%.
3. Irrigation had a significant positive effect on cocoa seedling survival, plant height, and leaf number. Seedling survival was 89.6% under irrigation versus 65.6% without irrigation. Mulching alone did not significantly affect seedling survival.
Richard Teague - Grazing Down the Carbon: The Scientific Case for Grassland R...gabriellebastien
Richard Teague - Grazing Down the Carbon: The Scientific Case for Grassland Restoration
From Biodiversity for a Livable Climate conference: "Restoring Ecosystems to Reverse Global Warming"
Saturday November 22nd, 2014
O documento discute a substituição das eritrinas por seringueiras como árvores de sombreamento em sistemas agroflorestais de cacaueiro. A seringueira é recomendada porque é uma planta de usos múltiplos que pode produzir mel, óleo, madeira, látex e borracha, além de sequestrar carbono. A substituição é benéfica porque a eritrina é exótica e competitiva com o cacaueiro, enquanto a seringueira é uma espécie nativa e produtiva que permite
Este documento apresenta métodos e procedimentos para realizar levantamentos de campo para indicadores fitossociológicos em Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAFs), com foco em estoque de carbono e diversidade arbórea. Ele discute conceitos como população, amostra e unidade amostral, e métodos de amostragem como aleatória simples e estratificada. Também apresenta exemplos de aplicação desses métodos em projetos de mapeamento, estratificação e amostragem de SAFs nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e P
1. O documento discute estratégias de políticas públicas para promover sistemas agroflorestais sustentáveis no Brasil.
2. Vários programas governamentais são descritos que apoiam SAFs, incluindo Operação Arco Verde, Programa Mais Ambiente, PDRS Xingu e o Plano Brasil Sem Miséria.
3. Implementar essas políticas com sucesso requer maior integração entre formuladores de políticas e representantes da sociedade e SAFs podem fornecer uma alternativa importante para o desenvolvimento rural sustentável.
O documento discute estratégias de políticas públicas para maior adoção de sistemas agroflorestais no Pará. Ele aborda a Política Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, que tem como objetivo promover o desenvolvimento rural sustentável baseado em princípios agroecológicos. A lei que institui esta política prioriza o apoio a agricultores familiares, povos indígenas e quilombolas.
O documento descreve vários programas e linhas de crédito do Banco do Brasil para o agronegócio e agricultura familiar, incluindo o Programa ABC, Pronaf Mulher, Pronaf Mais Alimentos, e soluções para armazenagem, produção florestal, fruticultura, produção orgânica, biodiesel e irrigação.
O documento discute as condições necessárias para que os bancos concedam crédito para Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAF's) no Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (Pronaf), incluindo a necessidade de os bancos conhecerem melhor os parâmetros técnicos dos SAF's e de se construírem parcerias sólidas entre bancos, agricultores e assistência técnica.
1. O documento discute as relações entre ciência, tecnologia e desenvolvimento sustentável, questionando se a ciência atual centrada no crescimento econômico pode apoiar uma sociedade sustentável.
2. É apresentado o Programa de Projetos Demonstrativos, que apoia experiências locais de produção inovadoras e sustentáveis para subsidiar políticas públicas.
3. Dados preliminares de quatro redes de agroecologia mostram a funcionalidade econômica e ecológica de sistemas agroflorestais e a import
O documento discute o papel da pesquisa agroflorestal para políticas públicas e estratégias para maior adoção de Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAFs). A pesquisa em SAFs enfrenta desafios como informações complexas, falta de identidade e preconceitos. Instituições como a Embrapa possuem potencial para subsidiar governos, mas precisam integrar equipes e definir objetivos comuns para resultados menos fragmentados. É necessária inteligência estratégica e visão sistêmica de longo prazo para otimizar as políticas públic
O documento apresenta um plano nacional para promover cadeias de produtos da sociobiodiversidade no Brasil. O plano visa desenvolver ações integradas para fortalecer cadeias de produtos como babaçu, castanha-do-brasil e açaí, beneficiando comunidades tradicionais e agricultores familiares. Ele define estratégias para melhorar a produção, processamento, comercialização e organização social dessas cadeias.
Este documento apresenta os resultados de estudos de caso sobre sistemas agroflorestais (SAF) sustentáveis em três regiões do Brasil. Os principais pontos são: 1) Os SAF podem ser a principal fonte de renda para agricultores familiares inovadores, respondendo por até 100% da renda bruta em alguns casos; 2) A importância econômica dos SAF varia por região, sendo mais relevante onde já há tradição e mercado para seus produtos, como no café no Ceará e banana no Rio Grande do Sul; 3) Os SAF
O documento descreve os sete componentes de um Programa de Desenvolvimento da Cadeia Produtiva da Castanha-do-Brasil no Baixo Amazonas. Os componentes incluem: 1) governança e gestão do programa, 2) levantamento dos recursos socioeconômicos, 3) fortalecimento da capacidade operacional, 4) fortalecimento de associações e comunidades, 5) implantação de infraestrutura e logística, 6) acesso a políticas públicas, e 7) monitoramento e divulgação. O objetivo
O documento discute a produção e exportação da castanha no Brasil entre 2000-2010. Ele mostra que a produção aumentou nesse período, com a maior parte vindo do Amazonas. As exportações também cresceram, principalmente para a Bolívia e Peru. No entanto, as indústrias de beneficiamento enfrentam desafios como obsolescência tecnológica e alto custo de produção.
The document discusses various statistics related to population, such as total population in different years, population density, and population growth rates. Specific numbers are provided for different countries and regions. Overall, the data shows population numbers and changes over time for several areas around the world.
O documento descreve um caso de sucesso na integração da agricultura familiar e empresarial no sul da Bahia envolvendo cacau e pupunha. A fazenda apresenta áreas de produção agrícola utilizando boas práticas e 63,78% da área é coberta por vegetação nativa. O projeto beneficia 80 famílias vinculadas aos negócios de cacau, pupunha e piscicultura e promove ganhos proporcionais aos resultados, restauração florestal e melhoria da renda familiar.
Este documento discute sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) indígenas e segurança alimentar e nutricional no contexto indígena. Apresenta exemplos de SAFs como quintais de fruteiras, cinturões de árvores ao redor de aldeias e fruteiras em roças. Também discute alterações nos sistemas tradicionais de ocupação do território e suas implicações, e o papel dos SAFs na gestão ambiental e territorial indígena.
O documento discute a certificação socioparticipativa de sistemas agroflorestais no Brasil, descrevendo o projeto JICA Glassroot que promove a disseminação e certificação desses sistemas entre agricultores familiares. O projeto treina produtores para o desenvolvimento de uma certificadora socioparticipativa que definirá critérios locais para a certificação de propriedades rurais com foco em melhorar renda e sustentabilidade.
O documento descreve sistemas agroflorestais com açaizeiros para recuperar áreas de floresta no Estuário Amazônico. Detalha características de quintais caseiros com açaizeiros e outras espécies. Apresenta arranjos agroflorestais em áreas abandonadas com diversidade de espécies arbóreas. E analisa a regeneração natural e crescimento de espécies em sistemas agroflorestais com diferentes idades.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
1. Climate Change Mitigation:
A Low-Hanging Fruit of
Agroforestry
P. K. R. NAIR
Distinguished Professor
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
CBSAF, Belém, PA, Brazil: 21 – 25 Nov 2011
2. Objective and Scope
Separate the chaff from the grain:
Evaluate the current state of scientific
knowledge on the role of AFS in climate-
change mitigation (and adaptation) meditated
through C sequestration
Identify the management factors that
influence C seq in land-use systems and the
extent of their relevance to AFS
4. SPECIAL
SUBMISSIONS:
AGROFORESTRY
SYSTEMS
AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY
Journal of Environmental Quality
Volume 40 (3), May–June 2011,
pages 784–866.
5. Climate Change
Global warming refers to increase in temperature
of the earth’s near-surface
• Increased by an average 0.6°C since 1970
• IPCC (Intergov. Panel on Climate Change) projects an
average rise of 1.1 – 6.4°C during this century
• Believed to be caused by the increase in atmospheric
concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs)
GHGs include:
• CO2 , carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), nitrous
oxide (N2O)
• CO2 is the major GHG.
6. Mitigation (of) & Adaptation (to)
Climate Change
Mitigation
Avoiding emissions and sequestering
GHGs: [Technological change and
substitution that reduce emissions]
Adaptation
Reducing the vulnerability of natural
systems against actual or expected climate
change effects
7. Climate Change Mitigation
Goal: Reduce net emissions and enhance sink capacity
1. Avoiding or Reducing the Emissions
• Increasing input-use efficiency
(Management interventions)
• Decreasing losses
(Soil and water conservation)
2. Sequestering CO2 in Terrestrial Biosphere
• Forest/woody biomass
(Aboveground, belowground)
• Soil C sequestration
(Aggregation, physical protection, recalcitrant C)
8. Climate Change Adaptation
Goal: Develop strategies to reduce negative impacts
1. Enhancing Soil Resilience
• Increasing SOC pool
• Restoring degraded lands
2. Adopting efficient land-use systems/practices
• Conservation agriculture
• Agroforestry
• INM, IPM, …
3. Improving NPP
• New and improved germplasm
• GM crops, etc.
9. Carbon Sequestration
The process of capture and secure
storage of C from the atmosphere
It entails the transfer of atmospheric C,
especially CO2, and its secure
storage in long-lived pools.
(UNFCCC = UN Framework Convention on Climate Change)
10. C Sequestration in Land-Use
Systems
Aboveground (Vegetation)
Belowground (Soils)
• Soils play a major role even in the terrestrial C cycle.
• The soil C pool, to 1 m depth, consists of:
Soil organic C (SOC) estimated at 1550 Pg
Soil inorganic C about 750 Pg
(1 petagram = 1015 g = 1 billion ton)
Total soil C pool (2300 Pg) is 3X the atmosph pool.
11. Agroforestry and
Carbon Sequestration
The UNFCCC allows use of C seq. through
afforestation and reforestation (A & R) as GHG
offset activities.
Agroforestry is recognized as an A & R activity.
AFS have a higher potential to sequester C
because of their perceived ability for greater
capture and utilization of growth resources (light,
nutrients, and water) than in single-species crop-
or pasture systems.
12. 2
1 3
Silvopasture Dehesa,
Northern Spain Homegardens
Florida, USA
Kerala, India
2
1
4 3
4
6 5
6
Silvopasture Shaded cacao Parklands
MG, Brazil Bahia, Brazil Ségou, Mali
Univ. Florida, Cent for Subtropical Agroforestry: Carbon Sequestration Studies, 2005 -
13. Locations of CSTAF (Univ of FL) Soil Carbon Sequestration Studies
Sites
Location Climate (m.a.p; mean Soil Agroforestry Systems
Coordinates temp. range)
Florida, USA Humid subtropical; 1330 Ultisols Silvopasture: slash pine (Pinus elliottii)
o
28°to 29° N; 81° to 83° mm; -3 to 28 C + bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum); 5–
W 20 yr
Northern/ Central Humid Atlantic/ subhumid Alfisols Dehesa oak silvopasture (Quercus
Spain Mediterranean; 1200/ 600 suber); >50 yr
40 to 43o N; 6 to 7o W mm; 6-18°C/ 8-26°C
Kerala, India Humid tropical; Inceptisols Homegardens: Intensive multispecies
mixtures of trees, shrubs, and herbs in
10o32’ N; 76o14’E 2700 mm; 27 to 32oC
small (< 0.5 ha) holdings; > 35 yr
Ségou, Mali Semiarid tropical; Alfisols Parklands: Intercropping under
500 to 700 mm; 29 to 36oC scattered trees, > 30 yr old; and live
13o 20’ N; 6o 10’ W
fences and fodder banks, ~ 9 yr.
Bahia, Brazil Humid tropical; Reddish- Cacao (Theobroma cacao) under
yellow thinned natural forest (cabruca) or
14o 0’ S; 39o 2’ W 1500 mm; 25 to 32oC
Oxisols planted shade trees; 30-yr old.
Minas Gerais, Brazil Cerrado: Subhumid Oxisols Silvopasture: Eucalyptus spp. with
tropical; 1350 mm; 22oC understory of Brachiaria spp (fodder
17o 36’ S; 46o 42’ W
grass) or rice (Oryza sativa).
14. General Objectives
Quantify SOC accumulation and sequestration
in different types of agroforestry systems in a
variety of ecological and geographical
conditions.
Determine C storage in different soil fractions
up to at least 1 m depth.
Quantify, wherever possible, C contribution by
C3 and C4 plants (~ trees and herbaceous
plants) using natural C isotopic differences
between the two groups.
15. Carbon Sequestration and Stable Aggregates
Hierarchical organization of aggregates:
Silt+clay – microaggregates – macroaggregates
Macroaggregates Microaggregates Silt+clay
aggregates
Size, µm 250 – 2000 53 – 250 < 53
Mean residence 1-10 10 – 100 100-1000
time (MRT) of C
years
C:N; Enzyme High Medium Low
activity
Binding agents Fungal hyphae, Micr. polymers, Organomineral
fine roots, plant/ root exudates, complexes
microbial residues polyvalent cations
Mgmnt effects High Medium Low
Parton et al. (1987); Christensen (2001).
16. 100 262.5
Agroforestry vs.
80 Agricultural System Near Tree vs.
Far from Tree Agroforestry vs. Forest
60
40
∆AF (%)
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Land-use Types
0 − 50 cm 50 − 100 cm
∆AF (%) = [(AF-Non AF) / Non AF] *100
# Systems; age (# years since AF system installation) Location Soil Order
1 Pine + pasture vs. treeless pasture; 30 yr Florida, USA Ultisols
2 Pasture under birch trees vs. treeless pasture; Northern Spain Inceptisols
3 Home garden vs. rice paddy; >50 y Kerala, India Inceptisols
4 Under tree vs. away from trees (Dehesa); 80 y Northern Spain Alfisols
5 Under trees vs. away from trees; Parkland system; >50 y Ségou, Mali Alfisols
6 Homegardesn vs. forest: >50 y Kerala, India Inceptisols
7 Cacao under shade vs. forest; > 30 y Bahia, Brazil Oxisols
8 Brachiaria + Eucalyptus vs. Treeless forage stand; 30 y Minas Gerais, Brazil Oxisols
Changes in soil C stock under different AF vs. non-AF systems (Nair et al., 2010).
17. Summary of Results
Tree-based systems, compared to treeless under
similar conditions, store more C in deeper soil.
High tree density → high SOC content, esp. in the
upper 50 cm soil and <53 µm soil fraction.
SOC stock under longer term AF systems with high
tree-density (e.g., homegardens, shaded perennials)
comparable to that of natural forests.
In sparse tree-density AFS, soil stores more C near
than away from the tree.
C3 plants (trees) contribute to more C in the silt- +
clay-sized (<53 µm) fractions than C4 plants in
deeper soil profile.
Traditional systems with large C stock seem to have
limited potential for sequestering additional C.
19. Some Recent Publications …
Journal Articles:
Nair PKR. C seq studies in AF systems: A reality check Agroforest Syst (in press)
Nair PKR. Introduction to Sp Collection of papers 2011 J Env Quality 40: 784–790
Howlett D, Mosquera-Losada M-R, Nair P KR, Nair, VD. 2011 J Env Quality 40: 825–832
Tonucci RG, Nair PKR, Nair VD, Garcia R 2011 J Env Qual 40: 825 – 832
Nair PKR, Nair VD, Kumar BM, Showalter JM 2010. Adv Agron 108: 237–307.
Haile SG, Nair VD, Nair PKR. 2010. Global Change Biology 16: 427–438.
Gama-Rodrigues EF, Nair PKR, Nair VD, et al. 2010. Environ Manage 45: 274–283.
Saha SK, Nair PKR, Nair VD, Kumar BM. 2010. Plant and Soil 328: 433–446.
Nair PKR, Kumar BM, Nair VD. 2009. J. Soil Sci. Pl Nutrition 172: 10–23.
Nair PKR, Nair VD, Kumar BM, Haile SG. 2009. Environ Sci Policy 12: 1099–1111.
Saha SK, Nair PKR, Nair VD, Kumar, B. M. 2009. Agrofor Syst 76: 53–65.
Haile SG, Nair PKR, Nair VD. 2008. J. Environ. Qual. 37: 1789–1797.
Takimoto A, Nair PKR, Nair VD. 2008. Agri Ecosyst Env 125:159–166.
Takimoto A, Nair PKR, Alavalapati JRR. 2008. Mitig Adapt Strategy 13: 745–761.
Takimoto A, Nair VD, Nair PKR. 2008. Agrofor Syst 76: 11–25.
20. Methodological Challenges
• Ambiguous Concepts
• Allometric Equations
• Soil Sampling: Depth, Sampling Plan
• Soil Analytical Issues
• Fixed Effect Models:
Pseudo-replication
Repeated measures
• Inadequate/Inaccurate Reporting:
Soil BD, extrapolation of site specific values
21. Estimates of Carbon Sequestration
Potential of AF systems
AF System sub-group Distribution (major regions) Approx. Estimated C stock Potential CSP in new
including potential area, mill range (kg ha-1 yr-1) area (kg ha-1 yr-1)
ha Above Below Above Below
(including ground ground ground ground
potential)
Alley cropping and other tree Humid and subhumid tropics 650 Up to 15 Very low 2–5 5 – 75
intercropping systems to 150
Temperate (N. America, Europe) 50 Up to 10 Up to 200 2- 6 30 – 100
Multistrata systems (Shaded Mostly tropical humid and 100 2 to 18 Up to 300 2 – 10 50 – 150
perennials, homegardens) subhumid lands, predominantly
lowlands, but up to 2000 m altitude
Protective systems (Windbreak, Arid and semiarid lands of the 300 2 to 10 Up to 100 1–8 10 – 30
riparian buffer, shelterbelts, etc.) world, primarily sub-Saharan
Africa, China and N. and S.
America,
Silvopasture Grazing systems: mostly semiarid 450 2 to 15 Up to 250 3 – 10 20 – 90
and sub humid lands in Africa,
India, and the Americas
Woodlots (firewood, fodder, land Firweood and fodder-tree lots are 50 1 to 12 Up to 140 1–5 20 – 70
reclamation, etc.) mostly in tropics; Land reclamation
plantings in special problem areas.
(Nair, 2012)
22. Influence of Management Factors
on Climate Change M & A
Mgt Factors Premises Criticisms
Tillage Aids in incorporation of plant Tillage only helps move the C
(Reduced/ materials and gaseous down. Benefits of reduced
Minimum exchange bet. soil and tillage based on surface-soil
Tillage) atmosphere. sampling may be misleading.
Residue Mgt, More plant materials added Overall, a good practice.
Nutrient Cycling to the soil means more C Extent of benefits depends on
added to the soil litter quality and local factors.
Plant diversity Continuous plant cover; Evidence on long term benefit
and admixture niche-complementarity of biodiversity on soil C seq is
hypothesis anedotal at present.
Soil erosion Keeps soil in place; No adverse criticism
control enhances productivity
Manure/Fert. Promotes crop growth and All C additions to soil may not
application soil-aggregate formation enhance microaggr. formation.
(Nair, 2012)
23. Possible Management Factors Related to
Climate Change M & A under AFS
AFS Sub-Groups Location/ Possible Mgt
Ecological Factors
region
Alley Cropping and Tree Humid tropics, RM (NC), PD/PSM,
Intercropping Temperate EC, RT
Multistrata (Shaded Humid and PD/PSM, RM (NC),
Perennials, Homegardens, …) subhumid tropics EC
Protective Systems Temperate, EC, NC, RM
(Windbreak, Rip. Buffer, …) semiarid tropics
Silvopasture Semiarid tropics, PSM, RT, EC, NC
(Grazing, Browsing, …) Temperate
EC = Erosion control; NC = Nutrient cycling;
PD = Plant diversity; PSM = Plant-species mixture
RM = Residue management; RT = Reduced (minimum/zero) tillage
(Nair, 2012)
24. Strengths Opportunities
High above ground biomass Enhanced above-ground C storage
production Increased SOM content
Deep root systems of trees More stable C in deeper soil layers
High litter-fall and ground cover More ground cover and litter fall
Efficient nutrient cycling facilitating better nutrient cycling
More stable C in deeper soil layers and control of soil erosion
More plant diversity leading to
Plant diversity and biodiversity
“safety net” of nutrients and
Species admixture reduced NPSP
Control of wind and water erosion Overall, better ecosystem
Amelioration of non-point source sustainability
pollutants Increasing global interest in
Biodiversity conservation environmental ethics
Weaknesses (Internal) Threats (External)
Lack of rigorous and long-term Lack of adequate recognition of
quantitative data on potential AFS and trees on farms in int’l
benefits policy initiatives and mechanisms
Site specific nature of systems such as REDD+
making large-scale extrapolation Insufficient valuation methods for
difficult assessing ecosystem service
Paucity of standardized methods benefits
and procedures for sampling and Excessive importance to economic
estimation of C seq in AFS over environmental benefits in
Multiplicity of factors and complex adoption incentives
nature of interactions Inadequate institutional niche for
Difficulty in estimating area under agroforestry at national and
different AFS international levels
Figure 1. A SWOT analysis of the role of agroforestry systems in climate change M & A.
(Nair, 2012)
25. Carbon Sequestration – Biodiversity
Relationship
Functional relationship between biodiversity and C
seq. based on the “niche-complementarity”
hypothesis:
• a larger array of species in a system leads to a broader spectrum
of resource utilization making the system more productive.
Biodiversity cannot be expressed quantitatively
unless its attributes can be expressed in quantitative
terms.
Evidence on whether the carry-over effect of higher
biodiversity will translate into long-term C storage in
soils is anecdotal at present.
26. Concluding Remarks
Climate-Change M & A is a “low-hanging fruit” of
agroforestry.
Given that AFS are estimated to be practiced in ~ 1.6
billion ha globally, the potential benefits are credible, but
are seldom recognized.
Lack of rigorous scientific data on the perceived benefits
is the main reason for the lack of realization and even
recognition of this potential.
The way forward: Break away from rhetoric and focus on
development of management practices based on
integrated scientific data on biophysical and
socioeconomic parameters.