PMP Preparation - 08 Quality Management

Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (1/18)
Contents
PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed
ElSaadany
0. Definitions
1. Plan Quality
2. Perform Quality Assurance
3. Perform Quality Control

Definitions :
 Quality : Degree to which the project fulfills requirements.
‫الجودة‬:‫المشروع‬ ‫متطلبات‬ ‫تحقيق‬ ‫عندها‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الدرجة‬ ‫هي‬
 Grade : Category (specific technical characteristics) assigned to product.
‫الرتبة‬:‫الفئة‬ ‫هي‬(‫الخصائص‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجموعة‬)‫للمنتج‬ ‫تخصيصها‬ ‫يتم‬
 Precession : Values of repeated measurements have little scatter.
‫قليل‬ ‫تشتت‬ ‫لها‬ ‫المتعددة‬ ‫القياسات‬ ‫قيم‬(‫الصحيحة‬ ‫القيمة‬ ‫من‬ ‫قربها‬ ‫عن‬ ‫النظر‬ ‫بغض‬)
 Accuracy : Values are very close to the true.
‫الصحيحة‬ ‫القيمة‬ ‫من‬ ‫قريبة‬ ‫القيم‬(‫تشتتها‬ ‫عن‬ ‫النظر‬ ‫بغض‬)
0. Definitions
ElSaadany
To Ensure Quality :
• Identify quality level and applicable standards. ‫تطبيقه‬ ‫المطلوب‬ ‫الجودة‬ ‫مستوى‬ ‫تعريف‬
• Set metrics to be measured (from customer’s perspective).
‫قياسها‬ ‫ليتم‬ ‫معامالت‬ ‫تحديد‬(‫العميل‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫وجهة‬ ‫من‬)
• Make sure authorized processes are followed and standard are met.
‫تحقيقها‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫المقاييس‬ ‫ان‬ ‫و‬ ‫اتباعها‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫المعتمدة‬ ‫اآلليات‬ ‫و‬ ‫العمليات‬ ‫ان‬ ‫من‬ ‫التأكد‬.
• Evaluate effectiveness of QC system and plan for continuous improvement.
‫المستمر‬ ‫للتحسين‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫و‬ ‫الجودة‬ ‫نظام‬ ‫فعالية‬ ‫مدى‬ ‫تقييم‬

0. Definitions
ElSaadany
Gold Plating : ‫بالذهب‬ ‫الطالء‬
Giving the customer extras. ‫عليه‬ ‫المتعاقد‬ ‫من‬ ‫اكثر‬ ‫العميل‬ ‫اعطاء‬
Achieve your objectives instead of gold plating. ‫ذلك‬ ‫من‬ ‫بدال‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫متطلبات‬ ‫حقق‬
Prevention Over Inspection : ‫الفحص‬ ‫مقابل‬ ‫الوقاية‬
Quality must be planned in not inspected in.
‫الجودة‬ ‫فحوص‬ ‫اجراء‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫تحدث‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫االنتظار‬ ‫ليس‬ ‫و‬ ‫للجودة‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫يجب‬
Marginal Analysis : ‫الحدي‬ ‫التحليل‬
Looking for point where added attention to quality will not produce added
value. When you reach this point, stop improving quality.
‫مضافة‬ ‫قيمة‬ ‫يقدم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫بالجودة‬ ‫االهتمام‬ ‫عندها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫النقطة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫البحث‬.‫الجودة‬ ‫تحسين‬ ‫عن‬ ‫توقف‬ ‫عندها‬.
KaiZen: “continuous improvement ” ‫المستمر‬ ‫التحسين‬
Japanese practices based on making small improvements but continuous.
‫بسيط‬ ‫تحسين‬ ‫كان‬ ‫لو‬ ‫و‬ ‫مستمر‬ ‫تحسين‬ ‫احداث‬ ‫على‬ ‫مبنية‬ ‫يابانية‬ ‫نظرية‬

0. Definitions
ElSaadany
Just-in-time (JIT) :
Production strategy that aim to improving return on investment by reducing
in-process inventory and associated costs. Used in high quality practices.
‫المصاحبة‬ ‫التكاليف‬ ‫و‬ ‫المخزنة‬ ‫البضاعة‬ ‫بتقليل‬ ‫العائد‬ ‫لتحسين‬ ‫تهدف‬ ‫استراتيجية‬(‫الجود‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫للمنجات‬‫ة‬)
Responsibility for Quality : ‫الجودة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫المسئولية‬
Each team member must check his work. PM has the ultimate responsibility
for quality. ‫الجودة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫النهائي‬ ‫المسئول‬ ‫هو‬ ‫المشروع‬ ‫فمدير‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫ومع‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫من‬ ‫التأكد‬ ‫عليهم‬ ‫الفريق‬ ‫افراد‬
Poor Quality Impact: ‫الجودة‬ ‫ضعف‬ ‫على‬ ‫المترتبة‬ ‫اآلثار‬
Rework - delay - increased cost - low customer satisfaction - low morale -
increased risk.
‫العمل‬ ‫اعادة‬–‫التأخر‬–‫التكاليف‬ ‫زيادة‬–‫يقل‬ ‫العميل‬ ‫رضا‬–‫المعنوية‬ ‫الروح‬ ‫ضعف‬–‫المخاطر‬ ‫زيادة‬

01. Plan Quality (Planning)
ElSaadany
Q u a l i t y M a n a g e m e n t
8.1 Plan Quality
Inputs :
 Project Management Plan ■ Stakeholder Register
 Risk Register ■ Requirements Documentation
 Organizational Process Assets ■ Enterprise Environmental Factors
Tools and Techniques :
 Cost-Benefit Analysis ■ Cost of Quality
 Seven Basic Quality Tools ■ Benchmarking
 Design of Experiments ■ Statistical sampling
 Additional Quality Planning Tools ■ Meetings
Outputs :
 Quality Management Plan ■ Process Improvement Plan
 Quality Metrics ■ Quality Checklists
 Project Documents Update

ElSaadany
Cost Benefit Analysis:
• Compares the cost of the quality step to the expected benefit.
• Examples of benefits: less rework, higher productivity, lower costs,
increased stakeholder satisfaction, and increased profitability.
Cost of Quality: ‫الجودة‬ ‫تكلفة‬
Cost of Conformance
Money spent during the project to avoid failure
Cost of Nonconformance
Money spent during and after the project because of failures
Prevention
•Training
•Equipment
•Document processes
•Time to do it right
Internal Failure
(Found by the project)
•Rework
•Scrap
Appraisals
•Testing
•Destructive testing loss
•Inspections
External Failure
(Found by the customer)
•Liabilities
•Warranty work
•Lost business
TT
TT

ElSaadany
Seven Basic Quality Tools (7QC Tools):
1. Cause & Effect Diagram
Also known as Fishbone or Ishikawa
2. Flowcharts
Also known as Process Maps
3. Checksheets
Also known as Tally Sheets
May be used as a checklist
4. Pareto Diagrams
Used to identify the vital few sources (80/20)
5. Histogram
Describe the statistical distribution shape
6. Control Charts
Will be illustrated later
7. Scatter Diagrams
Also known as Correlation Charts
Used to trace the relation between two variables (X,Y)
TT

ElSaadany
Notes for Control Chart:
• Control Limits: represents organization quality standards
• Specification Limits: represents customer requirements and will be outside
control limits
• Out of Control: outside of control limits or non-random data points
• Rule of Seven: series seven points in one side
Benchmarking: ‫القياس‬
• Comparing projects with past projects to identify best practices
Design of Experiments: ‫تجارب‬ ‫تصميم‬
• Statistical method allows you to change important factors at once to identify
the best combination that has lower impact on the project.
Statistical Sampling : ‫االحصائية‬ ‫العينات‬
• Choosing a sample from population with a planned frequency and size.
TT
TT
TT

ElSaadany
Additional Tools : ‫أخرى‬ ‫أدوات‬
This includes meetings, brainstorming, nominal group, affinity diagrams,
PDPC, matrices, diagrams, .., etc. (will be illustrated later in QA process)
Quality Management Plan : ‫الجودة‬ ‫ادارة‬ ‫خطة‬
Part of PM plan that describes how organization’s quality policies will be
implemented. It may includes the following:
• Quality standards
• Meetings to be held addressing quality
• Who will manage quality, when, what their duties will be
• Metrics will be used
• Quality reports
• What deliverables will be measured and when
O

ElSaadany
Process Improvement Plan : ‫خطة‬‫تحسين‬‫العملية‬
Part of PM plan that analyze processes to identify
activities which enhance their value. It helps increase
efficiency, customer satisfaction, and prevent problems.
Quality Metrics : ‫الجودة‬ ‫قياسات‬
• Specify project or product attributes, how will be measured, and tolerance.
• Ex: Defect frequency, failure rate, cost control, on-time performance.
Checklist : ‫مرجعية‬ ‫قوائم‬
• Used to verify that a set of items has been performed
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02. Perform Quality Assurance (Executing)
ElSaadany
8.2 Perform Quality Assurance
Inputs :
 Quality Management Plan
 Process Improvement Plan
 Quality Metrics
 Quality Control Measurements
 Project Documents
 Quality Management and Control Tools
 Quality Audits
 Process Analysis
Outputs :
 Change Requests
 Project Management Plan Updates
 Project Documents Updates
 Organizational Process Assets Updates

ElSaadany
Objective :
• Are we using the standard ?
• Can we improve the standard ?
Quality Management and Control Tools :
In addition to Plan/Control Quality tools & techniques.
Other tools include:
• Affinity Diagram
(Described in 5.1)
• Process Decision Program Charts (PDPC)
Used to understand the relation between the goal and
the steps to get the goal. It aids team to expect
intermediate steps
TT

ElSaadany
Follow # <Quality Management and Control Tools >
• Interrelationships Digraphs
A digraph or directed graph is a set of nodes connected
It aids solving problems with intertwined logical relations
It may be developed from data generated in other tools
like tree diagram or fishbone diagram.
• Tree diagrams
Also known as systematic diagrams
Used to decompose a high level goal
Ex: WBS, RBS, OBS
• Prioritization Matrix
Used to rank the alternatives for key issues

ElSaadany
Follow # <Quality Management and Control Tools >
• Network Diagrams
See (Sequence Activities)
• Matrix Diagrams
It shows the relationships between factors
Quality Audit : ‫الجودة‬ ‫تدقيق‬
• Check complying with policies & standards
• Determine efficiency of policies & standards
• Audit can be done by internal or external auditors
Process Analysis : ‫العملية‬ ‫تحليل‬
• It examines problems, constraints, and non-value-added activities identified
during process operation.
TT
TT

03. Control Quality (M/C)
ElSaadany
8.3 Control Quality
Inputs :
 Project Management Plan ■ Quality Metrics
 Quality Checklists ■ Work Performance Data
 Approved Change Requests ■ Deliverables
 Project Documents ■ Organizational Process Assets
 Seven Basic Quality Tools ■ Statistical sampling
 Inspection ■ Approved Change Requests Reviews
Outputs :
 Quality Control Measurements ■ Validated Changes
 Verified Deliverables ■ Work Performance Information
 Change Requests ■ Project Management Plan Updates
 Project Documents Updates ■ Org. Process Assets Updates

ElSaadany
Definitions:
Prevention: Keep errors out of the process
Inspection: Keep errors out of customer hands
Attribute Sampling: Result either conform or not conform
Variable Sampling: Result is rated to express the degree of nonconformity
Tolerance: Specified range of acceptable results
Control limits: Thresholds, indicate whether process is out of control
Mean: Average ( Sum / Count
Median: Middle number after sort (if even, average of two middle numbers)
Mode : Most frequently occurring value in a distribution

ElSaadany
Follow # < Definitions >
Mutually Exclusive: Two events cannot occur at the same time
Ex: Tossing a coin can result in either heads or tails, but not both
Statistically Independent: The occurrence of one event does not affect the
probability of the other
Ex: The event of getting a 6 the first time a die is rolled and the event of getting
a 6 the second time are independent
Standard Deviation: How far you are from the mean (not Median)
Area under Normal Distribution curve will be:
1σ = 68.26 % 2σ = 95.46 %
3σ = 99.73 % 6σ = 99.99985 %

ElSaadany
Inspection:
• Examination to the product to determine if it conforms to documented
standards or to validate defect repairs. Also called reviews, audits, or
walkthroughs.
• Conducted at any level (ex: single activity or final product)
Note:
Plan Quality : Look forward in time
Assure Quality : Look back in time at project standards
Control Quality : Look back in time at project records
TT

PMP Preparation - 08 Quality Management

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