Plant hormones like auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, and ethylene were shown to have different effects on plant growth and development processes. Auxin promoted adventitious root formation but inhibited bud formation. Gibberellin stimulated elongation of stem internodes. Cytokinin delayed leaf senescence. Ethylene induced leaf abscission and chlorophyll breakdown. The effects of hormones like gibberellin, cytokinin and abscisic acid on seed germination also differed based on presence of light or dark conditions.
Plant hormones are naturally occurring organic substances that affect physiological processes. There are five major groups of plant hormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. In this presentation deals with Cytokinins with its biosynthesis, transport, pathways and physiological effects.
Plant hormones are naturally occurring organic substances that affect physiological processes. There are five major groups of plant hormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. In this presentation gibberellins is described with its biosynthesis, transport and physiological effects.
Mutagenesis is the process by which the genetic information
of an organism is changed in a stable manner.
The term ‘mutation breeding’ has become popular as it
draws attention to deliberate efforts of breeders and
the specific techniques they have used in creating and
harnessing desired variation in developing elite breeding
lines and cultivated varieties.
Plant hormones are naturally occurring organic substances that affect physiological processes. There are five major groups of plant hormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. In this presentation deals with Cytokinins with its biosynthesis, transport, pathways and physiological effects.
Plant hormones are naturally occurring organic substances that affect physiological processes. There are five major groups of plant hormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. In this presentation gibberellins is described with its biosynthesis, transport and physiological effects.
Mutagenesis is the process by which the genetic information
of an organism is changed in a stable manner.
The term ‘mutation breeding’ has become popular as it
draws attention to deliberate efforts of breeders and
the specific techniques they have used in creating and
harnessing desired variation in developing elite breeding
lines and cultivated varieties.
Generally, there are five types of plant hormones, namely, auxin, gibberellins (GAs), cytokinins, abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene. In addition to these, there are more derivative compounds, both natural and synthetic, which also act as plant growth regulators.
Biological assays are methods for the estimation of nature, constitution or potency of a material by means of the reaction that follows its application to living matter
the flowering process is the combined effect of environmental factors like light and temperature. vernalisation is the epigenetic memory that leads to genetic regulation of the process
Generally, there are five types of plant hormones, namely, auxin, gibberellins (GAs), cytokinins, abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene. In addition to these, there are more derivative compounds, both natural and synthetic, which also act as plant growth regulators.
Biological assays are methods for the estimation of nature, constitution or potency of a material by means of the reaction that follows its application to living matter
the flowering process is the combined effect of environmental factors like light and temperature. vernalisation is the epigenetic memory that leads to genetic regulation of the process
Presentation for Plant Physiology. I was in charge of creating and designing the presentation as well as formating the images and information. Our projec won our class competition in regards to overall look and presentation.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Taxonomy and Classification unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. Teaching Duration = 7 Weeks. A 2700 slide PowerPoint presentation becomes the roadmap for an amazing science experience. Complete with bundled homework package, hands-on activities built into the slideshow with directions, many built-in quizzes, answer keys, unit. Areas of Focus in The Plant Unit: Plant photo tour, Plant Evolution, Importance of Algae, Lichens, The Three Types of Lichens, Non-Vascular Plants, Bryophytes,Seedless Vascular Plants (Ferns), Seeds, Seed Dormancy, Factors that Break Seed Dormancy, Germination, Parts of a Young Plant, Monocots and Dicots, Roots and Water, Types of Roots, Water Uptake and Photosynthesis, Plant Hormones, Types of Plant Tissues, Xylem and Phloem, Woody Plants, Leaves,Light and Plants, Transpiration, Guard Cells, Leaf Identification, Plant Life Cycles, Seed Plant Life Cycles, Parts of a Flower, Matured Ovaries (Fruits), Types of Fruit and much more. f you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Plant growth regulators (also called plant hormones) are numerous chemical substances that profoundly influence the growth and differentiation of plant cells, tissues and organs.
A global information portal to facilitate and promote accessibility and ratio...IAALD Community
Presentation by Mohamed Fawzy Farag Nawar and Michael Mackay (Bioversity International) at the IAALD 2010 World Congress - 26-29 April 2010, Montpellier, France
Home Gardens & In Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources in Farming Systems; Gardening Guidebook ~ cgiar.org~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Trait Mining, prediction of agricultural traits in plant genetic resources with ecological parameters. Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS). For the Vavilov seminars at the IPK Gatersleben 13th June 2007. Dag Endresen, Michael Mackay, Kenneth Street.
Dr. Janice Swanson - Coalition for Sustainable Egg Supply ResearchJohn Blue
Coalition for Sustainable Egg Supply Research - Dr. Janice Swanson, Chair, Dept of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, from the 2013 NIAA Merging Values and Technology conference, April 15-17, 2013, Louisville, KY, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2013-niaa-merging-values-and-technology
HORMONES: ROLE OF HORMONES IN PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO –MODE OF ACTION OF HORMONES, SYNERGISTIC ACTION
Abscisic Acid, Gibberellin and Cytokinin
ABA is a 15-C Sesquiterpene compound Composed of three isoprene residues Cyclohexane ring with keto, one hydroxyl group, a side chain with a terminal carboxylic group.
Chemical name Abscisic acid; (2-cis,4-trans)-5-(1-Hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-methyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid.
IT IS USEFULL FOR THE PHARMCY STUDENTS FOR BACHELOR OF PHARMCY AND DOCTOR OF PHARMCY STUDENTS FOR B.PHARM SECOND YEAR STUDENTS AND SECOND YEAR DOCTOR OF PHARMACY STUDENTS
2. INTRODUCTION
• HORMONES - naturally occurring, organic
substances that at low concentrations exert a
profound influence in the physiological
processes.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Plant Hormones
– Site of synthesis is diffused
– Action at a distance is not an essential property
– Response can be dependent on the sensitivity of
the target cell
– Multiplicity effects
– Several hormones one effect
4. OBJECTIVES
• To be able to determine the effect of various
hormones in plant growth
• To be able to monitor differences in plant
responses
6. Methodology:Root Formation
Suspend short stem of Coleus and place in a
beaker with a part IAA and 10000 part water.
Label beaker then cover.
Place beaker in a sunny portion and observe
results after two weeks.
7. Methodology:Bud Formation
Remove leaf blades of one pair of leaves at a
node. Keep petiole intact.
Remove the shoot tip.
On one petiole apply lanolin paste on the
other apply lanolin with IAA.
Observe results after two weeks.
11. Auxin
First described by Frits Went and first isolated by Kenneth
Thimann.
It plays important roles in a number of plant
activities, including:
leaf formation
phototropism
gravitropism
apical dominance
fruit development
abscission
root initiation and development
Development of the embryo
12. Transport of auxin is polar.
Sites of polar transport:
In coleoptiles: nonvascular tissues
In shoots: vasular parenchyma
In the roots: xylem parenchyma (acropetal) or
epidermal and cortical cells (basipetal)
13. Auxin stimulates adventitious root growth in
existing vascular tissues so that when they form they
can connect easily to the xylem and phloem.
Adventitious roots sometimes also originate in the
callus cells that form at the cut surface this is why it
possible to grow plants from stem cuttings.
Moreover, in high concentration of auxin enhances
adventitious root while inhibiting root elongation.
14. In shoots, auxin serves as lateral bud inhibitor meaning
presence of auxin in the stem would result to inhibition of
lateral bud formation instead of stimulating growth and
development.
Terminal shoots inhibits later bud growth which is termed
Apical dominance. Apical dominance is caused by the
downward transport of auxin produced in the apical
meristem.
Presence of auxin in cuts would result to inhibition of
lateral bud formation.
16. Methodology:Stem Growth
Measure the internodes of one stem from the
tip to the fifth leaf downward using a potted
Coleus plant.
Add one drop of GA to the apical meristem
and place the plant in a sunlit area and water
regularly.
Measure the internodes of the plant after two
weeks.
18. Gibberrellic Acid
Discovered by E. Kurosawa in 1926 through a
fungus in the genus Gibberrella.
Some of its physiological roles in a plant are:
Stimulate stem growth in dwarf plants
Stimulate stem growth in rosette plants
Promote seed germination
Involvement in carbohydrate mobilization
Promote internodes elongation
19. Site of synthesis: developing seeds,
developing fruits, young leaves, apical
region of roots
Synthesized via the mevalonic acid
pathway
Nonpolar transport; moves in all direction
in the xylem and phloem
20. Induce early production of seeds by some
biennials after only one season instead of two.
GA does not stimulate flowering in most
plants.
Addition of GA to embryoless seeds result in
the production of amylase and hydrolysis of
endosperm starch to sugar.
22. Methodology
Make 9 leaf disks from mango leaves
Place 3 leaf disks in each of three petri dishes
On the first petri dish, add distilled water. Add
10% fresh coconut water on the second, and
cytokinin solution on the third
Change the solutions daily for 5 days
On the sixth day, add 4 ml acetone and extract
pigment. Check absorbance values for 663 and
664nm
23. Results: Root Formation
Petri dish Absorbance Absorbance Conc. Conc.
treatment @645 (%) @663 (%) 645 663
Distilled water 2.322 2.336 0.042 0.027
Cytokinin
Coconut water 2.192 2.312 0.040 0.026
24. Cytokinin
First described by Johannes van Overbeek
It plays important roles in a number of plant
activities, including:
Delaying leaf senescence
Cell differentiation
Cell division
Promotes lateral bud growth
25. Cytokinin works in tandem with auxin to cause cell
morphogenesis and division
It is found in differentiating and meristematic parts of
the plant
Transport is non-polar
Site of synthesis: root tip
Synthesized by condensation of isopentenyl group
group of DMPP with 6 nitrogen of ADP and ATP
26. Desiccation of the cells of the first set up was
uninhibited
For the other two set ups which have exogenous
supply of cytokinin, senescence was delayed
Coconut water has cytokinin which the seed uses
when it germinates
28. Methodology
• Get two healthy potted Coleus plants
• Place a cut apple in one pot
• Water plants and cover both in black
plastic bags
29. • Leave for around 3 days
• Observe coloration differences and
general appearances
• Using spectrophotometer obtain the
chlorophyll content of leaves
30. Results
Chlorophyll content of leaves
Sample Chlorophyll concentration (umol/ml)
645 nm (Chl B) 663 nm (Chl A)
A (without 2.83 2.94
ethylene)
B (with ethylene) 2.3 2.9
31. Ethylene
• Ripening fruit is a source of of ethylene
• Causes changes in fruit as it ripens
• Breakdown of chlorophyll, synthesis of other
pigments
• Softening due to cellulase and
pectinase
• Converts starch and acids to sugars
• Disappearance of phenolics
like tannin
33. Enhances rate of senescence
• Senescence is the programmed aging process
leading to death
• From genetic programming or hormonally
induced
• Aging is associated with the loss of chlorophyll
as leaves fade or turn brown.
34. • Chlorophyllase breaks down chlorophyll
• Can also control abscission depending on the
balance with auxin
36. METHODOLOGY
WATER
WATER
ABA GA ABA
ABA, GA,
CK CK, GA CK
37. results
Treatment % germination
GA, dark 26.6
CK, dark 95
ABA, dark 0
ABA, light 1.3
GA, CK, dark 26.6
GA, CK, ABA, dark 0
H20, dark 95
H20, light 98
38. DISCUSSION
• Actions of GA, CK, and ABA are mediated
directly or indirectly via protein synthesis
(Fountain and Bewly, 1976)
• Gibberellic acid - the hormone that
promotes seed germination by initiating the
synthesis of amylase which the seeds require
to break down and hydrolyze endosperm to
sugar – their source of nutrition
39. DISCUSSION
• Cytokinin - promotes cell division and
morphogenesis of the seeds
• Abscisic Acid - the hormone t hat
regulates the germination of the
seed, signaling its maturity; ceases the growth
of the seeds, but serves as the sink for
nutrients
40. DISCUSSION
• Water: Light or Dark – requirement for
germination of lettuce seeds
– Control
• Lettuce seeds – require light and cool places
for its germination
– Therefore, light wins!
• Why dark?
– To isolate the sole reaction of seed germination
due to GA, CK and ABA without the aid of light
that might trigger other hormones
41. DISCUSSION
• ABA in Dark
– ABA: inhibitory hormone for seed germination
– Dark: not suitable location for lettuce seed
germination
– Therefore: least germination
• ABA in Light
– ABA: inhibitory hormone for seed germination
– Light: promotes germination of lettuce seed
– Therefore: relatively more % germination than
ABA in Dark
42. DISCUSSION
• GA in Dark
– GA: promotes seed germination by break down of
starch to glucose via generation of amylase
– Dark: not suitable location for lettuce seed
germination
• CK in Dark
– CK: promotes seed germination by cell division
and morphogenesis
– Dark: not suitable location for lettuce seed
germination
* Therefore: germination will still occur in both
43. DISCUSSION
• GA and CK in Dark
– GA: promotes seed germination by break down of
starch to glucose via generation of amylase
– CK: promotes seed germination by cell division
and morphogenesis
– Dark: not suitable location for lettuce seed
germination
– Both GA and CK promote seed germination
– Therefore: more % germination than in GA or CK
alone
44. DISCUSSION
• GA, CK and ABA in Dark
– GA: promotes seed germination by break down of
starch to glucose via generation of amylase
– CK: promotes seed germination by cell division and
morphogenesis
– ABA: inhibitory hormone for seed germination;
antagonistic to GA
– Dark: not suitable location for lettuce seed
germination
– GA and ABA cancel out, CK remains
– Therefore: there will still be % germination but less
than the GA and CK combined, and approximately
same as CK alone.
45. conclusion
• % germination:
Water in light > GA and CK in dark > GA in dark
= CK in dark = GA, CK, ABA in dark > ABA in
light > water in dark > ABA in dark
47. CONCLUSION
• To be able to determine the effect of various
hormones in plant growth
• IAA – promote adventitious root formation;
inhibits bud formation
• GA – promote elongation of stem internode
• CK – delay leaf senescence
• Ethylene – promote leaf abscission
48. CONCLUSION
• To be able to monitor differences in plant
responses
• As seen in the experiment, plant respond
differently to different hormones
– Formation of adventitious roots
– Inhibition of bud formation
– Elongation of internodes
– Leaf senescence and abscission
– Seed germination
However, the exact location varies greatly. In young stems, adventitious roots often form from parenchyma between the vascular bundles. In stems with secondary growth, adventitious roots often originate in phloem parenchyma near the vascular cambium.
CK can overcome inhibition of ABA to GA – common site of actionABA cannot be overcame by GA – different site of action