This document provides an overview of the course contents for BIO 304 Plant Structure and Physiology, including details on assessment, topics covered such as plant growth and structure, and objectives to understand how plant structure relates to function and the stages of plant growth and development. Examples are given of differentiated plant cell types and primary and secondary growth in plants, with diagrams illustrating topics like the role of the vascular cambium and the anatomy of a tree trunk.
Apical meristem, region of cells capable of division and growth in the root and shoot tips in plants. Apical meristems give rise to the primary plant body and are responsible for the extension of the roots and shoots. Unlike most animals, plants continue to grow throughout their entire life span because of the unlimited division of these and other meristems.
The 5 main groups of plant hormones
Auxin
Cytokinins
Ethylene
Abscisic Acid
Gibberellins
Brassica rapa, a model plant species for experimentation
Design and begin group GA experiments
Hormones can have effects on the cells that produce them and, after transport, at the target cells or tissues
Hormones can have inhibitory rather than stimulatory effects
5 main groups based on chemical structure
Hormones can have effects on the cells that produce them and, after transport, at the target cells or tissues
Hormones can have inhibitory rather than stimulatory effects
5 main groups based on chemical structure
Hormones can have effects on the cells that produce them and, after transport, at the target cells or tissues
Hormones can have inhibitory rather than stimulatory effects
5 main groups based on chemical structure
Apical meristem, region of cells capable of division and growth in the root and shoot tips in plants. Apical meristems give rise to the primary plant body and are responsible for the extension of the roots and shoots. Unlike most animals, plants continue to grow throughout their entire life span because of the unlimited division of these and other meristems.
The 5 main groups of plant hormones
Auxin
Cytokinins
Ethylene
Abscisic Acid
Gibberellins
Brassica rapa, a model plant species for experimentation
Design and begin group GA experiments
Hormones can have effects on the cells that produce them and, after transport, at the target cells or tissues
Hormones can have inhibitory rather than stimulatory effects
5 main groups based on chemical structure
Hormones can have effects on the cells that produce them and, after transport, at the target cells or tissues
Hormones can have inhibitory rather than stimulatory effects
5 main groups based on chemical structure
Hormones can have effects on the cells that produce them and, after transport, at the target cells or tissues
Hormones can have inhibitory rather than stimulatory effects
5 main groups based on chemical structure
There Are Occasions When Herbarium Botanists Find That It Is Difficult To Assign A Particular Species Or Genus To A Family.
General Affinities Are Suspected But There Is Insufficient Evidence For Them To Place A Taxon In A Particular Family.
Additional Anatomical Evidence May Be Of Help And There Are Many Times When Little Extra Helpful Information Comes From The Anatomy.
An edited version of Plant tissue previously posted. This presentation provide a good understand of plant tissues, types, and every necessary information concerning tissues in plant.
Transport of water\ water transport in plantsESHAASIF
Water is absorbed by the root hair cell by the process called, Osmosis.
Root hairs are made up of epidermal cells, which are present on the surface of the root.
they also increase the surface area for absorption
SYMPLAST PATHWAY:
In this pathway, water and minerals move from the cytoplasm of one cell in to the next, via plasmodesmata eventually reaching the xylem.
APOPLAST PATHWAY:
In this pathway, water and dissolved minerals travel through the cell walls that surround plant cells.
This PPT contains the application of Plant Anatomy in the field of Pharmacognosy & Plant systemics with number of examples to explore the beauty of this subject .
It explains about what is plant tissue & both the types i.e meristem & permanent tissue. It also explains about the general characteristic, and how it has been classified based on origin, position, function and plane. It also furnish further information regarding the above
There Are Occasions When Herbarium Botanists Find That It Is Difficult To Assign A Particular Species Or Genus To A Family.
General Affinities Are Suspected But There Is Insufficient Evidence For Them To Place A Taxon In A Particular Family.
Additional Anatomical Evidence May Be Of Help And There Are Many Times When Little Extra Helpful Information Comes From The Anatomy.
An edited version of Plant tissue previously posted. This presentation provide a good understand of plant tissues, types, and every necessary information concerning tissues in plant.
Transport of water\ water transport in plantsESHAASIF
Water is absorbed by the root hair cell by the process called, Osmosis.
Root hairs are made up of epidermal cells, which are present on the surface of the root.
they also increase the surface area for absorption
SYMPLAST PATHWAY:
In this pathway, water and minerals move from the cytoplasm of one cell in to the next, via plasmodesmata eventually reaching the xylem.
APOPLAST PATHWAY:
In this pathway, water and dissolved minerals travel through the cell walls that surround plant cells.
This PPT contains the application of Plant Anatomy in the field of Pharmacognosy & Plant systemics with number of examples to explore the beauty of this subject .
It explains about what is plant tissue & both the types i.e meristem & permanent tissue. It also explains about the general characteristic, and how it has been classified based on origin, position, function and plane. It also furnish further information regarding the above
includes several diseases process including various diseases of the heart, stroke and high blood pressure, congestive heart failure and atherosclerosis
) Define Sociology and explain its origin, development, and divisions.
2) Describe the subject matter of Sociology of Education
3) Explain the importance of Sociology to the education system
4) Explain the way in which the education system in Tanzania has been shaped by the ideas of prominent sociologists.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
3. Bio 304
Contents
• Plant structure and growth
• Plant transport
• Plant nutrition
• Plant growth substances (hormones)
• Photosynthesis
4. BIO 304 Part 1
Objectives:Objectives: at the end of this section the
student will be able to:
Relate plant structure to functions
Describe the main stages of plant growth,
development
5. Plant growth
• Annuals –life cycle is complete in one year; it
germinates, flowers and dies.
• Biennials- life cycle takes 2 years. First year-
plant grows leaves, stems, and roots (vegetative
structures), then enters a period of dormancy
over the colder months- next season it flowers
and dies.
• Perennials- grows for more than 2 years
5
7. A1 Overview of primary and secondary
growth
A = in woody stems,
lateral meristems add
secondary growth,
increasing the girth of
roots and stems
B = Apical meristems
add primary growth in
length
8. A1 Overview of primary and secondary
growth (cont.)
C = The vascular
cambium adds
secondary xylem and
phloem
D = The cork cambium
adds secondary
dermal tissue
9. A 2A 2
Revision ofRevision of
importantimportant
plantplant
tissuestissues::
Dermal-,Dermal-,
ground- andground- and
vascular tissuesvascular tissues
11. A 3 Examples of differentiated plant cells
Parenchyma cells
A relatively unspecialized plant
cell type that carries out most of
the metabolism, synthesizes and
stores organic products, and
develops into a more
differentiated cell type (see next
slides).
12. A 3 Examples of differentiated plant cells
Collenchyma cells
A flexible plant cell type that
occurs in strands or cylinders
that support young parts of the
plant without restraining
growth. They e.g. support
young parts of the plant shoot
13. A 3 Examples of differentiated plant cells
Sclerenchyma cells
A rigid, supportive plant cell
type usually lacking protoplasts
and possessing thick secondary
walls strengthened by lignin at
maturity.
In plant cells, the wall is
formed of cellulose
fibers embedded in a
polysaccharide-protein
matrix. The primary cell
wall is thin and flexible,
whereas the secondary
cell wall is stronger and
more rigid and is the
primary constituent of
wood.
14. A 3 Examples of differentiated plant cells
Xylem
The tube-shaped, nonliving
portion of the vascular
system in plants that carries
water and minerals from the
roots to the rest of the plant.
The water-conducting
cells of the xylem
Tracheid
A water-conducting and
supportive element of xylem
composed of long, thin cells
with tapered ends and walls
hardened with lignin.
15. A 3 Examples of differentiated plant cells
Sugar-conducting cells
of the phloem
Phloem
The portion of the vascular
system in plants consisting of
living cells arranged into
elongated tubes that transport
sugar and other organic
nutrients throughout the plant.
17. A 4 Secondary Growth
1 = Primary growth of the apical
meristem is nearing completion.
Vascular cambium has just formed.
2 = Primary growth continues in
apical bud. In this section only
secondary growth occurs. Stem
thickens as vascular cambium forms
secondary xylem to the inside and
secondary phloem to the outside.
18. A 4 Secondary Growth
3 = Some initials of the vascular
cambium give rise to vascular raysvascular rays
Cambium cells
that produce
radial lines of
parenchyma
cells known as
xylem rays
and phloem
rays.
19. A 4 Secondary Growth
4 = When cambium’s diameter
increases, the secondary phloem
and other tissues (including
epidermis) rupture because they no
longer divide and cannot keep
pace.
A second meristem, the cork
cambium, develops from
parenchyma cells in the cortex. The
cork cambium produces cork cells,
which replace the epidermis.
20. A 4 Secondary Growth
5 = In year 2 of secondary growth,
vascular cambium produces more
secondary xylem and phloem; cork
cambium produces more cork.
6 = Stem diameter increases, the
outermost tissues exterior to the cork
cambium rupture and are worn off.
21. A 4 Secondary Growth
6 = As the stem’s diameter increases,
the outermost tissues exterior to the
cork cambium rupture and are shed
7 = When none of the cortex is left,
the cambium develops from phloem
parenchyma cells
8 = The cork cambium and the
tissues it produces are called
periderm
9 = bark consists of tissues exterior to
the vascular cambium
22. A5 Growth rings in tropical trees
• May not have them unless the tree is growing in
areas which have definite wet and dry seasons
• Dry season would act like cold winter, and slow
growth.
• Start of wet season would promote growth
again, so rings may be visible
22
23. A 6 The role of the vascular cambium
A = Secondary xylem and
secondary phloem being added in
equal amounts. NOTE: cambial
initials produce much MORE Xylem.
B = A cambial initial can divide to
from a new initial (= undifferentiated
cell) and either a secondary xylem
cell (X) or secondary phloem (P)
C = A cambial initial (C) can divide
to form two cambial initials,
increasing the circumference of the
vascular cambium
24. A 6 The role of the vascular cambium
D = Most of the thickening is
from secondary xylem
25. A 7 The anatomy of a tree trunk
A = Secon-A = Secon-
dary xylemdary xylem
B = BarkB = Bark
27. Morphogenesis in plants: control of organ development
• Development of flowers from meristem has
been studied in Arabidopsis thaliana (thale
cress)
• Easy because: small size, many seeds, rapid life
cycle, small genome, easy to cause mutations.
• Meristem cells are undifferentiated
• 3 organ identity genes code for proteins that
cause cells to differentiate into whorls of flower.
27
31. 31
Genes
(a) The four organs of a flower
—carpel (yellow), stamens
(green), petals (purple), and
sepals (pink)—grow in whorls
that develop from meristems.
Mutation in one of three
organ identity genes
occurs one type of organ
replaces another.
Mutations helped scientists
know the pattern of gene
expression that p
roduces normal flowers
32. Application: Two uses in horticulture/agriculture
A9
32
C genes control development of carpels
Carpels develop into grains we eat
More active C genes more carpels more food
Transgenic orange trees containing leafy gene
produce flowers (therefore fruits) much earlier than
normal trees.