Abscisic acid (ABA) previously called Dormin or
Abscisin mainly because of their regulatory
effect on abscission and dormancy. This
hormone is widespread in higher plants and is
found in many different organs and tissues
(both old and young) of plants. ABA induces
abscission of the leaves of a wide variety of
plants and fruits of some plant species
Plant hormones are naturally occurring organic substances that affect physiological processes. There are five major groups of plant hormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. In this presentation describes about abscisic acid with its biosynthesis, transport, pathways and physiological effects.
Plant hormones are naturally occurring organic substances that affect physiological processes. There are five major groups of plant hormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. In this presentation describes about abscisic acid with its biosynthesis, transport, pathways and physiological effects.
discovery occurance chemical structure of abssisic acid histroy of ABA its chemical composition its biosynthesis mutants used for ABA and its physiological role of ABA
ABA is a 15-C Sesquiterpene compound Composed of three isoprene residues Cyclohexane ring with keto, one hydroxyl group, a side chain with a terminal carboxylic group.
Chemical name Abscisic acid; (2-cis,4-trans)-5-(1-Hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-methyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid.
Plant hormones are naturally occurring organic substances that affect physiological processes. There are five major groups of plant hormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. In this presentation gibberellins is described with its biosynthesis, transport and physiological effects.
ROLE OF JASMONIC ACID IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT &DEFENCE MECHANISMBHU,Varanasi, INDIA
jasmonic acid is a plant immune hormone whicch are imortant for plant defence mechanism and development..its have important role in root growth inhibition,tuber formation,trichome formation ,senescence,flower developmentand increasing arbasculer mycorrhizal activity in root plants,recently it has been reported in various development in rice crop like spikelet development etc.....in defence its play a crucial role against insect and pathogen resistance.Recent insights into the JAs mediated plant defense cascade and better knowledge of key regulation of plant growth and development processes will help us to design future crops with increased biotic stress resistance and better adaptability under changing climate
Gibberellins: Discovery, Biosynthesis, Function and RegulationAhmed Aquib
Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that regulate various developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, flower development, and leaf and fruit senescence. GAs are one of the longest-known classes of plant hormone. I have discussed Discovery, Biosynthesis, Function and Regulation of Gibberellins in detail
The biosynthesis of the main auxin in plants (indole-3-acetic acid [IAA]) has been elucidated recently and is thought to involve the sequential conversion of Trp to indole-3-pyruvic acid to IAA. However, the pathway leading to a less well studied auxin, phenylacetic acid (PAA), remains unclear. Here, we present evidence from metabolism experiments that PAA is synthesized from the amino acid Phe, via phenylpyruvate. In pea (Pisum sativum), the reverse reaction, phenylpyruvate to Phe, is also demonstrated. However, despite similarities between the pathways leading to IAA and PAA, evidence from mutants in pea and maize (Zea mays) indicate that IAA biosynthetic enzymes are not the main enzymes for PAA biosynthesis. Instead, we identified a putative aromatic aminotransferase (PsArAT) from pea that may function in the PAA synthesis pathway.
Biological assays are methods for the estimation of nature, constitution or potency of a material by means of the reaction that follows its application to living matter
Plant hormones are naturally occurring organic substances that affect physiological processes. There are five major groups of plant hormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. In this presentation describes about ethylene with its biosynthesis, transport, pathways and physiological effects.
Metabolism and physiological effects of ABA and their application, introduction to ABA, ABA metabolism, physiological effects of ABA, seed and bud dormancy, seed development and germination, senescence and abscission, flowering, cambium activities, role of water stress, effects of other harmones,
discovery occurance chemical structure of abssisic acid histroy of ABA its chemical composition its biosynthesis mutants used for ABA and its physiological role of ABA
ABA is a 15-C Sesquiterpene compound Composed of three isoprene residues Cyclohexane ring with keto, one hydroxyl group, a side chain with a terminal carboxylic group.
Chemical name Abscisic acid; (2-cis,4-trans)-5-(1-Hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-methyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid.
Plant hormones are naturally occurring organic substances that affect physiological processes. There are five major groups of plant hormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. In this presentation gibberellins is described with its biosynthesis, transport and physiological effects.
ROLE OF JASMONIC ACID IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT &DEFENCE MECHANISMBHU,Varanasi, INDIA
jasmonic acid is a plant immune hormone whicch are imortant for plant defence mechanism and development..its have important role in root growth inhibition,tuber formation,trichome formation ,senescence,flower developmentand increasing arbasculer mycorrhizal activity in root plants,recently it has been reported in various development in rice crop like spikelet development etc.....in defence its play a crucial role against insect and pathogen resistance.Recent insights into the JAs mediated plant defense cascade and better knowledge of key regulation of plant growth and development processes will help us to design future crops with increased biotic stress resistance and better adaptability under changing climate
Gibberellins: Discovery, Biosynthesis, Function and RegulationAhmed Aquib
Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that regulate various developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, flower development, and leaf and fruit senescence. GAs are one of the longest-known classes of plant hormone. I have discussed Discovery, Biosynthesis, Function and Regulation of Gibberellins in detail
The biosynthesis of the main auxin in plants (indole-3-acetic acid [IAA]) has been elucidated recently and is thought to involve the sequential conversion of Trp to indole-3-pyruvic acid to IAA. However, the pathway leading to a less well studied auxin, phenylacetic acid (PAA), remains unclear. Here, we present evidence from metabolism experiments that PAA is synthesized from the amino acid Phe, via phenylpyruvate. In pea (Pisum sativum), the reverse reaction, phenylpyruvate to Phe, is also demonstrated. However, despite similarities between the pathways leading to IAA and PAA, evidence from mutants in pea and maize (Zea mays) indicate that IAA biosynthetic enzymes are not the main enzymes for PAA biosynthesis. Instead, we identified a putative aromatic aminotransferase (PsArAT) from pea that may function in the PAA synthesis pathway.
Biological assays are methods for the estimation of nature, constitution or potency of a material by means of the reaction that follows its application to living matter
Plant hormones are naturally occurring organic substances that affect physiological processes. There are five major groups of plant hormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. In this presentation describes about ethylene with its biosynthesis, transport, pathways and physiological effects.
Metabolism and physiological effects of ABA and their application, introduction to ABA, ABA metabolism, physiological effects of ABA, seed and bud dormancy, seed development and germination, senescence and abscission, flowering, cambium activities, role of water stress, effects of other harmones,
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that regulates numerous aspects of plant growth, development, and stress responses. ABA-deficient mutants from various plant species display reduced seed dormancy and wilty phenotypes, highlighting that these crucial ABA functions are conserved in the plant kingdom.
Abiotic stress related plant growth hormones. Abscissic acid as a signalling molecule. Cytokinine is a molecule which is having negative control. Effect of abscissic acid & cytokinine on stomatal behaviour
Similar to Plant growth regulators (abscisic acid) (20)
الرمان شجرة مباركة ورد ذكرها فى الكتب السماوية حيث ذكرت فى القرآن الكريم (آيتين فى سورة الأنعام ، آية فى سورة الرحمن) [«فِيهِمَا فَاكِهَةٌ وَنَخْلٌ وَرُمَّانٌ (68) الرحمن»] وهى قديمة العهد جداً مثل العنب والتين والزيتون.
ويزرع الرمان فى مصر منذ قدماء المصريين فقد ظهرت
فى كثير من الرسوم المنقوشة على جدران المعابد.
وتنتشر زراعته فى محافظات جمهورية مصر العربية
المختلفة مثل (أسيوط والمنيا وسوهاج وسيناء والفيوم وبرج العرب) .
وقد تزايدت المساحة المنزرعة بالرمان فى مصر فى الآونة الأخيرة بعدما تقدمت مكانته التصديرية بتزايد الطلب عليه من السوق الخارجى
الموطن الأصلى لشجرة الزيتون هومنطقة الشرق الأوسط، ويرجع تاريخ زراعتها فى مصر إلى عهد الفراعنة (1800سنة قبل الميلاد)
شجرة الزيتون رمز المحبة والسلام ، الشجرة المباركة التى ورد ذكرها فى جميع الكتب السماوية ، الشجرة التى تقاوم الظروف البيئية الصعبة والتى يعتمد عليها إقتصاد معظم دول حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط، تبلغ المساحة المنزرعة فى العالم 9 مليون هكتار (98% منها فى منطقة حوض البحر الأبيض) تنتج حوالى 20 مليون طن ثمار يستخدم منها مليون طن ثمار كزيتون مائدة والباقى لإستخراج حوالى 2 مليون طن زيت، يستهلك معظم الإنتاج من قبل الدول المنتجة.
شجرة المانجو شجرة مستديمة الخضرة تتباين فى شكلها وارتفاعها وذلك باختلاف الأصناف والتربة المزروعة فيها وطريقة الإكثار فقد تكون الأشجار قائمة أو منتشرة أو متهدلة أو زاحفة وقد تكون قصيرة أو مرتفعة وقد يصل نمو الأشجار إلى درجة كبيرة جداً إذا مازرعت فى أرض عميقة وخصبة وكذلك إذا ماستخدمت البذور كوسيلة للإكثار وقد يصل ارتفاع الأشجار إلى 30 متراً . أما الأشجار المطعومة وكذلك النامية فى تربة فقيرة فإنها لاتصل إلى مثل هذا الارتفاع .
الأوراق رمحية لونها الأخضر يتدرج من الفاتح إلى الداكن - سميكة جلدية مختلفة الأطوال وقد يصل طولها إلى 40 سم - وفى معظم الأصناف يكون لون الأوراق الصغيرة السن أرجوانياً إلى الأحمر أو تأخذ اللون السمنى ثم لايلبث أن يتحول اللون إلى الأخضر الفاتح ثم إلى الأخضر المميز للصنف وذلك باكتمال نمو الورقة - وتبلغ الورقة حجمها الكامل بعد شهرين تقريباً
البشملة أو الاسكدنيا شجرة دائمة الخضرة، تنتج فاكهة لذيذة لونها أصفر براق ولها نكهة لذيذة ومنعشة وهى من الفواكه الصيفية التى تنبت فى قارة آسيا ولها فوائد صحية رائعة حيث تقى من السرطان ومرض السكرى، وتقى من ارتفاع نسبة الكوليسترول فى الدم، وتقى من مرض هشاشة العظام.
والبشملة أو الاسكدنيا لها فوائد صحية أيضاً فى تقوية الجهاز المناعى، وتحسين الجهاز الهضمى، وتنشيط الدورة الدموية، وتحسين الإبصار،
وتستخدم أوراقها فى عمل كمادات، ومسحوق أوراق البشملة تحتوى على مجموعة كبيرة من الفيتامينات منها فيتامين A , C وتحتوى على العديد من العناصر والمعادن منها الحديد والبوتاسيوم والبكتين.
– البشملة مفيدة لتنظيم ضغط الدم والسكتات الدماغية وتعمل على تدفق الدم فى الشعيرات الدموية، كما أنها تقى من مرض السكرى وتنظيم نسبة الأنسولين ومستويات السكر.
– البشملة تقلل من مخاطر الإصابة بالسرطان لوجود مضادات الأكسدة بها وتقى أيضا من التهابات البروستاتا والرحم والمسالك البولية، وتعالج الرشح والانفلونزا وفقر الدم والنقرس والبواسير.
تعتبر ثمار الجوافة من أغنى الفواكه احتواء على فيتامين ج وقد ثبت أن الثمار المكتملة النمو أكثر احتواء على فيتامين ج من الثمار الناضجة أو التى زاد نضجها وكذلك الجوافة الحمراء أكثر احتواء على فيتامين ج من الجوافة البيضاء فهى تحتوى على 907.4 ملليجرام مقابل 567.09 ملليجرام فى الجوافة البيضاء لكل 100 جرام مادة جافة.
كما وجد أن جلد الثمرة ولحمها الخارجى يكون أكثر احتواء عليه من قلب الثمرة. وتحتوى ثمار الجوافة على 3 – 4 أمثال ما تحتويه ثمار العنب أو الخوخ من فيتامين (أ) فهى تحتوى على 284 وحدة دولية فى كل 100 جم مادة جافة.
وللأوراق فوائد طبية عديدة حيث أن مغلى الأوراق يفيد فى علاج السعال والإسهال حيث تحتوى الأوراق على مواد قابضة وأيضا المواد تفيد فى معالجة بعض الجروح وآلأم الأسنان كما أن أنها استخدامات صناعية مثل دباغة الجلود وصباغة المنسوجات.
ومن الجدير بالذكر أن ثمرة الجوافة محبوبة فى الأسواق العالمية وخاصة الأسواق الاوربية لذلك فإن أمامها فرصة تصديرية جيدة .
الموالح أو الحمضيات أنواع من نباتات الفاكهة تتراوح في نموها بين الأشجار والشجيرات – نشأت بالمنطقة الاستوائية في جنوب شرق آسيا والصين ثم انتشرت علي نطاق واسع في أنحاء المناطق الإستوائية وتحت الإستوائية وأجزاء من المنطقة المعتدلة حينما توفرت البيئة الملائمة لنموها وإثمارها علي نطاق تجاري .
تحتل الموالح المرتبة الثالثة في الفاكهة من العالم بعد العنب والتفاح، واهم الدول المنتجة الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية والبرازيل ثم إيطاليا واليابان وأسبانيا ثم فلسطين ومصر والمغرب.
وقد عرفت الموالح في مصر كأشجار وثمار منذ عهد الفراعنة وقد أدخل الفرس والرومان والعرب كثيرا من أنواع وأصناف الموالح في مصر وغيرها من أقطار حوض البحر المتوسط وجنوب أوروبا.
وترجع أهمية الموالح الي قيمتها الغذائية العالية وتفوقها على الفاكهة الأخرى في الفيتامينات والأملاح الضرورية للإنسان فضلا عن سهولة تسويقها وتخزينها.
وتحتل الموالح المركز الثانى فى مصر من حيث الانتاج بعد العنب وقبل كل الفواكه المتساقطة الأخرى. وتبلغ مساحة الموالح بكل المحافظات 439 الف , و 24 فدان منها 150 الف , و 802 خارج الوادى , و 288 الف , و 222 فدان داخل الوادى
وتعبتر الموالح من أهم محاصيل الفاكهة إنتاجا وإستهلاكا علي مستوي العالم ويحتل البرتقال مكان الصدارة بين أنواع الموالح حيث يمثل حوالي ثلث الإنتاج العالمي من الموالح ويليه اليوسفي ثم الجريب فروت فالليمون الأضاليا ثم الليمون المالح.
الاسم الانجليزى Date Palm
الاسم العلمى Phoenix dactlifera
Fam:Palmaceae العائلة
مقدمة:
نخيل البلح من أهم فواكه المناطق الحارة ويعتقد أن منطقة الخليج العربي وما حولها هي الموطن الأصلي للنخل وعموما تنتشر زراعته بين خطي عرض 10- 35 شمال خط الاستواء . وتنتشر زراعته في جميع مناطق جمهورية مصر العربية
الجنس phoenix يتميز بأن أوراقه الخوصية مطوية علي طولها ومتجهه لأعلي .
كما أن نواه الثمار ذات اخدود معين والنوع Dactylifera هو النوع الوحيد بين أشجار النخيل الذي له القدرة علي إعطاء نموات تخرج من براعم ابطيه نشطة في قواعد الأوراق وتسمي " الفسائل "
الأهمية الاقتصادية لنخيل البلح :-
تنتشر زراعة نخيل البلح في معظم محافظات الجمهورية ويصل الإنتاج السنوي 1.1 مليون طن ثمار تساهم بقدر 13.9 % من جملة الإنتاج الفاكهي فى مصر ونظراً لتحمل النخيل الظروف البيئة القاسية أصبح هو المقصد الرئيسي في المناطق المستصلحة في مطروح وسيناء والنوبارية وتوشكي والعوينات .
وتعتبر الثمار من أبرز المنتجات الاقتصادية لنخيل البلح حيث تتعدد صور الاستهلاك فهي تأكل طرية ( طازجة ) أو مجففة مصنعه في صور عديدة مثل العجوى – المربات علاوة على ذلك أصبحت التمور سلعة تصديريه بالغة الأهمية لدول العالم الغير منتج للتمور ونظرا لقيمة الثمار الغذائية العالية أصبح ينظر إليها علماء التغذية كأحد أهم المواد الغذائية التي يجب توافرها لسد العجز الغذائي ولا تقتصر الفائدة من النخيل على الثمار فقط بل تستخدم أجزائها الأخرى كمواد أولية لصناعات محلية مثل الأثاثات والأقفاص والليف والورق والكربون وعلف الماشية...........الخ
الكمثرىPear
الاسم العلمى: Pyrus communis L.
تتبع العائلة الوردية Rosaceae الجنسPyrus
الموطن الأصلى
تعتبر الكمثرى من فاكهة المناطق المعتدلة ، ونشأت فى نفس المنطقة التى نشأ بها التفاح فى المنطقة الشمالية الغربية لجبال الهيمالايا ، وقد عرف اليونانيون القدماء الكمثرى وقاموا بتسجيل الكثير من أصنافها فى كتب يرجع تاريخها الى القرن الرابع قبل الميلاد.
بدأت زراعة الكمثرى فى مصر منذ عهد محمد على الذى قام بزراعتها بحدائقه بشبرا ثم انتشرت زراعتها عقب الحرب العالمية الثانية بعد أن قام قسم البساتين بوزارة الزراعة باستيراد بعض الأصناف وزراعتها فى مصر.
وساعد على انتشار زراعة الكمثرى وزيادة مساحتها عام بعد آخر ارتفاع عائدها الاقتصادى ونجاح زراعتها فى الأراضى ذات مستوى الماء الأرضى المرتفع نسبيا والتى لا تنجح بها الكثير من أشجار الفاكهة الأخرى
التفاح Apple
الاسم العلمى Malus domestica
العائلة الوردية ٌRosaseae
الموطن الأصلى:
التفاح من الفواكه المتساقطة الأوراق نشأ في المنطقة المعتدلة أو المعتدلة الباردة, ويعتقد أن موطنة الأصلى هو المنطقة الشمالية الغربية لجبال الهمالايا, ولا تزال هناك بعض المساحات النامية بصورة برية على هذه المرتفعات. وتتركز زراعته فى الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ومعظم بلدان أوربا وكندا واستراليا وجنوب افريقيا واليابان وغيرها من بلدان العالم.
وتعتبر الظروف الجوية من أهم العوامل التى تؤثر فى زراعة وانتاج التفاح حيث أن احتياجات الأشجار من البرودة خلال فصل الشتاء ذات أهمية كبيرة من اجل انتظام التوريق والتزهير والاثمار.
حيث أن اغلب الأصناف العالمية الفاخرة تحتاج الى فترات برودة عالية تتراوح من 1000 -2000 ساعة برودة أقل من 7.2 مº لكى تعطى محصول وفير وثمار ذات جودة عالية ، ولذلك فإن البلاد ذات الشتاء الدافى كما فى مصر حيث لا تتوفر البرودة الكافية مما ينتج عنه تاخر فى التوريق والتزهير وعدم انتظام التزهير وطول فتراته وبالتالى قلة المحصول.
الموطن الأصلى:
الصين ثم انتقل إلى بلاد العجم (إيران) ومنها إلى اليونان وسوريا وأمريكا ثم إلى باقي بلدان العالم .
تنتشر زراعته فى مصر فى محافظات:
الدقهلية – البحيرة – الفيوم – أسيوط – شمال سيناء والعريش.
وتزداد مساحة الخوخ فى مصر عاما بعد اخر , و نظرا لما لمصر من ميزة في إمكانية تصدير الخوخ الى دول اوربا ودول الخليج العربى خلال شهري ابريل و مايو حيث تكون كمية الخوخ الواردة لهذه الدول من البلاد المنافسة لمصر قليلة جدا , وبذلك تكون لمصر فرصة كبيرة فى إمكانية التصدير لهذه الدول خلال هذه الفترة بالذات , لذلك فانه من الضروري الاهتمام بالأصناف المبكرة والاهتمام بالإنتاج كما ونوعا كذلك ميعاد وكيفية القطف وعمليات التعبة والشحن حتى يمكن تصدير اكبر كمية ممكنة .
Ethylene the only gaseous plant hormone (C2H4)
This is a simple gas that is produced naturally in small quantities by many plant tissues and is able to diffuse readily, via intercellular spaces, throughout the entire plant body.
Ethylene is involved primarily in plant responses to environmental stresses such as flooding and drought, and in response to infection, wounding and mechanical pressure.
It also influences a wide range of developmental processes, including shoot elongation, flowering, seed germination, fruit ripening and leaf abscission and senescence.
Effect of paclobutrazol on shoot growth, yield and fruit quality of mit ghame...Galal Eliwa
The present study was conducted during two successive seasons 2002 and 2003 on Mit Ghamer peach trees to investigate the effect of paclobutrazol (trade name Cultar), spraying at different concentrations (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500 ppm), three weeks after full bloom, on shoot growth, yield, maturity and fruit quality, as well as leaf characters and their NPK contents. Spraying paclobutrazol highly significant decreased shoot extension at all concentrations used. The highest concentration recorded the lowest values of shoot length during the two growing seasons. The reduced shoot growth rate in the paclobutrazol treatments before pit-hardening stage, resulted in obtaining larger fruits, with a consequent increase in yield and earlier fruit maturity. The highest yield/tree (48.33 and 45.67 kg/tree) was recorded with spraying paclobutrazol at 750ppm in the first and second seasons respectively, while the lowest yield/tree (38.33; 36.33 and 36.67; 37.33 kg/tree) was obtained with spraying paclobutrazol at 1500ppm or control treatment during the tow seasons of study, respectively. Spraying paclobutrazol at 750ppm achieved the highest values of fruit weight (127.33 and 121.67 gms); volume (123.33 and 118.33 cm³); diameter (6.39 and 6.13 cm) and red skin color (76.00 and 71.67 %), during the two seasons respectively. Moreover, spraying pacloputrazol at all concentrations used increased fruit content of anthocyanin and TSS % but reduced acidity % in fruit juice in the two seasons of study. The results also showed that, leaf area and dry weight were reduced as a result of paclobutrazol spraying, the reduction was linearly with paclobutrazol concentration. No clear effect on nitrogen leaf content was noticed, but phosphorus and potassium leaf content were decreased in paclobutrazol treatments in both seasons of study.
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TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
Plant growth regulators (abscisic acid)
1. Plant Growth Regulators
Growth retardants(ABSCISIC ACID)
Prof. Dr./ Galal Ismail Eliwa
Head Of Pomology Department
Faculty Of Agriculture
Damietta University
E. mail/ geliwa2002@du.edu.eg
2. Discovery of Abscisic acid (ABC)
Abscisic acid (ABA) was the last major hormone to be
identified, although its existence had been forecast
for some time.
Groups lead by Addicott studying hormonal
relationships in cotton (Ohkuma et al., 1963)
And Wareing studying dormancy in woody perennials
independently identified Abscisin II in cotton and
Dormin in woody plants (Corniforth et al., 1965).
The two compounds were ultimately determined to
be identical and were given the name Abscisic acid in
1967 at a plant hormone conference in Ottawa,
Canada.
3/25/2020 Galal Eliwa 2
3. ABSCISIC ACID (ABC)
ABA is one of the hormone plant. Also called as Abscisin
& Dormin because of their regulatory effect on
abscission and dormancy.
Growth retardant (inhibits).
Inhibition of bud growth and shoot formation.
Promotes dormancy.
Closes stomata.
Produced in response to environmental stress, such as
heat stress, water stress, salt stress.
3/25/2020 Galal Eliwa 3
(C15H20O4)
4. ABSCISIC ACID
• Unlike animals, plants cannot flee from
potentially harmful conditions like:
drought
The approach of winter
They must adapt or die.
The plant hormone Abscisic Acid (ABA) is the
major player in mediating the adaptation of the
plant to stress.
3/25/2020 Galal Eliwa 4
5. ABSCISIC ACID Function
In preparation for winter, ABA is produced in
terminal buds. This slows plant growth and
directs leaf primordia to develop scales to
protect the dormant buds during the cold
season.
ABA also inhibits the division of cells in the
vascular cambium, adjusting to cold
conditions in the winter by suspending
primary and secondary growth.
3/25/2020 Galal Eliwa 5
6. ABSCISIC ACID Function
Abscisic acid is also produced in the roots in
response to decreased soil water potential and other
situations in which the plant may be under stress.
ABA then translocate to the leaves, where it rapidly
alters the osmotic potential of stomatal guard cells,
causing them to shrink and stomata to close.
The ABA- induced stomatal closure reduces
transpiration thus preventing further water loss from
the leaves in times of low water availability.
3/25/2020 Galal Eliwa 6
7. ABSCISSIC ACID
• Sites:
Plastids by Mevalonic acid pathway
(The Shikimic Acid Pathway)
Most tissues, especially leaves and seeds
• Transport:
Xylem and phloem (greater amounts).
3/25/2020 Galal Eliwa 7
9. • ABA appears to be an internal factor inducing
dormancy in the buds of at least some temperature
zone woody plants.
•إوتاج ويتىلفGA & ABAًعهاالظاءة فتزة طىلنها تتعزض ًانت
تخهيك يتم ديث األوراقGAلصز مع بيىما االظاءة فتزاث طىل مع
يتكىن االظاءة فتزاثABAًف تذخم ديث انبزاعم ًف تزاكمه ويزداد
انسكىن طىر(انزادت طىر)األوراق متسالطت األشجار ًف.
•األوراق انمتسالطت األشجار اوراق إسماط ًان انمزارعيه يهجأ نذنك
(وانكمثزي انتفاح)وتفتخ انسكىن كسز ًف نهتبكيز وىفمبز شهز ًف
ًانتان انىمى مىسم ًف مبكزا انزاعم(.تفسيزBud dormancy-ABA)
3/25/2020 Galal Eliwa 9
10. Abscisic acid actions
• 1- ABA- drought resistance:
Abscisic acid is the key internal signal that facilitates
drought resistance in plants.
Under water stress conditions, ABA accumulates in
leaves and causes stomata to close rapidly, reducing
transpiration and preventing further water loss.
ABA causes the opening of efflux K+ channels in guard
cell plasma membranes, leading to a huge loss of this
ion from the cytoplasm.
The simultaneous osmotic loss of water leads to a
decrease in guard cell turgor, with consequent closure
of stomata.
3/25/2020 Galal Eliwa 10
12. Abscisic acid actions
• 2- ABA- Seed Dormancy:
ABA plays a major role in seed dormancy
During seed maturation, ABA levels increase
dramatically.
This inhibits germination and turns on the
production of proteins that enable the
embryo to survive dehydration during seed
maturation
3/25/2020 Galal Eliwa 12
13. Abscisic acid actions
• 2- ABA- Seed Dormancy:
As dormancy can only be broken by specific
environmental cues, it ensures that a seed will
germinate only under suitable conditions of
moisture, light and temperature
The breaking of dormancy is associated with
a decline in the level of ABA.
3/25/2020 Galal Eliwa 13
17. Abscisic acid actions
• 3- ABA- Bud dormancy:
ABA mediates the conversion of the apical meristem
into a dormant bud. The newly developing leaves
growing above the meristem become converted into stiff
bud scales that wrap the meristem closely and will
protect it from mechanical damage and drying out
during the winter.
ABA in the bud also acts to enforce dormancy so if an
unseasonably warm spell occurs before winter is over,
the buds will not sprout prematurely, only after a
prolonged period of cold or the lengthening days of
spring (photoperiodism) will bud dormancy be lifted.
3/25/2020 Galal Eliwa 17
18. Abscisic acid actions
• 4- ABA- Abscission:
ABA also promotes abscission of leaves and fruits
(in contrast to auxin, which inhibits abscission).
It is, in fact, this action that gave rise to the name
abscisic acid.
It promotes senescence through leaf abscission,
degeneration of excised leaves and acceleration
of decomposition of chlorophyll.
3/25/2020 Galal Eliwa 18
19. Abscisic acid actions
• 5- ABA- chemical thinner:
• ABA has appeared on the horizon as a new and
potentially useful chemical thinner.
• It has been shown to be an effective thinner on
both apples and pears (Greene, 2007, 2009).
• The mode of action has not been defined but
undoubtedly, closing of stomata, thus
restricting carbohydrate supply will prove to be
a contributing factor.
3/25/2020 Galal Eliwa 19
20. Abscisic acid actions
• 6- ABA- Freezing resistance:
Elevated ABA levels are associated with
increased freezing resistance.
ABA appears to mediate a plant’s response
to environmental stresses, such as freezing
by regulating gene expression.
Certain genes are switched on by ABA while
others are switched off.
3/25/2020 Galal Eliwa 20
21. Physiological effects of Abscisic acid
3/25/2020 Galal Eliwa 21
1. Stomata
Closure
Water shortage brings about increase
in ABA level, leading to stomata
closure as a response to water stress.
2. Growth Inhibiters ABA inhibits shoot growth but
has less effect on root growth
3. GA
Counteracts
ABA counteracts the effect of
gibberellins on alpha amylase synthesis
in germinating seeds.
4. Induced
Dormancy
ABA affects induction or maintenance of
dormancy in seeds.