Plane table surveying involves simultaneously conducting fieldwork and plotting details on a drawing board called a plane table. Key accessories include an alidade for sighting, a spirit level and magnetic compass. Common methods are the radiation, intersection and traversing methods which involve measuring distances and angles to map features. Care is needed to accurately orient and center the plane table between stations. While suitable for small-scale mapping, plane table surveying is not intended for highly accurate work.
plane table surveying covers the Concept of surveyingHiteshAshani1
This document provides an overview of plane table surveying. It discusses the principle, instruments used including the plane table, alidade, spirit level, through compass, and U-fork. It describes how to set up the plane table by fixing it, centering, leveling, marking the north line, and orienting. It explains the radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection methods of plane table surveying. It also discusses sources of error and advantages and disadvantages of the plane table survey method.
This document summarizes the process of plane table surveying. It lists the equipment used, which includes a plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, and drawing accessories. It also describes how to set up the plane table by leveling it and orienting it using backsighting. The key steps are centering the plane table over survey stations, leveling it, and orienting it parallel to previous positions by sighting back to stations or using a magnetic needle and trough compass. Plane table surveying allows creating maps in the field as observations are made.
Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. The key instruments used are a plane table, alidade, tripod and accessories like trough compass and spirit level. There are different methods used for plane table surveying including radiation, intersection, traversing and resection. The principle of plane table surveying is parallelism, where all rays drawn through details should pass through the survey station.
Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. The key instruments used are a plane table, alidade, tripod and accessories like trough compass and spirit level. There are different methods used for plane table surveying including radiation, intersection, traversing and resection. The principle of plane table surveying is parallelism, where all rays drawn through survey details should pass through the survey station.
Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying method where observations and plotting are done simultaneously in the field. Key instruments used include a plane table mounted on a tripod, an alidade, and accessories like a trough compass and spirit level. There are four main methods - radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection - which involve drawing radial lines from observation points to locate features or determining their position through line intersections. The principle of plane table surveying is maintaining parallelism between lines on the ground and those plotted on the plane table.
The document provides information on plane table surveying. It describes plane table surveying as a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. Key instruments used include a plane table mounted on a tripod, an alidade, and accessories like a trough compass and spirit level. There are different methods of plane table surveying, including radiation, intersection, and resection, which involve drawing radial lines from survey stations to locate points.
Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting are done simultaneously.
It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey. It is most suitable for small scale maps.
The plan is drawn by the surveyor in the field, while the area to be surveyed is before his eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the necessary measurements.
Plane table surveying involves simultaneously conducting fieldwork and plotting details on a drawing board called a plane table. Key accessories include an alidade for sighting, a spirit level and magnetic compass. Common methods are the radiation, intersection and traversing methods which involve measuring distances and angles to map features. Care is needed to accurately orient and center the plane table between stations. While suitable for small-scale mapping, plane table surveying is not intended for highly accurate work.
plane table surveying covers the Concept of surveyingHiteshAshani1
This document provides an overview of plane table surveying. It discusses the principle, instruments used including the plane table, alidade, spirit level, through compass, and U-fork. It describes how to set up the plane table by fixing it, centering, leveling, marking the north line, and orienting. It explains the radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection methods of plane table surveying. It also discusses sources of error and advantages and disadvantages of the plane table survey method.
This document summarizes the process of plane table surveying. It lists the equipment used, which includes a plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, and drawing accessories. It also describes how to set up the plane table by leveling it and orienting it using backsighting. The key steps are centering the plane table over survey stations, leveling it, and orienting it parallel to previous positions by sighting back to stations or using a magnetic needle and trough compass. Plane table surveying allows creating maps in the field as observations are made.
Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. The key instruments used are a plane table, alidade, tripod and accessories like trough compass and spirit level. There are different methods used for plane table surveying including radiation, intersection, traversing and resection. The principle of plane table surveying is parallelism, where all rays drawn through details should pass through the survey station.
Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. The key instruments used are a plane table, alidade, tripod and accessories like trough compass and spirit level. There are different methods used for plane table surveying including radiation, intersection, traversing and resection. The principle of plane table surveying is parallelism, where all rays drawn through survey details should pass through the survey station.
Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying method where observations and plotting are done simultaneously in the field. Key instruments used include a plane table mounted on a tripod, an alidade, and accessories like a trough compass and spirit level. There are four main methods - radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection - which involve drawing radial lines from observation points to locate features or determining their position through line intersections. The principle of plane table surveying is maintaining parallelism between lines on the ground and those plotted on the plane table.
The document provides information on plane table surveying. It describes plane table surveying as a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. Key instruments used include a plane table mounted on a tripod, an alidade, and accessories like a trough compass and spirit level. There are different methods of plane table surveying, including radiation, intersection, and resection, which involve drawing radial lines from survey stations to locate points.
Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting are done simultaneously.
It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey. It is most suitable for small scale maps.
The plan is drawn by the surveyor in the field, while the area to be surveyed is before his eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the necessary measurements.
Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. Key equipment includes a plane table, tripod, alidade, compass, and drawing tools. There are different types of plane tables and several methods for setting up and orienting the table, including leveling, centering, and backsight orientation. Common plane table surveying methods include radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection, each involving drawing lines of sight from stations to locate or connect points.
Plane table surveying allows for simultaneous field observations and map plotting. It avoids transferring field data to an office and preparing separate maps. The key equipment includes a plane table, alidade, plumbing fork, spirit level, compass, drafting media sheet, and tripod. Common surveying methods using the plane table are radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection. Advantages include rapid mapping in the field and eliminating errors from separate field notes and office plotting. Disadvantages include limitations for large or precise surveys.
These slides deal with the techniques and methods of the plain table survey. Graphical method of surveying in which the fieldwork and plotting are done simultaneously.
This document provides information about plane table surveying. It discusses the equipment used including the plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, U-fork, and drawing accessories. It explains how to set up the plane table by leveling it, centering it over the survey station, and orienting it using a magnetic needle or backsight. The principles of plane table surveying are that all rays drawn through details should pass through the survey station. It is a simple and inexpensive surveying method suitable for small scale maps.
This document describes plane table surveying. Plane table surveying involves simultaneously conducting fieldwork and plotting on a drawing board mounted on a tripod. It is suitable for small-scale mapping. Key components of a plane table include the drawing board, alidade, plumbing fork, spirit level, trough compass and drawing sheet. Common methods used are radiation, intersection and traversing. Potential errors include imperfect instruments, centering errors and personal errors during fieldwork and plotting.
1. Levelling is used to determine the relative heights of points and establish a common datum. It involves using a level instrument and staff to obtain precise elevation readings.
2. Key terms include benchmarks, backsight, foresight, and intermediate sight readings. Common level instruments are the dumpy level, tilting level, wye level, and automatic level.
3. Levelling methods include simple, differential, fly, check, profile, cross, and reciprocal levelling used for different applications such as construction works. Precise setup and focusing of the instrument are required before taking readings.
This document provides information on leveling and contouring. It defines leveling as determining the relative height of points and describes the principle of leveling as obtaining a horizontal line of sight. It discusses various leveling terms, instruments including dumpy levels, staffs, and methods such as simple and differential leveling. The document also covers reducing levels using methods like height of instrument and rise and fall. It defines contours as lines of equal elevation and contour interval as the vertical distance between contours.
The document provides information about theodolite surveying including:
1. A theodolite is an instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles which can also be used to prolong lines, measure distances indirectly, and for leveling.
2. Theodolite traversing involves establishing control points by measuring angles and distances between traverse stations to calculate positions.
3. Components of a theodolite include a telescope that can rotate vertically and a compass to determine direction, along with accessories like a tripod, rods, and tapes used in surveying.
Module 2,plane table surveying (kannur university)Vishnudev C
This document describes various methods of plane table surveying. It discusses the principle, equipment, setting up, orientation, and main methods - radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection (by compass, backsight, two point, and three point problems). Plane table surveying allows simultaneous field observation and plotting. It is suitable for small scale maps and eliminates errors in field books.
This document provides an overview of plane table surveying. It describes the equipment used, which includes the plane table, alidade, U-fork with plumb bob, spirit level, compass, and drawing paper. It explains the working operations of plane table surveying, which involves fixing the plane table to the tripod, leveling it, centering it over survey points, and orienting it. Finally, it outlines several methods of plane table surveying, including radiation, intersection, traversing, resection, and solving two-point and three-point problems.
Mass diagram and its characeristics .pptNITINSURESH30
The document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It describes the main parts of a theodolite including the levelling head, horizontal and vertical circles, telescope, plate levels, and clamps. It also defines important terms used when manipulating a transit vernier theodolite such as centering, transiting, swinging the telescope, and changing face. The theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles which is important for tasks like setting out grades, locating points, and tacheometric surveying.
1. Levelling is used to determine the relative or absolute heights of points and is done by measuring vertical angles with a level.
2. The key principles are establishing elevations of unknown points relative to a known benchmark and determining height differences between points.
3. Levelling has many uses including topographic mapping, engineering design, construction, and drainage analysis. Careful instrument setup and line of sight adjustments are needed to get accurate elevation measurements.
The document summarizes methods of plane table surveying. It describes the equipment used including the plane table, alidade, plumbing fork, spirit level, compass, chain, and tripod. It explains four common methods - radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection. Radiation involves plotting points from a single location. Intersection locates a point using lines of sight from two known stations. Traversing connects a series of lines between points. Resection determines an unknown location by sighting to known points. The document provides detailed explanations of the techniques involved in each method.
This document discusses plane table surveying. It begins with an acknowledgement and introduction. It then describes the common instruments used in plane table surveying like the drawing board, alidade, spirit level, trough compass, U-frame, paper, and tripod. The next sections cover the advantages and disadvantages of the plane table method, and the main methods used: radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection. Principles of plane table surveying are also outlined. Bibliographic references are provided at the end.
This document provides information about plane table surveying, including equipment, methods, and procedures. It contains:
1) A description of the key equipment used for plane table surveying, including the drawing board, alidade, compass, plumbing fork, and spirit level.
2) An overview of two common orientation methods - using a magnetic needle or backsight method. The backsight method is more accurate as it relies on sighting the previous station.
3) A brief explanation of four methods used for plane table surveying: the radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection methods. The radiation method involves drawing rays from the instrument station and plotting distances to locate points.
This document provides information about plane table surveying, including equipment, methods, and procedures. It contains:
1) A description of the key equipment used for plane table surveying, including the drawing board, alidade, compass, plumbing fork, and spirit level.
2) An overview of two common orientation methods - using a magnetic needle or backsight method. The backsight method is preferred as it is more accurate.
3) A brief explanation of setting up and leveling the plane table, marking the north line, and centering over survey stations. Precise leveling, centering, and orientation are important for accuracy.
4) A note that there are four main methods used
Plane table is a graphical method of surveying in which the field works and the plotting is done simultaneously. It is particularly adopting in small mapping. Plane table surveying is used for locating the field computation of area of field.
This document discusses the equipment and process for plane table surveying. The key equipment includes the plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, U-fork with plumb bob, drawing paper, pins, and drawing accessories. The process of setting up the plane table involves leveling it on the tripod, centering it over the survey station, and orienting it using either a magnetic needle or back sighting method to ensure parallel lines on the table and ground.
This document discusses the equipment and process for plane table surveying. The key equipment includes the plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, U-fork with plumb bob, drawing paper, pins, and drawing accessories. The process of setting up the plane table involves leveling it on the tripod, centering it over the survey station, and orienting it using either a magnetic needle or back sighting method to ensure parallel lines on the plane table match features on the ground.
Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. Key equipment includes a plane table, tripod, alidade, compass, and drawing tools. There are different types of plane tables and several methods for setting up and orienting the table, including leveling, centering, and backsight orientation. Common plane table surveying methods include radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection, each involving drawing lines of sight from stations to locate or connect points.
Plane table surveying allows for simultaneous field observations and map plotting. It avoids transferring field data to an office and preparing separate maps. The key equipment includes a plane table, alidade, plumbing fork, spirit level, compass, drafting media sheet, and tripod. Common surveying methods using the plane table are radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection. Advantages include rapid mapping in the field and eliminating errors from separate field notes and office plotting. Disadvantages include limitations for large or precise surveys.
These slides deal with the techniques and methods of the plain table survey. Graphical method of surveying in which the fieldwork and plotting are done simultaneously.
This document provides information about plane table surveying. It discusses the equipment used including the plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, U-fork, and drawing accessories. It explains how to set up the plane table by leveling it, centering it over the survey station, and orienting it using a magnetic needle or backsight. The principles of plane table surveying are that all rays drawn through details should pass through the survey station. It is a simple and inexpensive surveying method suitable for small scale maps.
This document describes plane table surveying. Plane table surveying involves simultaneously conducting fieldwork and plotting on a drawing board mounted on a tripod. It is suitable for small-scale mapping. Key components of a plane table include the drawing board, alidade, plumbing fork, spirit level, trough compass and drawing sheet. Common methods used are radiation, intersection and traversing. Potential errors include imperfect instruments, centering errors and personal errors during fieldwork and plotting.
1. Levelling is used to determine the relative heights of points and establish a common datum. It involves using a level instrument and staff to obtain precise elevation readings.
2. Key terms include benchmarks, backsight, foresight, and intermediate sight readings. Common level instruments are the dumpy level, tilting level, wye level, and automatic level.
3. Levelling methods include simple, differential, fly, check, profile, cross, and reciprocal levelling used for different applications such as construction works. Precise setup and focusing of the instrument are required before taking readings.
This document provides information on leveling and contouring. It defines leveling as determining the relative height of points and describes the principle of leveling as obtaining a horizontal line of sight. It discusses various leveling terms, instruments including dumpy levels, staffs, and methods such as simple and differential leveling. The document also covers reducing levels using methods like height of instrument and rise and fall. It defines contours as lines of equal elevation and contour interval as the vertical distance between contours.
The document provides information about theodolite surveying including:
1. A theodolite is an instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles which can also be used to prolong lines, measure distances indirectly, and for leveling.
2. Theodolite traversing involves establishing control points by measuring angles and distances between traverse stations to calculate positions.
3. Components of a theodolite include a telescope that can rotate vertically and a compass to determine direction, along with accessories like a tripod, rods, and tapes used in surveying.
Module 2,plane table surveying (kannur university)Vishnudev C
This document describes various methods of plane table surveying. It discusses the principle, equipment, setting up, orientation, and main methods - radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection (by compass, backsight, two point, and three point problems). Plane table surveying allows simultaneous field observation and plotting. It is suitable for small scale maps and eliminates errors in field books.
This document provides an overview of plane table surveying. It describes the equipment used, which includes the plane table, alidade, U-fork with plumb bob, spirit level, compass, and drawing paper. It explains the working operations of plane table surveying, which involves fixing the plane table to the tripod, leveling it, centering it over survey points, and orienting it. Finally, it outlines several methods of plane table surveying, including radiation, intersection, traversing, resection, and solving two-point and three-point problems.
Mass diagram and its characeristics .pptNITINSURESH30
The document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It describes the main parts of a theodolite including the levelling head, horizontal and vertical circles, telescope, plate levels, and clamps. It also defines important terms used when manipulating a transit vernier theodolite such as centering, transiting, swinging the telescope, and changing face. The theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles which is important for tasks like setting out grades, locating points, and tacheometric surveying.
1. Levelling is used to determine the relative or absolute heights of points and is done by measuring vertical angles with a level.
2. The key principles are establishing elevations of unknown points relative to a known benchmark and determining height differences between points.
3. Levelling has many uses including topographic mapping, engineering design, construction, and drainage analysis. Careful instrument setup and line of sight adjustments are needed to get accurate elevation measurements.
The document summarizes methods of plane table surveying. It describes the equipment used including the plane table, alidade, plumbing fork, spirit level, compass, chain, and tripod. It explains four common methods - radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection. Radiation involves plotting points from a single location. Intersection locates a point using lines of sight from two known stations. Traversing connects a series of lines between points. Resection determines an unknown location by sighting to known points. The document provides detailed explanations of the techniques involved in each method.
This document discusses plane table surveying. It begins with an acknowledgement and introduction. It then describes the common instruments used in plane table surveying like the drawing board, alidade, spirit level, trough compass, U-frame, paper, and tripod. The next sections cover the advantages and disadvantages of the plane table method, and the main methods used: radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection. Principles of plane table surveying are also outlined. Bibliographic references are provided at the end.
This document provides information about plane table surveying, including equipment, methods, and procedures. It contains:
1) A description of the key equipment used for plane table surveying, including the drawing board, alidade, compass, plumbing fork, and spirit level.
2) An overview of two common orientation methods - using a magnetic needle or backsight method. The backsight method is more accurate as it relies on sighting the previous station.
3) A brief explanation of four methods used for plane table surveying: the radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection methods. The radiation method involves drawing rays from the instrument station and plotting distances to locate points.
This document provides information about plane table surveying, including equipment, methods, and procedures. It contains:
1) A description of the key equipment used for plane table surveying, including the drawing board, alidade, compass, plumbing fork, and spirit level.
2) An overview of two common orientation methods - using a magnetic needle or backsight method. The backsight method is preferred as it is more accurate.
3) A brief explanation of setting up and leveling the plane table, marking the north line, and centering over survey stations. Precise leveling, centering, and orientation are important for accuracy.
4) A note that there are four main methods used
Plane table is a graphical method of surveying in which the field works and the plotting is done simultaneously. It is particularly adopting in small mapping. Plane table surveying is used for locating the field computation of area of field.
This document discusses the equipment and process for plane table surveying. The key equipment includes the plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, U-fork with plumb bob, drawing paper, pins, and drawing accessories. The process of setting up the plane table involves leveling it on the tripod, centering it over the survey station, and orienting it using either a magnetic needle or back sighting method to ensure parallel lines on the table and ground.
This document discusses the equipment and process for plane table surveying. The key equipment includes the plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, U-fork with plumb bob, drawing paper, pins, and drawing accessories. The process of setting up the plane table involves leveling it on the tripod, centering it over the survey station, and orienting it using either a magnetic needle or back sighting method to ensure parallel lines on the plane table match features on the ground.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
2. TRADITIONAL SURVEY POSITIONAL TECHNIQUES:
• Traditional survey positional techniques refer to the methods used in land
surveying to determine and establish the positions of points on the Earth's
surface.
• These techniques have been foundational in various fields such as construction,
civil engineering, mapping, and land development.
3. TECHNIQUES
Some of the traditional survey positional techniques include:
1. Plane Table surveying
2. Triangulation
3. Trilateration
4. Total Station
5. Leveling
6. Chain Surveying
4. PLANE TABLE SURVEYING
• Plane table surveying is a traditional method used in land surveying to map and
create plans of relatively small areas directly in the field.
• It involves the use of a plane table, which is essentially a drawing board
mounted on a tripod or stand.
• This method allows surveyors to visually represent the surveyed area and
features by plotting observations and measurements directly onto the drawing
board while working in the field.
5. OBJECTIVE OF PLANE TABLE SURVEYING
• The objectives of plane table surveying include:
o Creating a detailed and accurate map of the surveyed area.
o Establishing control points and reference markers for future surveys or construction projects.
o Determining the distances, angles, and directions between different points on the ground.
o Gathering data for designing infrastructure projects, such as highways, pipelines, and railways.
o Assisting in land management and land development projects.
6. Plane Table Surveying: The Basic Idea Behind It
• Plane table surveying is a method that involves placing a drawing board,
known as a plane table, on the ground and using it as a reference surface.
• The surveyor visually observes and plots the positions of points on the
ground directly onto the drawing sheet.
• By measuring angles and distances, the relative positions of these points
can be determined and mapped accurately.
7. LIST OF INSTRUMENTS USED IN SURVEYING:
• (1) Plane Table
(2) Alidade
(3) Plumbing fork and Plumb bob
(4) Spirit Level
(5) Chain or Tape
(6) Rain roof cover for the plane table
(7) Compass
(8) Ranging Rods
(9) Drawing Sheets
(10) Drawing equipment.
8. DRAWING BOARD
• The drawing board is made up a of well-seasoned wood, so as to
counteract the effect of warping and damages due to weathering.
• The upper surface of the drawing board is kept smooth.
• The table at the center of the underside is attached to the tripod with the
help of a screw and wing nut.
• The table can be clamped in any position using the wing nut.
9.
10. ALIDADE
• An alidade is a straight-edge ruler having some sighting device.
• It is used for sighting objects and drawing lines in Plane Table Surveying. Plane Alidade is
a straight-edge ruler about 450 mm long, made of metal or wood.
• One of the edges is bevelled and graduated.
• The alidade is provided with a sight vane at each end. The sight vanes have hinges at the
lower end so that they can be folded down on the ruler when not in use.
• One of the sight vanes is provided with a narrow slit and is used as an eye vane.
11.
12. ALIDADE
• The object vane is open, and it carries a hair or thin wire at its center. The sight
vanes provide a definite line of sight.
• The line of sight of the alidade is in the same plane as that of the fiducial edge or
in a plane parallel to it.
• Nowadays, Telescopic Alidades are also much in use, in place of Plane Alidades.
When the points too high or low are to be sighted, the accuracy and the range
are considerably increased by providing a telescopic alidade.
13. SPIRIT LEVEL
• The other name used for spirit level is level tube. The essential
condition in plane table surveying is that the board should be
level. This level tube is either tubular or circular.
• It is placed on the board and the bubble is centered in each
position to make the board horizontal.
14.
15. TROUGH COMPASS
• It is one of the vital instruments employed in plane table surveying. Generally, it is 15 cm long and
is provided to plot the magnetic meridian (N-S direction) to facilitate the orientation of the plane
table in the magnetic meridian.
• At the extremities of the trough compass, there are graduated scales with zero at the center and
marking up to 5° on either side of the zero line.
• Longer sides of the trough compass are parallel and plane such that they can be used as a ruler for
drawing the line or for placing the compass such that it coincides with a line already drawn on the
drawing sheet.
16.
17. U-FRAME OR PLUMBING FORK
• A plumbing form is a U-shaped piece of the metal frame. It is used for the
centering of the plane table over the station.
• One end of the frame is pointed and is kept over the drawing sheet
touching the plotted position of the instrument station, while the other
end of the frame carries a plumb bob.
• The position of the plane table is adjusted until the plumb bob hangs over
the station occupied by the instrument
19. CONTI…
• The use of a plumbing fork is justified only if the plotting is
done at a large scale and the rays are short.
• Whereas, small-scale mapping, which is usually done with a
plane table, using a plumbing fork is a sheer waste.
20. WATER PROOF COVER
• During rainy days, a waterproof cover is a must so that the
surveying operation can go on without much disturbance.
21. PAPER OR DRAWING SHEET
• The paper or drawing sheet used in Plane Table Surveying
should be of the best quality to withstand rubbing and
scrubbing.
22. Tripod
• An open frame type light tripod is usually used in the simplest
form of plane tables.
• Levelling of the board is achieved with the tripod legs and
checking the horizontality of the board with the help of two spirit
levels fixed at right angles to each other in a block of wood.
23. TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF PLANE
TABLE:
• Surface of the board should be perpendicular to the vertical axis of
the instrument which can be achieved by placing a spirit level over the
plane table.
• The bevelled Edge of the Alidade should be a straight line which can
be checked by drawing a line along the ruling edge.
24. CONTI….
• The Two Vanes should be perpendicular to the base of the
alidade and can be done by setting the alidade on the corner
edge of a building or on a suspended plumb bob. If they do not
coincide, adjust the hinges till the vane coincides with the plumb
line.
25. LEVELLING
• In plane table surveying, it is the operation of bringing the plane
table in a horizontal plane. Levelling of the board is done with the
help of a spirit level and by employing one of the following methods:
o Tilting of the board ordinarily.
o Adjusting the legs of the tripod.
27. ARRANGEMENT OF PLANE TABLE
SURVEYING EQUIPMENT
• Plane Table Surveying equipment is arranged in 4 steps as follows: -
• Fixing of Plane Table
• Attach the tripod stand to the plane table. Using paper clips or thumb
screws, arrange the drawing sheet on the plane table. From first to last, the
sheet should be in one position.
28. CENTERING
o It is the operation of bringing the plotted station point exactly over the ground
station. A Plumbing Fork is used for centering the plane table.
o First of all, the pointed end of the plumbing fork is kept on the paper while the
other end is attached with a plumb bob.
o It should be noted that exact and proper centering is done only in case of large-
scale mapping. And for small-scale mapping, an error of about 30 cm is
permissible.
29. Levelling
• In plane table surveying, it is the operation of bringing the plane
table in a horizontal plane. Levelling of the board is done with the
help of a spirit level and by employing one of the following methods:
o Tilting of the board ordinarily.
o Adjusting the legs of the tripod.
30. ORIENTATION
o It is the operation of keeping the plane table parallel to the position it occupied at the first station. In such a case, all
the lines plotted will be parallel to the corresponding lines on the ground.
o If the position of the board is different at successive stations, the relative positions of the plotted details will not
remain the same as the relative positions of the details on the ground.
o As a result, the plotted work of the previous stations cannot be connected to that of the successive stations.
o During orientation the table is rotated and the plotted position of the instrument station is also disturbed and shifts
relative to the ground stations.
o Therefore, operations of orientation and centering are therefore interrelated. Orientation of the plane table can be
closed using a trough compass, back sighting.
31. METHODS OF PLANE TABLING:
• (a) Traversing: In this method the location of the Plane Table station is located in
the following manner:
• (1) At previous station a ray is drawn in the forward direction (toward next
station) and point is plotted by measuring the horizontal distance and plotting it to
scale.
• (2) Instrument is shifted to next station (which is just located in first step) and the
previous station is back-sighted to orient the plane table.
32. TRAVERSE
• A traverse is a series of connected lines whose lengths and
directions are to be measured and the process of surveying to
find such measurements is known as traversing. In general,
chains are used to measure length and compass or theodolite
are used to measure the direction of traverse lines.
33. Types of Traverse:
• A Traverse may be of two types. Namely,
1. Open Traverse
2. Closed Traverse
34. 1. Open Traverse
• A traverse is said to be open traverse when the traverse starts
at one point and terminates at another point as shown in the
figure.
• Open traverse is also called as unclosed traverse. It is suitable
for surveying of roads, coastal lines, etc.
35. Closed Traverse
• A traverse is said to be closed traverse when the traverse
formed a closed circuit as shown in the figure.
• In this case, both starting and terminating points of the
traverse coincide with each other. It is suitable for the survey of
boundaries of ponds, sports grounds, forests, etc.