This document provides information about natural hazards such as earthquakes and volcanoes. It discusses the different types of plate boundaries including divergent, convergent and transform boundaries. It describes associated landforms such as fold mountains, rift valleys, block mountains and volcanoes. The document explains different types of volcanoes including shield volcanoes and composite volcanoes. It discusses volcanic eruptions and distribution of volcanoes along the Pacific Ring of Fire. The risks of living near volcanoes are outlined, as well as some benefits. Earthquakes are also described, including factors that influence damage and preparedness measures.
This document discusses key evidence for plate tectonics including matching fossils, rocks, and climate patterns found in different parts of the world. It describes plate boundaries like divergent boundaries where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges, and convergent boundaries where plates collide including ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, and continent-continent collisions. It also discusses mantle plumes and hotspot volcanism. The key takeaways are that convection currents in the mantle drive plate motions, there are three main types of plate boundaries with different associated features and hazards, and hotspots represent fixed mantle plumes unrelated to boundaries.
Plate Tectonic is a theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates which move slowly over the underlying mantle.
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. It describes how early scientists like Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea based on matching coastlines and fossil evidence. Later, developments in technology like sonar and sea floor drilling provided further evidence of seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, supporting the modern theory of plate tectonics. The earth's crust is broken into plates that move relative to each other at different boundary types, including divergent boundaries where new crust is created and convergent boundaries where plates collide.
The document summarizes key concepts of plate tectonic theory. It explains that the lithosphere is made up of rigid tectonic plates that float on the asthenosphere and move at rates of 1-16 cm/year. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate tectonics generates phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building and affects climate by moving continents and oceans over geologic time.
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over time. It explains that plate tectonics built upon Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. There are nine major tectonic plates and three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries which create mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries which cause subduction and mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other like the San Andreas Fault. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle provide the driving force for plate movements.
The document discusses plate tectonics and the movement of tectonic plates. It describes how the theory of plate tectonics emerged over centuries through contributions from scientists like DaVinci, Hutton, Darwin, and Wegener. It explains key aspects of plate tectonics including seafloor spreading, plate boundaries, and the types of plate interactions that create different landforms. It also addresses how plate tectonics drives earthquakes and volcanic activity through the motions and collisions of lithospheric plates.
The document summarizes plate tectonics, providing details on:
1) The structure of the Earth's core and mantle, and how convection currents cause plate movements.
2) Evidence for plate tectonics including seafloor spreading and magnetic reversals in ocean crust.
3) The three types of plate boundaries and associated geological features like ocean trenches and volcanic activity.
This document discusses plate tectonics and its relationship to earthquakes and volcanoes. It describes Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift which proposed that the Earth's landmasses were once joined together before breaking apart. It explains that plate tectonics involves the movement of massive tectonic plates across the Earth's surface due to convection currents in the mantle. Where the plates meet, they can cause earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains as they push together or pull apart. The interior structure of the Earth is also described, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.
This document discusses key evidence for plate tectonics including matching fossils, rocks, and climate patterns found in different parts of the world. It describes plate boundaries like divergent boundaries where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges, and convergent boundaries where plates collide including ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, and continent-continent collisions. It also discusses mantle plumes and hotspot volcanism. The key takeaways are that convection currents in the mantle drive plate motions, there are three main types of plate boundaries with different associated features and hazards, and hotspots represent fixed mantle plumes unrelated to boundaries.
Plate Tectonic is a theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates which move slowly over the underlying mantle.
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. It describes how early scientists like Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea based on matching coastlines and fossil evidence. Later, developments in technology like sonar and sea floor drilling provided further evidence of seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, supporting the modern theory of plate tectonics. The earth's crust is broken into plates that move relative to each other at different boundary types, including divergent boundaries where new crust is created and convergent boundaries where plates collide.
The document summarizes key concepts of plate tectonic theory. It explains that the lithosphere is made up of rigid tectonic plates that float on the asthenosphere and move at rates of 1-16 cm/year. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate tectonics generates phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building and affects climate by moving continents and oceans over geologic time.
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over time. It explains that plate tectonics built upon Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. There are nine major tectonic plates and three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries which create mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries which cause subduction and mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other like the San Andreas Fault. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle provide the driving force for plate movements.
The document discusses plate tectonics and the movement of tectonic plates. It describes how the theory of plate tectonics emerged over centuries through contributions from scientists like DaVinci, Hutton, Darwin, and Wegener. It explains key aspects of plate tectonics including seafloor spreading, plate boundaries, and the types of plate interactions that create different landforms. It also addresses how plate tectonics drives earthquakes and volcanic activity through the motions and collisions of lithospheric plates.
The document summarizes plate tectonics, providing details on:
1) The structure of the Earth's core and mantle, and how convection currents cause plate movements.
2) Evidence for plate tectonics including seafloor spreading and magnetic reversals in ocean crust.
3) The three types of plate boundaries and associated geological features like ocean trenches and volcanic activity.
This document discusses plate tectonics and its relationship to earthquakes and volcanoes. It describes Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift which proposed that the Earth's landmasses were once joined together before breaking apart. It explains that plate tectonics involves the movement of massive tectonic plates across the Earth's surface due to convection currents in the mantle. Where the plates meet, they can cause earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains as they push together or pull apart. The interior structure of the Earth is also described, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.
The document discusses Earth's structure and plate tectonics. It describes how Earth formed layers with different densities, including the inner and outer core, mantle, crust, and lithosphere. The lithosphere is made up of tectonic plates that move over time. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they push together, and transform where they scrape past each other. Plate tectonics explains how continents have changed positions over billions of years and continue to move today.
This document discusses plate tectonics and the structure of the Earth. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into huge plates that drift atop the mantle. It describes the three layers of the Earth - the crust, mantle, and core. It discusses how the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart due to plate tectonics. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other.
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics, including what plates are made of, how they move at boundaries, and the evidence that supports plate tectonics. The lithosphere comprises the crust and rigid upper mantle, floating on the asthenosphere. Plates move at boundaries in three types - divergent, convergent, and transform - which are associated with volcanoes, earthquakes, and other surface phenomena. Evidence like matching continents, widespread fossil distributions, and matching rock formations support plate tectonics and the past connection of continents.
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
This document provides information about natural hazards such as earthquakes and volcanoes. It discusses the different types of plate boundaries including divergent, convergent and transform boundaries. It describes associated landforms such as fold mountains, rift valleys, block mountains and volcanoes. The document explains different types of volcanoes including shield volcanoes and composite volcanoes. It discusses volcanic eruptions and distribution of volcanoes along the Pacific Ring of Fire. The risks of living near volcanoes are outlined, as well as some benefits. Earthquakes are also described, including factors that influence damage. Overall, the document presents an overview of tectonic hazards and the geology associated with plate tectonics.
Wegener first proposed continental drift in the early 20th century, suggesting that continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. While evidence like matching coastlines and fossil distributions supported drift, Wegener could not explain the forces driving plate motions. In the 1960s, the new theory of plate tectonics emerged, proposing that Earth's outer layer is broken into rigid plates that move over the mantle. At plate boundaries, plates diverge, converge, or slide past each other, creating geological features like mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones. Paleomagnetic and seafloor spreading evidence confirmed plate tectonics, and mantle convection is now understood to be the primary driver of
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed the idea of continental drift in 1915, noting that continents seem to fit together. Over decades, further evidence was collected from matching fossil records, mountain ranges, and coastline shapes between separated continents. In the 1960s, the theory of plate tectonics emerged to explain these observations, proposing that the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over Earth's asthenosphere. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where new crust forms, convergent where plates collide, and transform where plates slide past each other.
This document provides information about plate tectonics and is designed to meet South Carolina science standards. It discusses the layers of the Earth, tectonic plates and their movement, and the three types of plate boundaries - convergent where plates collide, divergent where they separate, and transform where they slide past each other. Specific examples are given for each boundary type, including discussions of sea floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones creating volcanoes and trenches, and the San Andreas Fault as a transform boundary.
Unit 1 - Inside the Earth and Plate Tectonics (2017/2018)Josh Macha
1) Earth is unique in our solar system for having liquid water, oxygen in its atmosphere, and supporting life.
2) Earth has three main compositional zones - a crust, mantle, and core. As depth increases, pressure, density, and temperature all rise.
3) Plate tectonics theory explains how large tectonic plates slowly move and interact at plate boundaries, causing geologic events like volcanoes and earthquakes. There are three main types of plate boundaries.
Rigid Earth Theory. Plasticity. Isostacy. Alfred Wegener and Continental Drift. Wegener's lines of evidence. Harry Hess and more evidence. Power source = convection currents in the mantle. Theory of Plate Tectonics. Plate boundaries: Divergent (spreading centers), Convergent (subduction zones), Lateral (transform faults). Three types of subduction zones. Hot spots. Accreted Terranes. Cratons. Continental Shields. Topography. (maps for lab)
Volcanoes are formed from hot spots within the Earth's crust and mantle that allow hot liquid rock to break through weak spots on the surface. Earthquakes are caused by motion within the solid Earth and provide evidence about its interior structure. The Earth's surface is made up of tectonic plates that move over time, as evidenced by matching rock and fossil formations on separated continents and patterns in seafloor ages and magnetism. Plate boundaries include convergent boundaries where plates move toward each other, divergent boundaries where they move apart, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other.
The document provides an introduction to plate tectonics and earthquakes. It discusses key concepts such as the structure of the lithosphere and asthenosphere, the three main types of plate boundaries (divergent, convergent, and transform), and examples of each. It also covers earthquake locations in relation to plate boundaries and types of faulting.
The document discusses plate tectonics and the structure and movement of tectonic plates. It explains that the Earth's outer layer is made up of large rigid plates that move relative to each other, and this movement causes geological phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building. It also describes different plate boundary types including divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other.
This document provides an introduction to the theory of plate tectonics. It discusses the internal structure of the Earth and how the crust is made up of different types of plates. It then explains Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1915 and describes the major tectonic plates. Various lines of evidence that support plate tectonics are mentioned, such as the fit of continental shelves, matching rock units and mountain ranges, and similar fossil distributions. The importance of understanding plate tectonics to explain landforms and predict natural hazards is also noted. Finally, the different types of plate boundaries are outlined, including where earthquakes and volcanoes are most common.
The document discusses the composition and structure of the Earth's interior based on seismic data and studies of meteorites and mantle rocks. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The Earth is composed of an iron-nickel core surrounded by a silicate mantle and crust. The density increases towards the center.
2) The continental crust averages 30 km thick and has a composition ranging from granodiorite to diorite. The oceanic crust is 6-7 km thick and composed of three layers: an upper volcanic layer, a middle intrusive gabbro layer, and a lower ultramafic layer.
3) The mantle extends from the Moho to the core-mantle boundary. Se
The document discusses the causes and types of earthquakes. It begins by noting that records of earthquakes date back thousands of years in some areas. It then explains that earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates deep below the earth's surface. The major types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries where new crust forms, convergent boundaries where plates collide and crust is destroyed, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. Specific examples like the Mariana Trench and San Andreas Fault are also described.
Plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanism final(3)1Grace Espago
The document discusses plate tectonics theory and the evidence that supports it. Plate tectonics theory proposes that the Earth's outer layer is made up of rigid plates that move over the asthenosphere below. Plates move by separating at mid-ocean ridges and colliding in other areas. When plates collide, one plate generally subducts under the other. The theory is supported by paleomagnetism data, the distribution of earthquakes along plate boundaries, the ages of seafloor sediments, and hotspot tracks.
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer layer is made of plates that move over Earth's rocky inner layer. In the early 1900s, Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift which later developed into the modern theory of plate tectonics. Pangaea, a supercontinent, broke apart starting 200 million years ago and the continents have continued moving apart on separate plates to their current positions. Plate boundaries include divergent boundaries where new crust forms, convergent boundaries where crust is consumed through subduction, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. The Mariana Plate forms the basement of the Mariana Islands and separates from the Philippine Sea Plate along a divergent boundary, while the Philippine
The document summarizes key concepts about tectonic plates and continental drift. It describes how tectonic plates consist of rigid continental and oceanic crust that moves due to convection currents in the underlying mantle. It outlines Alfred Wegener's early 20th century proposal of continental drift, which provided evidence that continents were once joined together before drifting apart. It also summarizes the three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where they slide past one another.
The document provides information about natural hazards associated with tectonic plate movement, including earthquakes and volcanoes. It discusses the different types of plate boundaries (divergent, convergent, transform) and the landforms created by each, such as rift valleys, fold mountains, and volcanoes. Convergent boundaries are described in more detail, outlining the processes and features of oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, and continental-continental convergence. Hazards of living in areas with active tectonics are also summarized, such as destruction from volcanic eruptions, tsunamis triggered by earthquakes, and landslides.
2016 Pure Geog Chapter 1 living with tectonic hazards completecritter33
This document provides an overview of natural hazards caused by tectonic plate movement, including earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It discusses the different types of plate boundaries (divergent, convergent, transform) and the associated landforms, such as mid-ocean ridges, trenches, fold mountains and volcanoes. Specific examples like the San Andreas Fault and Himalayas are also mentioned. The text explores the structure of the Earth's interior and explains concepts such as continental drift theory and the movement of tectonic plates.
The document discusses Earth's structure and plate tectonics. It describes how Earth formed layers with different densities, including the inner and outer core, mantle, crust, and lithosphere. The lithosphere is made up of tectonic plates that move over time. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they push together, and transform where they scrape past each other. Plate tectonics explains how continents have changed positions over billions of years and continue to move today.
This document discusses plate tectonics and the structure of the Earth. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into huge plates that drift atop the mantle. It describes the three layers of the Earth - the crust, mantle, and core. It discusses how the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart due to plate tectonics. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other.
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics, including what plates are made of, how they move at boundaries, and the evidence that supports plate tectonics. The lithosphere comprises the crust and rigid upper mantle, floating on the asthenosphere. Plates move at boundaries in three types - divergent, convergent, and transform - which are associated with volcanoes, earthquakes, and other surface phenomena. Evidence like matching continents, widespread fossil distributions, and matching rock formations support plate tectonics and the past connection of continents.
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
This document provides information about natural hazards such as earthquakes and volcanoes. It discusses the different types of plate boundaries including divergent, convergent and transform boundaries. It describes associated landforms such as fold mountains, rift valleys, block mountains and volcanoes. The document explains different types of volcanoes including shield volcanoes and composite volcanoes. It discusses volcanic eruptions and distribution of volcanoes along the Pacific Ring of Fire. The risks of living near volcanoes are outlined, as well as some benefits. Earthquakes are also described, including factors that influence damage. Overall, the document presents an overview of tectonic hazards and the geology associated with plate tectonics.
Wegener first proposed continental drift in the early 20th century, suggesting that continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. While evidence like matching coastlines and fossil distributions supported drift, Wegener could not explain the forces driving plate motions. In the 1960s, the new theory of plate tectonics emerged, proposing that Earth's outer layer is broken into rigid plates that move over the mantle. At plate boundaries, plates diverge, converge, or slide past each other, creating geological features like mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones. Paleomagnetic and seafloor spreading evidence confirmed plate tectonics, and mantle convection is now understood to be the primary driver of
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed the idea of continental drift in 1915, noting that continents seem to fit together. Over decades, further evidence was collected from matching fossil records, mountain ranges, and coastline shapes between separated continents. In the 1960s, the theory of plate tectonics emerged to explain these observations, proposing that the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over Earth's asthenosphere. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where new crust forms, convergent where plates collide, and transform where plates slide past each other.
This document provides information about plate tectonics and is designed to meet South Carolina science standards. It discusses the layers of the Earth, tectonic plates and their movement, and the three types of plate boundaries - convergent where plates collide, divergent where they separate, and transform where they slide past each other. Specific examples are given for each boundary type, including discussions of sea floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones creating volcanoes and trenches, and the San Andreas Fault as a transform boundary.
Unit 1 - Inside the Earth and Plate Tectonics (2017/2018)Josh Macha
1) Earth is unique in our solar system for having liquid water, oxygen in its atmosphere, and supporting life.
2) Earth has three main compositional zones - a crust, mantle, and core. As depth increases, pressure, density, and temperature all rise.
3) Plate tectonics theory explains how large tectonic plates slowly move and interact at plate boundaries, causing geologic events like volcanoes and earthquakes. There are three main types of plate boundaries.
Rigid Earth Theory. Plasticity. Isostacy. Alfred Wegener and Continental Drift. Wegener's lines of evidence. Harry Hess and more evidence. Power source = convection currents in the mantle. Theory of Plate Tectonics. Plate boundaries: Divergent (spreading centers), Convergent (subduction zones), Lateral (transform faults). Three types of subduction zones. Hot spots. Accreted Terranes. Cratons. Continental Shields. Topography. (maps for lab)
Volcanoes are formed from hot spots within the Earth's crust and mantle that allow hot liquid rock to break through weak spots on the surface. Earthquakes are caused by motion within the solid Earth and provide evidence about its interior structure. The Earth's surface is made up of tectonic plates that move over time, as evidenced by matching rock and fossil formations on separated continents and patterns in seafloor ages and magnetism. Plate boundaries include convergent boundaries where plates move toward each other, divergent boundaries where they move apart, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other.
The document provides an introduction to plate tectonics and earthquakes. It discusses key concepts such as the structure of the lithosphere and asthenosphere, the three main types of plate boundaries (divergent, convergent, and transform), and examples of each. It also covers earthquake locations in relation to plate boundaries and types of faulting.
The document discusses plate tectonics and the structure and movement of tectonic plates. It explains that the Earth's outer layer is made up of large rigid plates that move relative to each other, and this movement causes geological phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building. It also describes different plate boundary types including divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other.
This document provides an introduction to the theory of plate tectonics. It discusses the internal structure of the Earth and how the crust is made up of different types of plates. It then explains Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1915 and describes the major tectonic plates. Various lines of evidence that support plate tectonics are mentioned, such as the fit of continental shelves, matching rock units and mountain ranges, and similar fossil distributions. The importance of understanding plate tectonics to explain landforms and predict natural hazards is also noted. Finally, the different types of plate boundaries are outlined, including where earthquakes and volcanoes are most common.
The document discusses the composition and structure of the Earth's interior based on seismic data and studies of meteorites and mantle rocks. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The Earth is composed of an iron-nickel core surrounded by a silicate mantle and crust. The density increases towards the center.
2) The continental crust averages 30 km thick and has a composition ranging from granodiorite to diorite. The oceanic crust is 6-7 km thick and composed of three layers: an upper volcanic layer, a middle intrusive gabbro layer, and a lower ultramafic layer.
3) The mantle extends from the Moho to the core-mantle boundary. Se
The document discusses the causes and types of earthquakes. It begins by noting that records of earthquakes date back thousands of years in some areas. It then explains that earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates deep below the earth's surface. The major types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries where new crust forms, convergent boundaries where plates collide and crust is destroyed, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. Specific examples like the Mariana Trench and San Andreas Fault are also described.
Plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanism final(3)1Grace Espago
The document discusses plate tectonics theory and the evidence that supports it. Plate tectonics theory proposes that the Earth's outer layer is made up of rigid plates that move over the asthenosphere below. Plates move by separating at mid-ocean ridges and colliding in other areas. When plates collide, one plate generally subducts under the other. The theory is supported by paleomagnetism data, the distribution of earthquakes along plate boundaries, the ages of seafloor sediments, and hotspot tracks.
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer layer is made of plates that move over Earth's rocky inner layer. In the early 1900s, Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift which later developed into the modern theory of plate tectonics. Pangaea, a supercontinent, broke apart starting 200 million years ago and the continents have continued moving apart on separate plates to their current positions. Plate boundaries include divergent boundaries where new crust forms, convergent boundaries where crust is consumed through subduction, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. The Mariana Plate forms the basement of the Mariana Islands and separates from the Philippine Sea Plate along a divergent boundary, while the Philippine
The document summarizes key concepts about tectonic plates and continental drift. It describes how tectonic plates consist of rigid continental and oceanic crust that moves due to convection currents in the underlying mantle. It outlines Alfred Wegener's early 20th century proposal of continental drift, which provided evidence that continents were once joined together before drifting apart. It also summarizes the three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where they slide past one another.
The document provides information about natural hazards associated with tectonic plate movement, including earthquakes and volcanoes. It discusses the different types of plate boundaries (divergent, convergent, transform) and the landforms created by each, such as rift valleys, fold mountains, and volcanoes. Convergent boundaries are described in more detail, outlining the processes and features of oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, and continental-continental convergence. Hazards of living in areas with active tectonics are also summarized, such as destruction from volcanic eruptions, tsunamis triggered by earthquakes, and landslides.
2016 Pure Geog Chapter 1 living with tectonic hazards completecritter33
This document provides an overview of natural hazards caused by tectonic plate movement, including earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It discusses the different types of plate boundaries (divergent, convergent, transform) and the associated landforms, such as mid-ocean ridges, trenches, fold mountains and volcanoes. Specific examples like the San Andreas Fault and Himalayas are also mentioned. The text explores the structure of the Earth's interior and explains concepts such as continental drift theory and the movement of tectonic plates.
This document provides information about natural hazards caused by tectonic plate movement. It discusses different types of plate boundaries like divergent, convergent and transform boundaries. Key landforms associated with these boundaries are described, such as fold mountains, rift valleys, block mountains, and volcanoes. Specific examples like the Himalayas and Mount Pinatubo are given. The document also explains concepts of tectonic plates, continental drift theory, and the different types of volcanoes.
Chapter 1 living with tectonic hazards completecritter33
This document provides an overview of natural hazards caused by tectonic plate movements, including earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis. It discusses the structure of the Earth and concepts of plate tectonics such as continental drift and the three types of plate boundaries. Specific landforms associated with each boundary type are described, including fold mountains, rift valleys, and volcanoes. The document also covers volcanic eruptions and the risks of living near volcanoes or in earthquake zones.
This document discusses natural hazards caused by tectonic and climate-related events. It provides details on the internal structure of the Earth, including the crust and mantle. It then focuses on plate tectonics, explaining the three main types of plate boundaries and associated landforms. Specific examples are given for each plate boundary type. The document also addresses causes of earthquakes and their impacts, as well as types and characteristics of volcanoes.
There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates pull apart and new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates push together resulting in subduction and volcanic activity, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another along transform faults. Each boundary has distinct features like mid-ocean ridges, deep trenches, and fracture zones. Plate tectonics can be seen in examples around the world from the Himalayas to the Aleutian Islands.
Chapter 1 living with tectonic hazards tr copyivisdude82
This document discusses tectonic plates and hazards. It begins by defining a natural hazard and describing the internal structure of the Earth. Tectonic plates consist of oceanic and continental crust and move due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform. Divergent boundaries form mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries result in ocean trenches, volcanic islands, and mountain ranges, and transform boundaries cause earthquakes along strike-slip faults. Specific examples of each boundary type are highlighted, such as sea-floor spreading at oceanic divergent boundaries and the Himalayas forming from the Indian and Eurasian plate collision.
The document discusses tectonic plates and natural hazards. It defines a natural hazard as a natural event that threatens lives and property. It describes tectonic hazards as caused by movements in the Earth's crust, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The document outlines the internal structure of the Earth and explains that tectonic plates consist of sections of the Earth's crust and upper mantle that move in relation to each other. There are different types of plate boundaries where plates diverge, converge or move past each other, resulting in geologic features like mid-ocean ridges, trenches and mountain ranges.
This document provides information about natural hazards caused by tectonic plate movements. It discusses the three main types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they move past each other. At divergent boundaries, mid-ocean ridges and volcanic islands form through sea floor spreading. Rift valleys and block mountains form when continents split apart. At convergent boundaries, denser plates subduct under lighter ones, creating ocean trenches, volcanic island arcs, and fold mountains through compression. Transform boundaries cause earthquakes along tear faults as plates grind past each other.
1. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates move together, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another.
2. At divergent boundaries, new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges. This results in features like rift valleys on land and undersea volcanoes at sea. Convergent boundaries result in ocean trenches from subducting plates and volcanic island arcs. Continental collisions yield fold mountains from compressed crust.
3. Key landforms and phenomena associated with plate tectonics include mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys and block mountains, ocean trenches, volcanic island arcs, and fold mountains. Earthquakes also
This document discusses elements of seismology and earthquake engineering. It covers topics such as causes of earthquakes including plate tectonic theory, elastic rebound theory, types of seismic waves, measurement of earthquakes through seismographs, magnitude and intensity scales, and characteristics of strong ground motion. Key concepts are the different types of plate boundaries that can cause earthquakes, as well as the different types of seismic waves like P, S, love, and rayleigh waves that radiate from earthquake sources.
The document discusses the risks and benefits of living near volcanic areas. It describes some key risks such as destruction from volcanic materials, landslides, pollution and effects on weather. It also outlines some benefits including fertile volcanic soil which supports agriculture, building materials and precious minerals, tourism attractions, and geothermal energy. While there are benefits, the document argues that there are more risks compared to benefits of living in volcanic areas, given the threats posed by potential eruptions. Proper management is needed to mitigate the risks and leverage the resources volcanoes provide.
Tectonic plates move due to convection currents in the mantle and slab pull forces. There are different types of plate boundaries including divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. These boundaries result in different landforms through geological processes. Divergent boundaries form rift valleys and volcanoes, convergent boundaries form fold mountains, volcanoes and trenches, and transform boundaries cause earthquakes. Natural hazards occur near plate boundaries like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis.
The document summarizes key concepts about plate tectonics and associated geological phenomena. It describes how the Earth's surface is made up of plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they collide, and transform where they slide past each other. Earthquakes and volcanoes occur in areas with active plate movement, such as along mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones. Major effects of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions include loss of life, property damage, and environmental impacts.
The document summarizes key concepts about plate tectonics and associated geological phenomena. It describes how the Earth's surface is made up of plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they collide, and transform where they slide past each other. Earthquakes and volcanoes occur in areas with active plate movement, such as along mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones. Major effects of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions include loss of life, property damage, and environmental impacts.
This document contains notes for an 'O' level Geography exam. It includes sections on physical geography such as plate tectonics, volcanoes, earthquakes, weather and climate. It also covers human geography topics like tourism, industries and development. The notes provide definitions, explanations and examples for various concepts in the syllabus. Version notes at the top indicate that the author is regularly updating and improving the content.
The document summarizes key information about plate tectonics and associated geological phenomena:
1) The Earth's surface is composed of shifting tectonic plates that move a few centimeters per year, interacting along plate boundaries where they diverge, converge, or slide past each other.
2) Plate interactions cause volcanic eruptions at divergent boundaries and earthquakes at transform boundaries, while convergent boundaries result in earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain-building.
3) Most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur along plate boundaries, with different eruption types depending on the volcano shape and composition of ejected material.
The document summarizes key information about plate tectonics and associated geological phenomena:
1) The Earth's surface is composed of shifting tectonic plates that move a few centimeters per year, interacting along plate boundaries where they diverge, converge, or slide past each other.
2) Plate interactions cause volcanic eruptions at divergent boundaries and earthquakes at transform boundaries, while convergent boundaries result in earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain-building.
3) Most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur along plate boundaries, with different eruption types depending on the volcano shape and composition of ejected material.
Fold mountains form along convergent plate boundaries where rock layers are compressed and fold upwards. Major fold mountains include the Rocky Mountains, Himalayas, and Alps. Rift valleys form along divergent boundaries as the plates pull apart, causing the land between them to drop down. Block mountains occur when sections of crust are pulled apart, leaving blocks behind with steep sides. Volcanoes form at divergent and convergent boundaries, with magma building shield volcanoes with gentle slopes or composite volcanoes with layered eruptions. Earthquakes occur along fault lines as tectonic plates slip past each other, potentially causing damage over large areas through shaking, tsunamis, fires, landslides and infrastructure disruption.
The document discusses the structure and composition of the Earth. It describes the lithosphere as the solid, outer part of the planet made of rock. It then explains the three main layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, and core. Seismic waves from earthquakes reveal the different composition and state of these layers. The document also discusses plate tectonics and how the movements of plates cause different landforms and geological features at plate boundaries through processes like folding and faulting. Major faults in the Philippines are also outlined, along with earthquake preparedness.
This document provides instructions for creating mind maps. It discusses the benefits of mind maps for organizing thoughts and information logically. A 7-step process is outlined for making mind maps, including using colors, images, and curved branches to connect key ideas. Sample mind maps are shown mapping out fruits by color and taste, and mapping out a student's family members. Students are then assigned to make their own mind maps summarizing the SSB Summer Camp and their own family.
This document discusses how and where people live. It describes the evolution of human society from hunter-gatherer societies to modern agrarian and industrial societies. It also examines factors influencing population growth and migration to urban areas. Hunter-gatherer societies were nomadic and lived in small groups, while agrarian societies engaged in farming and trade. Now, over half the world lives in urban areas due to push factors like lack of opportunities in rural places and pull factors like jobs and amenities in cities. Population growth is impacted by birth rates, death rates, and migration between rural and urban areas.
Using Google Maps Street View, students will virtually navigate from their school to four different locations - Ang Mo Kio Hub, Bishan Junction 8, Nanyang Polytechnic, and ITE College Central. While exploring the routes, students should look closely at buildings, people, shops and note anything unusual. After visiting all four locations, students must complete a questionnaire at a Survey Monkey link to finish their e-learning activity.
This document provides an overview and study guide for the CBSS MYE Exam on Humanities (Social Studies, Geography) focusing on living with tectonic hazards. It outlines the exam format, key topics to be covered, including different types of plate boundaries and volcanoes, as well as common question types. Students are advised to focus on accurately drawing and labeling diagrams of landforms and volcanoes, explaining examples of impacts from earthquakes and natural disasters, and practicing how to structure responses to open-ended agreement questions. The document emphasizes labeling, definitions, examples, and concludes by wishing students the best and encouraging further revision.
This document provides an overview and study guide for the CBSS MYE Social Studies exam on tectonic hazards. It outlines the exam format, including three sections totaling 50 marks. The exam will cover the entire Unit 1 on living with tectonic hazards. Key areas of focus include drawing and labeling diagrams of six types of tectonic plate boundaries and volcanoes. Students should also be prepared to explain the impacts of earthquakes and natural disasters, and describe the distribution of landforms. The document advises students on the core question types and provides tips for labeling, explaining with diagrams and examples, and responding to open-ended questions. It encourages students to start revising now in preparation for the exam.
This document provides information about key concepts in geography related to interpreting topographical maps, including grid references, bearings, scale and distance, keys and legends. It explains how to determine 4-digit and 6-digit grid references to identify specific locations on a map. It also describes how to measure bearings and convert distances on a map to real-world distances using map scales. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding symbols and legends in interpreting different features on a topographical map.
This document outlines the requirements for a school assignment on respect and inclusion in neighborhoods. It requires students to conduct 3 interviews, take 3 photos of inclusive community places, and write a news report on neighborhood upgrading. Students must insert their interview responses, photos, and news article into the provided sections and submit their completed assignment by April 14, 2017.
The document provides information about earthquakes, volcanoes, and climate change:
- Earthquakes and volcanoes are commonly found along plate boundaries, especially the Pacific Ring of Fire, where plates are converging or diverging. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo posed risks like ashfall, lava flows, and mudslides.
- Climate change is causing rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and changes in disease patterns. Rising seas threaten coastal and island nations, while higher temperatures allow some crops to be grown in new areas but hurt production of other crops.
- The earthquake in Sumatra formed due to subduction along the boundary between the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. Though felt
The document is a geography exam paper containing multiple choice and structured questions about various topics including volcanoes, earthquakes, climate, global warming, malnutrition, and genetically modified crops. For question 1 part A, students are asked to describe the global distribution of volcanoes with reference to a figure, and explain how volcanoes can threaten nearby communities with examples. For part B, students must explain with a labeled diagram the landforms formed by the movement of the African and Somolian tectonic plates. The paper contains similar structured questions analyzing figures, data, and passages for other topics.
The document discusses a learning experience where the author observed a geography lesson and had discussions with the Head of Department and geography unit at AMKSS. The geography unit is small but impactful, with every member willing to contribute and support each other. Students were also utilized as a teaching resource during the lesson.
The document discusses how average Singaporean families are not energy efficient. It notes that families consume more energy than the national average. The document suggests tips for reducing energy consumption such as using more energy efficient appliances and implementing energy saving methods like switching off lights when not in use. However, it acknowledges there are also barriers that prevent families from saving more energy.
This document outlines the requirements and timeline for a secondary school geography project on energy. It involves individual reports, group presentations, and has the following key points:
- Students are divided into groups of 4-6 to research and present on an energy topic.
- The individual report is worth 25 marks and requires students to analyze their household energy consumption, identify top energy using appliances, suggest reduction methods, and conduct an interview.
- Groups will compile the individual reports and create a PowerPoint presentation to present their findings over several weeks in Term 4.
- Presentation slides are due in Term 4 Week 1 and presentations will be given through Term 4 Week 3 if needed. Scoring rubrics are provided to
There are two main categories of factors that can cause water shortages: demand factors and supply factors. Demand factors that lead to increased water usage include population growth, as more people need water, and affluence, as wealthier populations consume more water through their lifestyles. Supply factors that affect water availability include seasonal rainfall patterns, which can cause dry seasons in some areas, as well as climate change impacts like changing rain intensities and timing. Water pollution also reduces total water supply by contaminating sources so they can no longer be used by humans.
Water shortage is a serious global problem that impacts populations in several ways. Over 1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water, especially in less developed countries where 1 in 5 people do not have reliable access. Water shortage can result from irregular supply, drought, and high agricultural usage. It leads to domestic water rationing, reduced agricultural yields and food shortages. It also increases industrial costs and prices when fresh water becomes more scarce and expensive. Countries sharing river sources can experience political conflicts over water access and dam construction that disrupts downstream supply.
There are two main categories of factors that can cause water shortages: demand factors and supply factors. Demand factors that lead to increased water usage include population growth, as more people need water, and affluence, as wealthier populations consume more water through their lifestyles. Supply factors that affect water availability include seasonal rainfall patterns, which can cause dry seasons in some areas, as well as climate change impacts like changing rain intensities and timing. Water pollution also reduces total water supply by contaminating sources so they can no longer be used by humans.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 2 of the textbook, including:
1) The difference between weather and climate, and the main elements that characterize weather (temperature, relative humidity, clouds, rainfall, pressure and winds).
2) Factors that influence temperature variations between locations, such as latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, and cloud cover.
3) Different types of localized and regional wind systems, including land/sea breezes and monsoon winds. The Southwest and Northeast monsoons that affect areas like India and Australia are discussed.
4) An introduction to the main climatic types and their locations, focusing on the equatorial climate near the Equator with high
Chapter 3 health and diseases content slides part 3critter33
Degenerative diseases like heart disease, cancer, and strokes cause more deaths in developed countries compared to developing countries, where infectious diseases are a larger problem. Degenerative diseases are linked to lifestyle and longevity, while infectious diseases spread more easily in developing countries due to poverty, poor diet, and limited healthcare. The document considers whether increased longevity from better medical care in developed countries paradoxically leads to more degenerative and infectious diseases over time.
The document provides information about global water distribution and sources. It states that 71% of the Earth's surface is covered in water, most of which is salt water in oceans. Only 2.8% of the Earth's water is fresh water. The main sources of fresh water globally are groundwater stored underground, ice caps and glaciers, rivers, and lakes. Many countries currently face water shortages due to limited access to fresh water sources.
The document discusses water supply and shortage. It begins by introducing the hydrological cycle, in which water continuously circulates between the earth's surface and atmosphere in solid, liquid, and gas forms. It then outlines the main uses of fresh water for industry, domestic use, and agriculture. The document defines water shortage as occurring when water usage exceeds the available supply. It explores factors like population growth, agriculture, and industry that can contribute to water shortage in different locations. Finally, it discusses Singapore's strategies to avoid facing water shortage challenges.
Flipped classroom sharing 8 june 2016 amk seccritter33
This document describes how a teacher flipped their classroom. It discusses:
1. Providing instructional content as pre-learning through videos and presentations for students to access online or through hardcopies.
2. Devoting class time to completing work, reversing the traditional approach of instruction in class and homework at home.
3. The benefits experienced including having more time for learning, timely intervention, and being able to cover more content in less time.
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
1. Chapter 1: Living with Tectonic
Hazards
Part 1: Hazards of the world
Copy when you see the star
2. What is a Natural Hazard
•Earthquakes
•Volcano eruption
•Tsunami
3. Earthquake
• Is it possible for Singapore to experience an
earthquake?
• When tremors occur near fault lines, energy is
moved along the crust in waves.
• Such energy when sufficiently strong will
travel long distances.
• Over distance, the energy will reduce.
• If there is a massive earthquake in Indonesia,
we will feel it in Singapore.
4. What the Japanese are trained to do.
• Take a look at the next video.
• Pay attention to the specific action that the
Japanese people do in the event of an
earthquake in the following locations.
– Home
– When driving
– At the shops
• You will have to answer the worksheet after
watching the video so pay attention.
5. Let’s now attempt the exercise
• You have 10 minutes to
answer the questions on the
handout.
• Good luck!
6. What is the structure of the Earth?
•Core
•Mantle
•Crust Read up on Pg 7
in your textbook
7. Tectonic Plate
• The crust of the earth.
• Two general types
–Continental plate
• Less Dense, heavier
–Oceanic plate
• Denser, lighter
8. Continental Drift
• Theory that crustal plates are constantly
moving
• Convectional currents move in the mantle due
to the variations of temperature.
• Warmer magma near the core rises, pushing
the crust above to the sides before sinking
down upon losing the temperature.
10. Evidence of Continental Drift Theory
• The changing shape of earth’s land
mass over earth’s history shows that
the plates are moving.
• The current location of the
continents on earth will continue to
change.
12. SRP Work
• Watch the following video on Colliding
Continents
• Answer the questions in the SRP handout /
complete the groupwork
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCSJNBM
OjJs
• 50 mins National Geographic video
15. Divergent plates
Oceanic – Oceanic divergence
• Area where two oceanic plates move
away from each other
• Magma moves up to the surface and
cools to form new oceanic crust
• Mid-Atlantic Ridge
• Possible to find underwater
volcanoes at such locations.
17. Continental – Continental divergence
• Area where two continental plates move away
from each other
• Magma moves up to the surface and cools,
forming new land.
• Often fractures form at the plate boundary,
forming a linear depression (rift valley)
• Great African Rift Valley
18. Exercise Time
• What do you think is needed to answer this
question?
– “ With the aid of diagram (s), explain the different
types of divergent plate boundaries that you have
learnt. Give specific examples.”
– Use Foolscap paper, complete your diagrams and
short explanations with examples.
– Diagrams in pencil please.
20. Plate movements
• If there are plate boundaries that are
diverging, at the end of that plate, there
will be convergence.
• 3 common types of convergent
boundaries
–Oceanic vs Oceanic plate
–Oceanic vs Continental plate
–Continental vs Continental plate
21. Reasons for convergence
• Plates converge due to continental drift.
• As the plates are pushed apart, they crash into
one another.
• Generally, the denser plate will subduct (sink)
below the less dense plate.
• The plate that is riding above will buckle (fold)
and massive landforms will occur.
22. Oceanic Crusts
• Beneath deep oceans
• Between 5km and 8km
• Consists of basalt
• Very dense and heavy
• Made of young rock (200 million years ago)
23. Continental Crust
• Beneath the earth’s land masses
• Between 30-60 km
• Consists of lighter rock, like granite
• Wide range of rock ages, from recent to over 4
billion year old.
24. Oceanic-oceanic plate boundaries
• When two oceanic plates converge
• Denser plate subducts under the less dense
plate
• Area where it subducts is called the
subduction zone
• A depression in the sea floor occurs at the
subduction zone and is called a deep sea
trench. (The Mariana Trench)
• Volcanic islands can also be formed at such
boundaries
26. Oceanic-Continental plate convergence
• When an oceanic plate converges with a
continental plate.
• The dense oceanic plate is forced down into
the mantle.
• A deep sea trench is often formed at the
subduction zone. (Japanese deep sea trench)
• The continental plate folds and forms fold
mountains and volcanoes
• The Japanese Islands were a result of such
convergence.
28. Continental-Continental plate convergence
• When two equally dense continental plates
converge.
• There will still be a subduction occurring for
one of the plates. However there is a large
amount of friction built-up before it occurs.
• The strong force generated also causes
folding.
• At such plate boundaries, large mountain
ranges tend to form. (Himalaya)
30. Transform boundary
• Occurs when plates slide past one
another horizontally.
• Huge energy released when friction is
overcome
• Large massive earthquakes experienced
• San Andreas Fault (California)
31.
32.
33. Exercise time
• Take a look at the handout (exercise 2).
• Using the information you have learnt so far,
answer the question to the best of your
abilities.
• Good luck
34. Review Comparison Table
Plate boundary type Associated landforms Example
Divergent
Oceanic-Oceanic Deep sea ridge Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Divergent
Continental-Continental Rift Valley Great African Rift Valley
Convergent
Oceanic-Oceanic Deep Sea Trench, Volcanoes,
Volcanic Islands
Mariana Trench, Mariana
Islands, Pacific plate and the
Philippine plate
Convergent
Oceanic-Continental Deep Sea Trench, subduction
zone, Volcanoes, Fold
mountains
Sunda Trench, Barisan
mountains, Australian plate and
the Eurasian plate
Convergent
Continental-Continental Deep sea trench, subduction
zone, fold mountains
Himalayas, Eurasian plate and
the Indian plate
37. Fold Mountains
• The rock layers on the crust are
constantly exposed to pressure
• When they are compressed, they
fold, forming fold mountains.
• To upfold is called the anticline and
downfold is called the syncline.
38. Fold Mountains
• The major ranges are along
convergent plate boundaries
• The rocky mountains
• Himalayas
• Swiss Alps
• Pg 22
40. Rift Valleys
• Near divergent plate boundaries, plates pull
apart, causing land displacement.
• The downward displacement forms rift
valleys.
• Found commonly along divergent boundaries
• Also called Graben
• East African Rift Valley
43. Block Mountains
• When sections of the crust are pulled
apart by tensional force, some parts are
ripped off.
• The downward displaced areas are the
rift valleys
• The blocks left behind form block
mountains with steep sides.
• Also called Horst
46. Volcanoes
• Landform formed by magma ejected from the
mantle.
• Magma builds up in the earth’s crust to form a
magma chamber.
• With repeated layering of ejected magma, the
volcano grows in height
• Found a divergent and convergent plate
boundaries where there is subduction.
47. • Vents are openings in the earth’s surface
with a pipe leading into the magma
chamber
• When magma is ejected onto the
surface, it is called lava. There is no
change in composition.
• Vulcanicity refers to the upward
movement of magma in the crust and
onto the surface.
48.
49. Let’s take a short Brain Break
• Take a look at the
video on Mt St
Helens in America
• Half the volcano
was blown off in the
eruption
50. Viscosity
• The stickiness of the lava
• The resistance of the lava to flowing
• High viscosity flows slowly
• Low viscosity flows quickly
• Viscosity of the lava determines the
volcano’s shape
53. Shield Volcanoes
• Gentle sloping sides and a broad
summit
• Low-silica lava (low viscosity) present
• Lava flow is fast, spreading out
quickly
• Subsequent layering leads to wide
base with low overall height.
• Mount Washington in America
55. Stratovolcano
• Developed from successive eruptions.
• Ash and lava (coarse fragment) accumulate over
time.
• Layers of ash are locked in by subsequent layers of
lava.
• Tall volcanoes with concave bases formed.
• Secondary cones may develop as magma from the
vent seeps into the sides of the cone and erupts.
• Pyroclastic flow common
– Hot rock fragments and superheated gases.
• Mount Pinatubo, Philippines
57. Distribution of volcanoes
• Pacific Ring of Fire is the most active volcanic
activity occurs
• Many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
occur along the ring of fire
• Ring is along several converging plates (Pacific,
Nazca, Philippines, Australian and Eurasian
plates)
• Volcanoes can also form where plates diverge.
• Pg 29
60. Active Volcano
• Constant volcanic activity
• Currently undergoing eruption or
are expected to erupt in the
future.
• Mt Pinatubo, Philippines; Mt St
Helens, America.
61. Dormant Volcano
• Currently inactive but may erupt
in the near future
• Prolonged period of no volcanic
activity
• Inner magma chamber still hot
and active
• Mt Fuji, Japan
62. Extinct Volcano
• Volcanoes without current seismic
activity
• No geological evidence of eruption in
the past thousands of years.
• Almost no risk of eruption.
• Lake Toba, Indonesia
63. Risks of living near volcanic areas
1.Destruction by volcanic
materials
2.Landslides
3.Pollution
4.Effects on weather
64. Destruction by volcanic materials
• Lava, rock fragments, volcanic bombs (ejected
molten lava blobs)
• Extreme temperatures of projectiles and lava
flow, destroying and killing.
• Inhaling hot gases and ash can also lead to
injury and death.
• With pyroclastic flow, speeds above 80km/hr
can be achieved, making it impossible to
escape.
66. Landslides
• Collapse of a volcanic cone during eruption.
• Downward displacement of previous slide of
volcano.
• Causes large scale damage to infrastructure
and loss of life.
• Settlements near the volcano may get wiped
out totally.
68. Pollution
• Ash particles and gases released disrupt
human activities over long distances.
• Some gases (Carbon monoxide, Sulphur
dioxide, etc) are harmful to humans
• Fine ash particles captured in the air endanger
planes and cause large monetary loss due to
grounding of flights.
70. Effects on weather
• Sulphur dioxide reacts with water vapour in
the atmosphere.
• The particles reflect the sun’s energy back into
space.
• This leads to a cooling of surface temperatures
on earth.
• Fall in global temperature might affect plant
and animal life.
71. Let’s attempt an exercise on what we
have covered.
• 15 - 20 minutes,
• Complete all the questions in
Foolscap / space provided
• Good luck
72. Earthquakes
• Caused by sudden release of stored
energy due to movements of crustal
plates.
• Occurs along faultlines as pressure builds
up stress and when the plates slip,
earthquakes are formed.
73. Key Earthquake Terms
• Seismic waves – energy that is released
by earthquakes.
• Focus – the point in the crustal plate
where the seismic energy originates.
• Epicentre – point above the Focus on
earth’s surface. Most of the energy
released travels along the surface of the
earth.
74. • Aftershocks
–subsequent smaller earthquakes that follow
after a major earthquake.
–Could continue to occur months after the
initial earthquake.
–Some aftershocks might be as powerful as
the original earthquake.
75. Depth of Focus
• The depth of focus affects the
impact felt on the surface.
• 2 key types
1. Deep-focus earthquakes
2. Shallow-focus earthquakes
76. Depth of focus
• Deep-focus earthquake
–70 to 700km below surface
–Smaller impact on land
–Most of seismic waves lose their
energy as they reach the surface.
77. Depth of focus
• Shallow-focus earthquake
–70km and above in the crust
–Greater impact on land
–Seismic waves reach surface
quickly and with more energy.
78. Measurement of earthquakes
• Richter scale (Pg31 in textbook)
9?? Destruction impacts thousands of kilometers of land
79. Factors affecting earthquake damage
• Population Density
• Level of Preparedness
• Distance from epicentre
• Time of occurance
• Soil type
80. Population density
– High population density affects more people
– Tendency for high-rise buildings increases damage
– Higher literacy rate in cities mean higher chance
of better preparedness.
• Higher chance of survival
• Better evacuation plans, trained rescue workers.
81. Level of preparedness
• Proper public training and social
awareness leads to less panic
• Repeated practice of emergency
exercise leads to familiarity of action
• Emergency preparedness kits raise
possibility of survival
83. Distance from the epicentre
• Seismic energy weakens as the
distance increases from the
epicentre.
• Locations further away from the
epicentre suffer less from the
earthquake.
84. Time of occurance
• Time of earthquake determines what
people are doing and whether they are
able to react.
• At night, people are asleep. There is less
time to react.
• In the day, survivors of an earthquake are
able to avoid subsequent accidents.
85. Type of soil
• Loose and unconsolidated (not packed
tightly) soil move more in times of an
earthquake.
• Impact on the buildings on the surface is
greater. Damage is often worse.
• Liquefaction – loose soil flowing like
water.
• Danger of landslides after earthquakes
cause more harm.
86. Earthquake zones
• Tendency for earthquakes to occur
along crustal plate margins.
• Tendency for earthquakes to be
caused when subduction along
destructive plates or slipping of
transform plates
88. Hazards of living in earthquake zones
• Tsunamis
• Disruption of services
• Fire
• Landslides
• Loss of lives
• Loss of property
89. Tsunamis
• Tsunami – an unusually large sea wave
• Formed by sudden movement of sea floor
• Possible causes
– Earthquakes at subduction zones
– Explosive underwater volcano eruption
– Underwater landslide
– Large coastal landslides
90. Tsunamis
• As the displaced water moves, it gathers
strength and size.
• When it hits the coast, large destruction is
resulted.
91. Disruption of services
• Loss of electricity, gas and water leads to
loss of essential services.
• Broken pipelines also raise the risk of
explosions.
• Roads and railway destruction make it
harder to send aid.
92. Fire
• Earthquakes at timings where meals are
prepared raise risk of fires.
• Gas pipes and electric cables that are
broken lead to fire risk.
• Urban areas are densely populated,
hence larger fire risk.
93. Landslides
• Shaking of earthquakes loosen soil.
• Along slopes and hills, original vegetation
may no longer be able to hold soil.
• Landslides and mudflows cause large
damage.
• Heavy rainfall after earthquakes raise the
risk of landslides.
94. Destruction of property and
Loss of lives
• Earthquakes destroy homes and buildings that
are not earthquake proof.
• Large amount of money needs to be spent to
rebuild the property.
• Urban areas with more infrastructure (roads,
subways) cause even more money to repair.
96. 4 key benefits of living near volcanoes
• Fertile soil
• Precious stones and minerals, building
materials
• Tourism
• Geothermal energy
97. Fertile Soil
• Lava and ash breakdown to form fertile
volcanic soils
• The richest soils on earth, highly
favourable for agriculture
• Hawaii and Bali
98.
99.
100. Precious stones and building materials
• Volcanic rocks can be rich in precious stones
and minerals.
• After the top layers of volcanic rocks are
eroded, these can be extracted.
• The volcanic rocks at Kimberley, South Africa,
are the richest source of diamonds globally.
• Other useful materials like sulphur can be
collected from volcanic rocks. Sulphur is used
to refine sugar and make matches and
fertilisers.
101.
102. Tourism
• Volcanic areas have dramatic landscapes.
• Scenery attracts tourists for hiking and
camping.
• Volcanic areas are rich in history and attract
visitors too.
• The ruins of Pompeii, Italy. The black beaches
in Bali
103.
104. Geothermal Energy
• When groundwater comes in contact with the
hot rocks underground, it heats up and
escapes as steam.
• This can be harnessed to produce Geothermal
Energy.
• Large turbines are used to complete this
process.
• Iceland uses Geothermal energy to power
over 70% of their homes.
105.
106. Part 5 : Responses to
Earthquakes
‘O’ Level only
107. Why do people live in such places?
• Favorable living conditions
–Fertile soil conditions for
agriculture.
• No alternative location to live in.
–Case of no choice
108. Review Question
• Turn to pg 47 of your textbook.
• Using that map, let’s answer the questions in
the handout.
110. Fatalistic approach
• People who accept earthquakes as
unavoidable.
• Tend to resist evacuation in the face of an
earthquake.
• Common for communities in less
developed countries with limited access
to other places.
• People who live near Mt Pinatubo.
111. Acceptance approach
• People who accept the risk of living in
earthquake-prone areas due to the
benefits of living in that area.
• Benefit outweigh the costs of moving
away.
• Mostly accepted by the developed
countries.
• People of Christchurch.
112. Adaptation approach
• People who successfully live in
earthquake-prone areas as they are well
prepared.
• Use of earthquake monitoring devices,
risk assessment, technology to increase
earthquake resistance.
• Costly approach but able to save many
lives and property.
• People in Taiwan and Japan.
Watch video on youtube (news report on Sgp experiencing tremors April 2012) click on lightning to open link.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Eb8xYbF_Po
Video on Japanese emergency action training http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IaedDlN5dfo
Watch once, then at kids request restart at techniques (around 3 min mark) before giving exercise.
Draw Continental Drift Theory Diagram.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryrXAGY1dmE
1m 14 sec vid on continental drift
Draw oceanic divergent plate diagram
Draw diagram of continental –continental divergence
Video on Oceanic vs Continental plate, buckling, forming mountains and Tsunami occuring prior to reset.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ep2_axAA9Mw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LgZThrw9DM
Watch from 7.00 to 8.00 to see deformed diagram and misguided truth about Japanese Trench.
Click on picture to show 3 min vid on San Andreas Fault (National Geographic)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZxPTLmg0ZCw
Watch also the next clip on the damage to roads to LA after 94 quake click on Agent P
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcoHJHo8d6k
Final additional clip of a classroom destroyed during a quake
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FW-TkpvKPl0
Refer to Unit 1 Ex 2 (map of plate boundaries and Qn on possible phenomena at 3 such boundaries).
Click on picture to watch 2 min vid on top 10 active volcanoes in the world
Watch 6min vid on Mt St Helen eruption 1980s.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-H_HZVY1tT4
Honey – high viscosity
Water – low viscosity
Watch video on Mt Pinatubo eruption Human impact
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQzGjGKdGvQ (4 min)
Or
Watch video on Pacific ring of fire (10 mins)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YqSJDNi7Qzw
Watch 2.25 min video footage of the plaster cast people of Pompei
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8P352045O-o
Highlight that these people were instantly turned into plaster casts by the pyroclastic flow.
Watch video on the landslide after Mt St Helen’s eruption
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UK--hvgP2uY
2 min vid
Watch FOX news rpt on Iceland volcanic eruption grounding flights
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCWp1fGP_6M
3 mins
AlJazeera clip on Heathrow opening and passengers stranded in SGP flying back
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfcTMlP5UTA
Issue Ex 5 on the negative effects of living near a volcano
Watch view of destruction post earthquake in Christchurch
(2min)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opsiKirDfdE
News report on Christchurch massive quake (response by gvt)
(1:30 min)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBq1-qZWmhM
Watch NZ video on Earthquake Preparedness
(4min)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-a7T9Uf-JB4
Watch clip on tremors in SGP (who is our buffer?) Indonesia!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Eb8xYbF_Po
Watch video of damage of 7.2 Christchurch earthquake 2011. End of vid, ask students to think if it had happened in the middle of the night, what might the death toll be looking at the look of the damage in the video?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlykXk82BlY
(3min)
Watch short clip on liquefaction (45 secs)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qmVYbjiNWds
Alternate vid (forward to 50s) to watch the video of liquefaction.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwvvYxSZ7PI
Pic on left (vid) that shows 2004 Tsunami at Thailand
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntIwawAusDE
Pic on right (vid) of Bandar Aceh (initial earthquake and subsequent tsunami) 7 min. Worth watching!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ht_ZpSuJ6A4
Watch 3 min vid on Japanese earthquake
http://abcnews.go.com/Archives/video/jan-17-1995-earthquake-japan-9421417
#nightearthquake #fire #JapanEarthquake #destruction
Video of rice fields in Bali
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z83XgZzEOpY
Watch video on blood diamonds , negative effect of having diamonds in the ground
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0hCl_RXqoZk
Watch video on Geothermal energy production
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfUQy86ZMpQ