Plate Tectonics
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The document discusses plate tectonics and provides details on: 1) The structure of the Earth including the crust, mantle, and core. 2) Evidence that supports plate tectonics such as matching rock formations and fossils between separated continents and magnetic stripes in rock. 3) How plate tectonics causes earthquakes at plate boundaries and the formation of mountains when plates collide.
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3.4Plates converge or scrape past each other
There are three types of convergent plate boundaries: continental-continental, oceanic-oceanic, and oceanic-continental. At continental-continental boundaries, the two plates are the same density so the crust folds and crumples, sometimes forming mountains. For oceanic-oceanic boundaries, one oceanic plate subducts under the other due to being older, colder and denser, melting in the asthenosphere. This can create deep ocean trenches and island arcs. At oceanic-continental boundaries, the oceanic plate subducts under the continental plate, also forming trenches and coastal mountains.
The Rock Cycle
Sedimentary rocks are formed from bits of earth that settle in bodies of water and are compressed over time into layers. Igneous rocks form from cooled magma underground or above ground from volcanoes. Metamorphic rocks were once sedimentary or igneous rocks that were changed by heat and pressure. The document discusses the formation and types of these three main rock categories.
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Plate tectonics involves the movement of tectonic plates. When plates meet, they can push together causing folding and mountain building, or one plate can subduct under another forming deep ocean trenches. The friction from plates moving against each other causes volcanoes and earthquakes. Evidence for plate tectonics includes matching coastlines, specific fossil and rock distributions, and lines of volcanoes along plate boundaries like the mid-Atlantic ridge.
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Volcanoes form when cracks develop in tectonic plates, allowing magma from the mantle to rise up and harden on the surface. Volcanic eruptions occur when rock in the mantle melts due to high temperatures and pressure, rises through the crust, and releases gases, heat, and rock at the surface. The largest volcano is Mauna Loa in Hawaii, which is 56,000 feet tall. There are approximately 500 active volcanoes known worldwide, though many more exist underwater. Volcanic eruptions can negatively impact human health through air pollution and increase global temperatures by releasing gases into the atmosphere.
Rocks and Minerals
There are three main types of rocks: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Sedimentary rocks form from the compression of sediments over time, metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing igneous or sedimentary rocks through heat and pressure, and igneous rocks form either underground from cooling magma or above ground from volcanic eruptions of magma. Each rock type can be further broken down into various sub-categories. Rocks have been used by humans for many purposes throughout history.
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There are three main types of rocks: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Sedimentary rocks form from the compression of sediments over time, metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing igneous or sedimentary rocks through heat and pressure, and igneous rocks form either underground from cooling magma or above ground from volcanic eruptions of magma. Each rock type can be further broken down into various sub-categories. Rocks have been used by humans for many purposes throughout history.
4. Formation of Earth Notes
4.6 billion years ago, gas and dust in the solar system began clumping together through accretion to form asteroids and eventually Earth. As Earth's core formed due to the sinking of heavier elements, collisions and friction generated heat. Water was delivered to Earth via bombardments from asteroids and comets over time. A collision with a proto-planet called Theia added mass to Earth and ejected material that formed the Moon, giving Earth its tilt. As Earth cooled, its atmosphere, oceans, and solidified molten crust formed, with tectonic plates beginning to shift due to mantle convection heated by Earth's core.
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3.4Plates converge or scrape past each other
There are three types of convergent plate boundaries: continental-continental, oceanic-oceanic, and oceanic-continental. At continental-continental boundaries, the two plates are the same density so the crust folds and crumples, sometimes forming mountains. For oceanic-oceanic boundaries, one oceanic plate subducts under the other due to being older, colder and denser, melting in the asthenosphere. This can create deep ocean trenches and island arcs. At oceanic-continental boundaries, the oceanic plate subducts under the continental plate, also forming trenches and coastal mountains.
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Sedimentary rocks are formed from bits of earth that settle in bodies of water and are compressed over time into layers. Igneous rocks form from cooled magma underground or above ground from volcanoes. Metamorphic rocks were once sedimentary or igneous rocks that were changed by heat and pressure. The document discusses the formation and types of these three main rock categories.
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Plate tectonics involves the movement of tectonic plates. When plates meet, they can push together causing folding and mountain building, or one plate can subduct under another forming deep ocean trenches. The friction from plates moving against each other causes volcanoes and earthquakes. Evidence for plate tectonics includes matching coastlines, specific fossil and rock distributions, and lines of volcanoes along plate boundaries like the mid-Atlantic ridge.
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Volcanoes form when cracks develop in tectonic plates, allowing magma from the mantle to rise up and harden on the surface. Volcanic eruptions occur when rock in the mantle melts due to high temperatures and pressure, rises through the crust, and releases gases, heat, and rock at the surface. The largest volcano is Mauna Loa in Hawaii, which is 56,000 feet tall. There are approximately 500 active volcanoes known worldwide, though many more exist underwater. Volcanic eruptions can negatively impact human health through air pollution and increase global temperatures by releasing gases into the atmosphere.
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There are three main types of rocks: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Sedimentary rocks form from the compression of sediments over time, metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing igneous or sedimentary rocks through heat and pressure, and igneous rocks form either underground from cooling magma or above ground from volcanic eruptions of magma. Each rock type can be further broken down into various sub-categories. Rocks have been used by humans for many purposes throughout history.
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There are three main types of rocks: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Sedimentary rocks form from the compression of sediments over time, metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing igneous or sedimentary rocks through heat and pressure, and igneous rocks form either underground from cooling magma or above ground from volcanic eruptions of magma. Each rock type can be further broken down into various sub-categories. Rocks have been used by humans for many purposes throughout history.
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4.6 billion years ago, gas and dust in the solar system began clumping together through accretion to form asteroids and eventually Earth. As Earth's core formed due to the sinking of heavier elements, collisions and friction generated heat. Water was delivered to Earth via bombardments from asteroids and comets over time. A collision with a proto-planet called Theia added mass to Earth and ejected material that formed the Moon, giving Earth its tilt. As Earth cooled, its atmosphere, oceans, and solidified molten crust formed, with tectonic plates beginning to shift due to mantle convection heated by Earth's core.
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Plate tectonics
1) The Earth is composed of layers including a solid iron core, liquid outer core, and thin crust floating on the mantle.
2) Plate tectonics involves the movement of tectonic plates which are sections of the Earth's crust. As the plates move they cause earthquakes, create and spread ocean floors, and can cause collisions that form mountains.
3) Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in which he suggested that continents move across Earth's surface, an idea that was not widely accepted until additional evidence supported plate tectonics.
The sea floor
The Earth is made up of four ocean basins - Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic - which cover 71% of the planet. The ocean floor is composed of tectonic plates that are constantly shifting and spreading at mid-ocean ridges. As new crust is formed at ridges, old crust is destroyed through subduction at trenches. This process of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics explains continental drift over millions of years, from the single supercontinent Pangaea to the current configuration of lands and oceans.
The sea floor
The Earth is made up primarily of oceans that cover 71% of the planet. The oceans are divided into four major basins - Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic - as well as smaller connected seas. The structure of the Earth includes a dense iron core, swirling liquid outer core, mantle, and thin crust atop the mantle. There are differences between the oceanic crust, made of basalt, and continental crust, made of granite. Plate tectonics explains how the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move over time, causing continents to drift apart.
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Plate tectonics describes the large-scale motions of Earth's major tectonic plates. Evidence for plate tectonics includes matching rock formations and fossil patterns found on separated continents, as well as evidence of past climate changes in rock strata. The theory was confirmed in the 1960s with discoveries about seafloor spreading and paleomagnetism recording magnetic reversals in oceanic crust. Plate boundaries such as mid-ocean ridges and trenches demonstrate the movement of plates via convection currents in the mantle.
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This is the entire CSEC geography syllabus (some things might be missing). The information was collected from various websites and textbooks. The topics are:
- Internal forces
-External forces
-Rivers
-Limestone
-Coasts
-Coral reefs and Mangroves
-Weather and Climate
- Ecosystems (vegetation and soils)
-Natural hazards
- Urbanization
-Economic activity
-Environmental degradation
Plate Tectonics .pptx
The document summarizes key aspects of plate tectonics theory, including Earth's structure of a solid inner core, liquid outer core, rigid upper mantle and plates of lithosphere. Plates move due to convection currents in the asthenosphere, and interact at boundaries. There are three main boundary types - constructive where plates diverge and new crust forms, destructive where one plate subducts under another leading to volcanoes and mountains, and conservative where plates slide past each other along faults. Hotspots also cause volcanic chains independent of plate boundaries.
Plate Tectonics
For the Leaving Certificate Geography Syllabus (Ireland). Contains some past questions and other activities. Deals with Destructive, Transverse and Constructive Plate boundaries and the theories of Sea Floor Spreading and Continental Drift
Plate Tectonics
The document provides an overview of the structure and composition of the Earth's layers, including the crust, mantle, and core. It then discusses plate tectonics and evidence that supports the theory of continental drift, such as matching geological formations and fossil distributions between continents before they drifted apart. The development of the modern theory of plate tectonics to explain continental movement is also outlined.
Contenental drift theory by Anurag Yadav
The theory of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 attempted to explain how continents shift positions over geologic time. It suggested that continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. Wegener's theory was rejected by scientists at the time due to lack of evidence for what forces could move continents. It was not widely accepted until the 1960s when seafloor spreading was discovered, providing a mechanism to explain continental drift through plate tectonics.
Restless Earth 2 PowerPoint Presentation
The document discusses plate tectonics and the structure of the Earth. It describes the four main layers of the Earth - the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The crust is broken into plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries - constructive where plates move apart and new crust is formed, destructive where one plate is subducted under another, and conservative where plates slide past each other. Volcanoes and earthquakes often occur at plate boundaries as a result of this plate movement.
4.forceof change
The document summarizes how the internal structure of the Earth, including its core, mantle, and crust, drives forces like volcanoes and earthquakes. It then discusses how the movement of tectonic plates over millions of years has shaped the Earth's surface features, splitting supercontinents like Pangaea and forming mountain ranges. External forces like weathering, wind erosion, water erosion, and glacial activity also slowly change the Earth's landscape over long periods of time.
Plate Tectonics Earth
Volcanoes are formed from hot spots within the Earth's crust and mantle that allow hot liquid rock to break through weak spots on the surface. Earthquakes are caused by motion within the solid Earth and provide evidence about its interior structure. The Earth's surface is made up of tectonic plates that move over time, as evidenced by matching rock and fossil formations on separated continents and patterns in seafloor ages and magnetism. Plate boundaries include convergent boundaries where plates move toward each other, divergent boundaries where they move apart, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other.
Earth science. Plate Tectonics ppt
The document summarizes plate tectonics and the structure and dynamics of the Earth. It describes the four main layers of the Earth and explains that plate tectonics involves the constant motion of tectonic plates due to convection currents in the mantle. It provides evidence that supported the theory of continental drift and discusses how sea floor spreading and subduction at trenches cause the plates to move over time.
Plate Tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. It describes how early scientists like Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea based on matching coastlines and fossil evidence. Later, developments in technology like sonar and sea floor drilling provided further evidence of seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, supporting the modern theory of plate tectonics. The earth's crust is broken into plates that move relative to each other at different boundary types, including divergent boundaries where new crust is created and convergent boundaries where plates collide.
Plate tectonics theory
The document discusses continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1912, stating that continents were once joined together. Several lines of evidence supported this idea. Later, discoveries found seafloor spreading at ocean ridges. Harry Hess proposed plate tectonics theory in the 1960s, stating the outer Earth is broken into plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle. Plates interact at divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries, causing volcanic activity and earthquakes.
2013 updated plate tectonics new one use this one
The document summarizes plate tectonics and the development of the theory. It describes how early scientists like Wegener proposed continental drift but lacked evidence. Later, mapping of the ocean floor revealed patterns of magnetic stripes and rock ages indicating the seafloor spreads from mid-ocean ridges. This led scientists in the 1960s to develop the modern theory of plate tectonics, which proposes that Earth's crust is divided into plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle.
Plate tectonics
This slide show goes through the basics of plate tectonics, the layers of the Earth, and the different types of faults.
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CSEC Geography- Internal Forces - Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
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- 1. Plate Tectonics Junhel C. Dalanon, DMD, MAT SNSCLC – Minglanilla Minglanilla, Cebu, Philippines 6046
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