The pleura consists of two layers - the parietal pleura which lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm, and the visceral pleura which covers the lungs. Between these two layers is a potential space called the pleural cavity, which contains pleural fluid that lubricates the pleural surfaces and allows the lungs to slide smoothly against the chest wall during respiration. The pleura has several recesses that allow for full expansion of the lungs during deep inspiration.
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli.
Pleural cavity is lined by single layer of flat cells, “mesothelium” and an associated layer of supporting connective tissue; together they form pleura.
parietal pleura :pleura associated with the walls of a pleural cavity
visceral pleura :pleura, which adheres to and covers the lung: reflects from the medial wall and onto the surface of the lung
Two pleural cavities are situated on either side of the mediastinum
During development, the lungs grow out of the mediastinum, becoming surrounded by the pleural cavities. As a result, the outer surface of each organ is covered by pleura
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli.
Pleural cavity is lined by single layer of flat cells, “mesothelium” and an associated layer of supporting connective tissue; together they form pleura.
parietal pleura :pleura associated with the walls of a pleural cavity
visceral pleura :pleura, which adheres to and covers the lung: reflects from the medial wall and onto the surface of the lung
Two pleural cavities are situated on either side of the mediastinum
During development, the lungs grow out of the mediastinum, becoming surrounded by the pleural cavities. As a result, the outer surface of each organ is covered by pleura
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
3. Pleura
Each lung is enclosed in a serous pleural sac
Serous membrane lined by flattened epithelium
(mesothelium)
Outer layer- Parietal pleura
Inner layer- Visceral pleura (Pulmonary pleura)
Pleural cavity: potential space in between two
layers
consists of serous pleural fluid, which lubricate
pleural surfaces
4.
5.
6. visceral pleura
• Pulmonary pleura
• Adherent to all surfaces including those in fissures
• Except the root or hilum of the lung
• Visceral pleura is continuous with parietal pleura at
the hilum of the lung
7.
8.
9.
10. Parietal pleura
• Outer layer of the pleura
• Lines the corresponding half of the thoracic wall,
mediastinum and diaphragm
• It is divided into four parts
11. • Cervical pleura: lies over the apex of the lungs
• Costal pleura: covers the internal surface of
the thoracic wall
• Mediastinal pleura: covers the lateral aspect
of the mediastinum
• Diaphragmatic pleura: lies on the thoracic
surface of the diaphragm
12.
13. Cervical pleura
• Dome of pleura,
• Covers the apex of the lungs
• Ascends from inner border of first rib to the
apex of the lung
• And then passes downwards on to the
mediastinal surface to become continuous
with mediastinal pleura
14. • Extends 3 -4 cm above the first costal cartilage
• 2.5 cm above the sternal end of the clavicle
• Cervical pleura is covered externally by supra pleural
membrane [ sibson fascia]
• Attaches to the internal border of first rib below and
transverse process of 7th cervical vertebra above
• Relation
15. • Relation
Anterior
Subclavian artery and scalenus anterior muscle.
Posterior
Neck of 1st rib and structures passing in front of it.
Lateral
Sclenus medius muscle
Medially
Great vessels of the neck
16. Costal pleura
• Lines the inner surface of the thoracic wall
(consisting of ribs, costal cartilage and
intercostal muscles )
• Separated from the above structures by
endothoracic fascia
17.
18. Mediastinal pleura
• Covers the mediastinal surface of the lung.
• At the root of the lung it continous with viseral
pleura.
• Pulmonary ligament is downward continuation
of the parietal pleura and has two layer.
19.
20.
21. Diaphragmatic pleura
• Covers the superior surface of the diaphragm
• A thin elastic layer of endothoracic fascia
connects diaphragmatic pleura with muscular
part of diaphragm
22.
23.
24. Pleural receses
• Lungs do not occupy the pulmonary cavities
completely during expiration
• These gaps are the pleural recesses
25. Costodiaphragmatic recess
• Cleft like potential space between lower limit
of pleural sac and lower border of the
corresponding lung
• It makes a provision to allow the expansion of
the lung in full inspiration
• Most dependent part of pleural sac
26.
27.
28.
29. Costomediastinal recess
• Between anterior border of the lung and
costomediastinal reflection of the pleura
• Left recess is larger because of cardiac notch
30. Nerve supply
• Costal and peripheral part of diaphragmatic
pleurae- intercostal nerves
• Mediastinal and central part of the
diaphragmatic pleurae- phrenic nerve
• Visceral pleura by autonomic nerve fibres
(through anterior and posterior pulmonary
plexuses)
33. Pleurisy / pleuritis
• Commonly caused by tuberculosis.
• Inflammation of pleura- dry and wet
• Makes lung surfaces rough
• Pleural rub/ friction
34. Pneumothorax
• Accumulation of air in the pleural cavity
• Penetrating wounds Eg: bullet wound
• Tear of pleura by fractured rib
35.
36.
37. • Haemothorax
– Blood in the pleural cavity
• Hydropneumothorax
– Fluid with air in the pleural cavity
• Pleural effusion
–Escape of fluid into pleural cavity
