The document discusses plate tectonics and describes the key components:
- There are different types of tectonic plates that make up the lithosphere and move over Earth's mantle.
- Plates move through divergent boundaries where new seafloor is created, convergent boundaries where plates collide, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other.
- The movement of plates causes geological features like mid-ocean ridges, volcanic island arcs, and mountain ranges to form.
The Continental Drift Theory, The Seafloor Spreading Theory and The Plate Tectonics Theory are the three important theories taking place in our planet.
Plates and list of all major and minor plates in the worldTahsin Islam Ornee
The definition of plates, Earth's interior, Boundaries and the list of the major and minor plates are included in the presentation with images, videos and information.
The Continental Drift Theory, The Seafloor Spreading Theory and The Plate Tectonics Theory are the three important theories taking place in our planet.
Plates and list of all major and minor plates in the worldTahsin Islam Ornee
The definition of plates, Earth's interior, Boundaries and the list of the major and minor plates are included in the presentation with images, videos and information.
Major Features of Earth's Surface
Evolution of Surface Features
Major Features of Continental Surface
Major Features of Oceanic Surface
Surface Features of the globe.
Evaluation of the earth
This pdf covers theory of continental drift and plate tectonics.
Continental drift
Plate Tectonics
Mantle Convection
Convection currects
Types of Mantle convection
Drivers of the plate motion.
Bibliography_ Lutgens, Tarbuk and Tasa Publisher: Prentice Hall
CSEC Geography- Internal Forces - Plate Tectonics and EarthquakesOral Johnson
This document looks at the Earth's internal forces. The main layers of the earth are described. The history surrounding plate tectonics is discussed. The different types of plate boundaries is also explained.
Major Features of Earth's Surface
Evolution of Surface Features
Major Features of Continental Surface
Major Features of Oceanic Surface
Surface Features of the globe.
Evaluation of the earth
This pdf covers theory of continental drift and plate tectonics.
Continental drift
Plate Tectonics
Mantle Convection
Convection currects
Types of Mantle convection
Drivers of the plate motion.
Bibliography_ Lutgens, Tarbuk and Tasa Publisher: Prentice Hall
CSEC Geography- Internal Forces - Plate Tectonics and EarthquakesOral Johnson
This document looks at the Earth's internal forces. The main layers of the earth are described. The history surrounding plate tectonics is discussed. The different types of plate boundaries is also explained.
This is the entire CSEC geography syllabus (some things might be missing). The information was collected from various websites and textbooks. The topics are:
- Internal forces
-External forces
-Rivers
-Limestone
-Coasts
-Coral reefs and Mangroves
-Weather and Climate
- Ecosystems (vegetation and soils)
-Natural hazards
- Urbanization
-Economic activity
-Environmental degradation
Study of plate tectonics of the earth, or plate movement, Jahangir Alam
a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
b) History of Plate Tectonics
c) Breakup and Appearence of Pangea
WHAT IS A PLATE?
Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
THE DYNAMIC EARTH:
The earth is a dynamic planet, continuously changing both externally and internally. The earth’s surface is constantly being changed by endo-genetic processes resulting in volcanism and tectonism, and exogenetic processes such as erosion and deposition. These processes have been active throughout geological history. The processes that change the surface feature are normally very slow (erosion and deposition) except some catastrophic changes that occur instantaneously as in the case of volcanism or earthquakes. The interior of the earth is also in motion. Deeper inside the earth, the liquid core probably flows at a geologically rapid rate of a few tenths of mm/s. Several hypotheses attempted to explain the dynamism of the earth.
+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
Development of the plate tectonic theory.
Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
Seafloor Spreading
The first evidence that the lithospheric plates did move came with the discovery of variable magnetic field direction in rocks of differing ages.
This tacklesabout locating epicenter,3 typesof plate boundaries hotspot.
A ppt presentation for module 1 in 1st quarter in grade 10sciencein the Philippines.
Feel free tomessage mefor any corrections/suggestions forimprovement.
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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2. Theory of plate tectonics
Types of plates
Causes of plate motion
Importance of plate tectonics
3. Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis stated that the
continents had once been joined to form a single
supercontinent.
Wegener proposed that the supercontinent, Pangaea,
began to break apart 200 million years ago and form the
present landmasses.
4.
5.
6.
7. According to the plate tectonics theory, the uppermost
mantle, along with the overlying crust, behaves as a strong,
rigid layer. This layer is known as the lithosphere.
There are two types of lithosphere
Oceanic lithosphere
Continental lithosphere
8. Continental Crust
Thick (10-50 km)
Old (>200 m.y. and up to 3.5 b.y.)
Iron Poor (<1%) /
Silica Rich (>70%)
Less Dense (~ 2.5 g/cm3)
High Rising
(mostly above see level)
Formed at Convergent Plate
Boundaries
Oceanic Crust
– Thin (<10 km)
– Young (<200 my)
– Iron Rich (~5%) /
Silica Poor (~50%)
– Dense (s.g. ~3 x H2O)
– Low lying (5-11 km deep)
– Formed at Divergent Plate
Boundaries
9.
10.
11. Types of plate boundaries
Depending on the motion of the plate they are grouped
into 3 major types viz,
1. Divergent plate (constructive plate boundary)
2. Convergent plate ( destructive plate boundary)
3. Transform plate
12. Click here for a hyperlink to an animation of convection
Be sure to click the play button!
13. o Plates are moving away from each other
o Midocean ridges are created and new ocean
floor plates are created.
o The plate gives birth to new earth surface
hence it is also called as constructive plate
boundary.
o As new material comes on surface mostly in
sea and increases the sea floor hence it is
called as sea floor spreading.
14. • Oceanic ridges are continuous elevated zones on the floor of
all major ocean basins. The rifts at the crest of ridges represent
divergent plate boundaries.
• Rift valleys are deep faulted structures found along the axes of
divergent plate boundaries. They can develop on the seafloor or
on land.
16. The place where two plates move
apart or diverge is called a divergent
boundary.
17. This is a model of sea floor spreading at a divergent boundary called
a mid ocean ridge.
18. Did you know that the Earth’s longest mountain range is underwater and
is called the mid-ocean ridge?
: www.ocean.udel.edu
The Mid-Ocean Ridge system, shown above snaking its way
between the continents, is more than 56,000 kilometers (35,000 mi)
long. It circles the earth like the stitching on a baseball!
19. A subduction zone occurs when one oceanic plate is
forced down into the mantle beneath a second plate
Oceanic-Continental
• Denser oceanic slab sinks into the asthenosphere.
• Pockets of magma develop and rise.
• Continental volcanic arcs form in part by volcanic activity
caused by the subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath a
continent.
• Examples include the Andes, Cascades, and the Sierra
Nevadas.
20.
21. • Two oceanic slabs converge and one descends
beneath the other.
Oceanic-Oceanic
• This kind of boundary often forms volcanoes on the
ocean floor.
• Volcanic island arcs form as volcanoes emerge
from the sea.
• Examples include the Aleutian, Mariana, and
Tonga islands.
22.
23. • When subducting plates contain continental
material, two continents collide.
Continental-Continental
• This kind of boundary can produce new mountain
ranges, such as the Himalayas.
26. At a transform fault boundary, plates grind past
each other without destroying the lithosphere.
Transform faults
• Most join two segments of a mid-ocean ridge.
• At the time of formation, they roughly parallel the
direction of plate movement.
• They aid the movement of oceanic crustal material.
27.
28. A transform boundary is a place where two plates slip
past each other, moving in opposite directions.
29. The plates may move in opposite directions
or in the same directions but at different rates
and frequent earthquakes are created
(example: San Andreas Fault)