Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. The key instruments used are a plane table, alidade, tripod and accessories like trough compass and spirit level. There are different methods used for plane table surveying including radiation, intersection, traversing and resection. The principle of plane table surveying is parallelism, where all rays drawn through details should pass through the survey station.
The document provides information on plane table surveying. It describes plane table surveying as a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. Key instruments used include a plane table mounted on a tripod, an alidade, and accessories like a trough compass and spirit level. There are different methods of plane table surveying, including radiation, intersection, and resection, which involve drawing radial lines from survey stations to locate points.
Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. Key equipment includes a plane table, tripod, alidade, compass, and drawing tools. There are different types of plane tables and several methods for setting up and orienting the table, including leveling, centering, and backsight orientation. Common plane table surveying methods include radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection, each involving drawing lines of sight from stations to locate or connect points.
Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting are done simultaneously.
It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey. It is most suitable for small scale maps.
The plan is drawn by the surveyor in the field, while the area to be surveyed is before his eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the necessary measurements.
Module 2,plane table surveying (kannur university)Vishnudev C
This document describes various methods of plane table surveying. It discusses the principle, equipment, setting up, orientation, and main methods - radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection (by compass, backsight, two point, and three point problems). Plane table surveying allows simultaneous field observation and plotting. It is suitable for small scale maps and eliminates errors in field books.
Plane table surveying involves simultaneously conducting fieldwork and plotting details on a drawing board called a plane table. Key accessories include an alidade for sighting, a spirit level and magnetic compass. Common methods are the radiation, intersection and traversing methods which involve measuring distances and angles to map features. Care is needed to accurately orient and center the plane table between stations. While suitable for small-scale mapping, plane table surveying is not intended for highly accurate work.
This document summarizes the process of plane table surveying. It lists the equipment used, which includes a plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, and drawing accessories. It also describes how to set up the plane table by leveling it and orienting it using backsighting. The key steps are centering the plane table over survey stations, leveling it, and orienting it parallel to previous positions by sighting back to stations or using a magnetic needle and trough compass. Plane table surveying allows creating maps in the field as observations are made.
This document provides information about plane table surveying. It discusses the equipment used including the plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, U-fork, and drawing accessories. It explains how to set up the plane table by leveling it, centering it over the survey station, and orienting it using a magnetic needle or backsight. The principles of plane table surveying are that all rays drawn through details should pass through the survey station. It is a simple and inexpensive surveying method suitable for small scale maps.
plane table surveying covers the Concept of surveyingHiteshAshani1
This document provides an overview of plane table surveying. It discusses the principle, instruments used including the plane table, alidade, spirit level, through compass, and U-fork. It describes how to set up the plane table by fixing it, centering, leveling, marking the north line, and orienting. It explains the radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection methods of plane table surveying. It also discusses sources of error and advantages and disadvantages of the plane table survey method.
The document provides information on plane table surveying. It describes plane table surveying as a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. Key instruments used include a plane table mounted on a tripod, an alidade, and accessories like a trough compass and spirit level. There are different methods of plane table surveying, including radiation, intersection, and resection, which involve drawing radial lines from survey stations to locate points.
Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying method where field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. Key equipment includes a plane table, tripod, alidade, compass, and drawing tools. There are different types of plane tables and several methods for setting up and orienting the table, including leveling, centering, and backsight orientation. Common plane table surveying methods include radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection, each involving drawing lines of sight from stations to locate or connect points.
Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting are done simultaneously.
It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey. It is most suitable for small scale maps.
The plan is drawn by the surveyor in the field, while the area to be surveyed is before his eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the necessary measurements.
Module 2,plane table surveying (kannur university)Vishnudev C
This document describes various methods of plane table surveying. It discusses the principle, equipment, setting up, orientation, and main methods - radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection (by compass, backsight, two point, and three point problems). Plane table surveying allows simultaneous field observation and plotting. It is suitable for small scale maps and eliminates errors in field books.
Plane table surveying involves simultaneously conducting fieldwork and plotting details on a drawing board called a plane table. Key accessories include an alidade for sighting, a spirit level and magnetic compass. Common methods are the radiation, intersection and traversing methods which involve measuring distances and angles to map features. Care is needed to accurately orient and center the plane table between stations. While suitable for small-scale mapping, plane table surveying is not intended for highly accurate work.
This document summarizes the process of plane table surveying. It lists the equipment used, which includes a plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, and drawing accessories. It also describes how to set up the plane table by leveling it and orienting it using backsighting. The key steps are centering the plane table over survey stations, leveling it, and orienting it parallel to previous positions by sighting back to stations or using a magnetic needle and trough compass. Plane table surveying allows creating maps in the field as observations are made.
This document provides information about plane table surveying. It discusses the equipment used including the plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, U-fork, and drawing accessories. It explains how to set up the plane table by leveling it, centering it over the survey station, and orienting it using a magnetic needle or backsight. The principles of plane table surveying are that all rays drawn through details should pass through the survey station. It is a simple and inexpensive surveying method suitable for small scale maps.
plane table surveying covers the Concept of surveyingHiteshAshani1
This document provides an overview of plane table surveying. It discusses the principle, instruments used including the plane table, alidade, spirit level, through compass, and U-fork. It describes how to set up the plane table by fixing it, centering, leveling, marking the north line, and orienting. It explains the radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection methods of plane table surveying. It also discusses sources of error and advantages and disadvantages of the plane table survey method.
This document describes plane table surveying. Plane table surveying involves simultaneously conducting fieldwork and plotting on a drawing board mounted on a tripod. It is suitable for small-scale mapping. Key components of a plane table include the drawing board, alidade, plumbing fork, spirit level, trough compass and drawing sheet. Common methods used are radiation, intersection and traversing. Potential errors include imperfect instruments, centering errors and personal errors during fieldwork and plotting.
Plane table is a graphical method of surveying in which the field works and the plotting is done simultaneously. It is particularly adopting in small mapping. Plane table surveying is used for locating the field computation of area of field.
This document provides information about plane table surveying. It discusses the principle of plane table surveying which is based on parallelism between the ground and drawing sheet. The key instruments used in plane table surveying are described, including the plane table, alidade, compass, spirit level, and U-fork with plumb bob. Methods of setting up the plane table and orienting it are explained. The main surveying methods covered are radiation, intersection, and traversing, along with diagrams to illustrate the procedures. Advantages of plane table surveying include rapid mapping and accurate representation of irregular objects, while limitations are lack of suitability for very accurate work and inability to replot maps to different scales.
This document discusses the equipment and process for plane table surveying. The key equipment includes the plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, U-fork with plumb bob, drawing paper, pins, and drawing accessories. The process of setting up the plane table involves leveling it on the tripod, centering it over the survey station, and orienting it using either a magnetic needle or back sighting method to ensure parallel lines on the table and ground.
This document discusses the equipment and process for plane table surveying. The key equipment includes the plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, U-fork with plumb bob, drawing paper, pins, and drawing accessories. The process of setting up the plane table involves leveling it on the tripod, centering it over the survey station, and orienting it using either a magnetic needle or back sighting method to ensure parallel lines on the plane table match features on the ground.
Plane table surveying allows for simultaneous field observations and map plotting. It avoids transferring field data to an office and preparing separate maps. The key equipment includes a plane table, alidade, plumbing fork, spirit level, compass, drafting media sheet, and tripod. Common surveying methods using the plane table are radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection. Advantages include rapid mapping in the field and eliminating errors from separate field notes and office plotting. Disadvantages include limitations for large or precise surveys.
This document provides an overview of plane table surveying. It describes the equipment used, which includes the plane table, alidade, U-fork with plumb bob, spirit level, compass, and drawing paper. It explains the working operations of plane table surveying, which involves fixing the plane table to the tripod, leveling it, centering it over survey points, and orienting it. Finally, it outlines several methods of plane table surveying, including radiation, intersection, traversing, resection, and solving two-point and three-point problems.
Plane table surveying involves using a plane table, alidade, and other instruments to take field measurements and plot a map. Key principles include maintaining parallelism between lines of sight on the ground and plane table. Common methods are radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection. Sources of error include imperfect instruments, sighting errors, and plotting mistakes. While less accurate than a theodolite, plane table surveying allows mapping in the field with moderate accuracy for small to medium scale maps.
This document discusses different methods of plane table surveying:
- Radiation method involves drawing rays from a single instrument station and measuring distances to locate points. It works best for small distances.
- Intersection method uses observations from two instrument stations to locate points by drawing intersecting rays. It is useful for large or obstructed distances.
- Traversing method surveys a series of lines by shifting the instrument between stations and measuring distances along sight lines.
- Resection determines the instrument station location by observing angles to known points plotted on the sheet using methods like backsight orientation, two-point or three-point problems.
The document provides details of a survey camp conducted in Manali in 2019. It includes the name, roll number, semester and college of the student. It then lists the various practicals covered in the camp, including plane table surveying using radiation and intersection methods, studying the parts and level reduction of a dumpy level, measuring angles using a theodolite, traversing an area and plotting it, and measuring horizontal angles using reiteration. It provides details of each practical, explaining concepts and procedures.
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
These slides deal with the techniques and methods of the plain table survey. Graphical method of surveying in which the fieldwork and plotting are done simultaneously.
This document provides information about plane table surveying, including equipment, methods, and procedures. It contains:
1) A description of the key equipment used for plane table surveying, including the drawing board, alidade, compass, plumbing fork, and spirit level.
2) An overview of two common orientation methods - using a magnetic needle or backsight method. The backsight method is more accurate as it relies on sighting the previous station.
3) A brief explanation of four methods used for plane table surveying: the radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection methods. The radiation method involves drawing rays from the instrument station and plotting distances to locate points.
This document provides information about plane table surveying, including equipment, methods, and procedures. It contains:
1) A description of the key equipment used for plane table surveying, including the drawing board, alidade, compass, plumbing fork, and spirit level.
2) An overview of two common orientation methods - using a magnetic needle or backsight method. The backsight method is preferred as it is more accurate.
3) A brief explanation of setting up and leveling the plane table, marking the north line, and centering over survey stations. Precise leveling, centering, and orientation are important for accuracy.
4) A note that there are four main methods used
This document provides an overview of surveying concepts including definitions, types of surveying based on methods and instruments, classifications, scales, and fundamental principles. It discusses plain surveying versus geodetic surveying and covers topics like triangulation, traversing, leveling, types of scales, and preparation of plans and maps. The key information presented includes classifications of surveying based on instruments, methods, purpose and nature of the field. Objectives and uses of surveying are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of surveying concepts and techniques. It discusses:
1) The definitions, classifications, instruments, and methods used in surveying like chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying, and total station surveying.
2) The objectives of surveying which include preparing maps, plans and transferring details to mark locations on the ground for engineering projects.
3) The primary divisions of surveying into plain surveying which ignores curvature of the earth, and geodetic surveying which accounts for curvature over large areas.
4) Fundamental surveying principles like working from the whole to parts, and locating new points using two measurements from fixed references.
This document provides an overview of surveying concepts including definitions, types of surveying based on methods and instruments, classifications, scales, and plans/maps. It discusses plain surveying vs geodetic surveying, fundamental surveying principles of working from whole to part and locating points with two measurements, and classifications including based on instruments, methods, purpose, and nature of the field. Key types like chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying, and total station surveying are summarized.
A cofferdam is a temporary structure built to allow construction in an area that would otherwise be submerged. There are several types of cofferdams suitable for different conditions, including earthfill, rockfill, timber crib, and sheet pile designs. Sheet pile cofferdams can be single wall, double wall, or cellular depending on the size of excavation needed. Proper selection of cofferdam type considers factors like water depth, soil conditions, and hydrostatic pressure. Cofferdams must be designed and constructed carefully to withstand loads and prevent leakage during dewatering of the work area.
Numerical models and analysis are important tools for water resources management and planning. Different types of models simulate physical processes in rivers, coasts, watersheds, reservoirs, lakes, and groundwater. Key types include hydrologic models, which route rainfall-runoff; hydraulic models, which simulate water flow and levels; and sediment transport models. Models require careful setup, calibration, and interpretation of results. Selection of models depends on project needs and available tools that are preferred or certified for different applications. Models provide insights into existing conditions and help evaluate future scenarios and project alternatives.
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This document describes plane table surveying. Plane table surveying involves simultaneously conducting fieldwork and plotting on a drawing board mounted on a tripod. It is suitable for small-scale mapping. Key components of a plane table include the drawing board, alidade, plumbing fork, spirit level, trough compass and drawing sheet. Common methods used are radiation, intersection and traversing. Potential errors include imperfect instruments, centering errors and personal errors during fieldwork and plotting.
Plane table is a graphical method of surveying in which the field works and the plotting is done simultaneously. It is particularly adopting in small mapping. Plane table surveying is used for locating the field computation of area of field.
This document provides information about plane table surveying. It discusses the principle of plane table surveying which is based on parallelism between the ground and drawing sheet. The key instruments used in plane table surveying are described, including the plane table, alidade, compass, spirit level, and U-fork with plumb bob. Methods of setting up the plane table and orienting it are explained. The main surveying methods covered are radiation, intersection, and traversing, along with diagrams to illustrate the procedures. Advantages of plane table surveying include rapid mapping and accurate representation of irregular objects, while limitations are lack of suitability for very accurate work and inability to replot maps to different scales.
This document discusses the equipment and process for plane table surveying. The key equipment includes the plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, U-fork with plumb bob, drawing paper, pins, and drawing accessories. The process of setting up the plane table involves leveling it on the tripod, centering it over the survey station, and orienting it using either a magnetic needle or back sighting method to ensure parallel lines on the table and ground.
This document discusses the equipment and process for plane table surveying. The key equipment includes the plane table, tripod, alidade, trough compass, spirit level, U-fork with plumb bob, drawing paper, pins, and drawing accessories. The process of setting up the plane table involves leveling it on the tripod, centering it over the survey station, and orienting it using either a magnetic needle or back sighting method to ensure parallel lines on the plane table match features on the ground.
Plane table surveying allows for simultaneous field observations and map plotting. It avoids transferring field data to an office and preparing separate maps. The key equipment includes a plane table, alidade, plumbing fork, spirit level, compass, drafting media sheet, and tripod. Common surveying methods using the plane table are radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection. Advantages include rapid mapping in the field and eliminating errors from separate field notes and office plotting. Disadvantages include limitations for large or precise surveys.
This document provides an overview of plane table surveying. It describes the equipment used, which includes the plane table, alidade, U-fork with plumb bob, spirit level, compass, and drawing paper. It explains the working operations of plane table surveying, which involves fixing the plane table to the tripod, leveling it, centering it over survey points, and orienting it. Finally, it outlines several methods of plane table surveying, including radiation, intersection, traversing, resection, and solving two-point and three-point problems.
Plane table surveying involves using a plane table, alidade, and other instruments to take field measurements and plot a map. Key principles include maintaining parallelism between lines of sight on the ground and plane table. Common methods are radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection. Sources of error include imperfect instruments, sighting errors, and plotting mistakes. While less accurate than a theodolite, plane table surveying allows mapping in the field with moderate accuracy for small to medium scale maps.
This document discusses different methods of plane table surveying:
- Radiation method involves drawing rays from a single instrument station and measuring distances to locate points. It works best for small distances.
- Intersection method uses observations from two instrument stations to locate points by drawing intersecting rays. It is useful for large or obstructed distances.
- Traversing method surveys a series of lines by shifting the instrument between stations and measuring distances along sight lines.
- Resection determines the instrument station location by observing angles to known points plotted on the sheet using methods like backsight orientation, two-point or three-point problems.
The document provides details of a survey camp conducted in Manali in 2019. It includes the name, roll number, semester and college of the student. It then lists the various practicals covered in the camp, including plane table surveying using radiation and intersection methods, studying the parts and level reduction of a dumpy level, measuring angles using a theodolite, traversing an area and plotting it, and measuring horizontal angles using reiteration. It provides details of each practical, explaining concepts and procedures.
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
These slides deal with the techniques and methods of the plain table survey. Graphical method of surveying in which the fieldwork and plotting are done simultaneously.
This document provides information about plane table surveying, including equipment, methods, and procedures. It contains:
1) A description of the key equipment used for plane table surveying, including the drawing board, alidade, compass, plumbing fork, and spirit level.
2) An overview of two common orientation methods - using a magnetic needle or backsight method. The backsight method is more accurate as it relies on sighting the previous station.
3) A brief explanation of four methods used for plane table surveying: the radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection methods. The radiation method involves drawing rays from the instrument station and plotting distances to locate points.
This document provides information about plane table surveying, including equipment, methods, and procedures. It contains:
1) A description of the key equipment used for plane table surveying, including the drawing board, alidade, compass, plumbing fork, and spirit level.
2) An overview of two common orientation methods - using a magnetic needle or backsight method. The backsight method is preferred as it is more accurate.
3) A brief explanation of setting up and leveling the plane table, marking the north line, and centering over survey stations. Precise leveling, centering, and orientation are important for accuracy.
4) A note that there are four main methods used
This document provides an overview of surveying concepts including definitions, types of surveying based on methods and instruments, classifications, scales, and fundamental principles. It discusses plain surveying versus geodetic surveying and covers topics like triangulation, traversing, leveling, types of scales, and preparation of plans and maps. The key information presented includes classifications of surveying based on instruments, methods, purpose and nature of the field. Objectives and uses of surveying are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of surveying concepts and techniques. It discusses:
1) The definitions, classifications, instruments, and methods used in surveying like chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying, and total station surveying.
2) The objectives of surveying which include preparing maps, plans and transferring details to mark locations on the ground for engineering projects.
3) The primary divisions of surveying into plain surveying which ignores curvature of the earth, and geodetic surveying which accounts for curvature over large areas.
4) Fundamental surveying principles like working from the whole to parts, and locating new points using two measurements from fixed references.
This document provides an overview of surveying concepts including definitions, types of surveying based on methods and instruments, classifications, scales, and plans/maps. It discusses plain surveying vs geodetic surveying, fundamental surveying principles of working from whole to part and locating points with two measurements, and classifications including based on instruments, methods, purpose, and nature of the field. Key types like chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying, and total station surveying are summarized.
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represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
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Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
2. Syllabus
• Plane Table Survey:
Introduction, principle, instruments, setting up
the plane table, methods of plane tabling,
advantages, sources of Errors.
3. Plane Table Surveying
• Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of
survey in which the field observations and
plotting are done simultaneously.
• It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey.
It is most suitable for small scale maps.
• The plan is drawn by the surveyor in the field,
while the area to be surveyed is before his eyes.
Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the
necessary measurements.
4. Equipments and Accessories for
Plane Tabling
The following instruments are used in plane
table surveying.
Equipments
• Plane Table
• Tripod
• Alidade
5. Equipments and Accessories for
Plane Tabling
Accessories
• Trough Compass
• Spirit level
• U-Fork with Plumb bob
• Water proof cover
• Drawing paper
• Pins
• Drawing accessories
6. Equipments
• Plane Table: The drawing board for plane
tabling is made from well-seasoned wood with
its upper surface exactly plane.
• It is normally rectangular in shape with size 75
cm x 60 cm
• It is mounted on a tripod and clamps are
provided to fix it in any direction. The table
can revolved about its vertical axis and can be
clamped in any position, when necessary.
9. Tripod
• The plane table is mounted on a tripod
• The tripod is generally of open frame type,
combined rigidity with lightness. The tripod
may be made to fold for convenience of
transportation.
• Tripod is provided with three foot screws at its
top for leveling of the plane table.
11. Alidade
• The alidade is useful for establishing a line of
sight.
• Two Types of alidade are used.
• Simple alidade
• Telescopic alidade
12. Simple Alidade
• It is used for ordinary work
• It is generally consists of a gun metal or
wooden rule with two vertical vanes at the
ends.
• The eye-vane is provided with a narrow slit
while the object vane is open and carries a
horse hair. Both the slits, thus provide a
definite line of sight which can be made to
pass through the object to be sighted
14. Simple Alidade
• To draw the rays, one of the edge of alidade is
beveled and this perfectly smooth working
edge is known as the fiducially edge.
• The fiducially edge is graduated to facilitate
the plotting of distances to a scale.
15. Telescopic Alidade
• The telescopic alidade is used when it is
required to take inclined sights.
• It essentially consists of a small telescope with
a level tube and graduated arc mounted on
horizontal axis.
• It gives higher accuracy and more range of
sights.
18. Accessories
Trough Compass
• The trough compass is required for drawing
the line showing magnetic meridian on the
paper. It is used to orient the table to the
magnetic meridian.
• When the freely suspended needle shows 00
at each end, a line is drawn on the drawing
paper which represents the magnetic north.
20. Spirit Level
• A Spirit Level is used for ascertaining If the
table is properly level.
• The Table is leveled by placing the level on
the board in two positions at right angles
and getting the bubble central in both
positions.
22. U-Fork With Plumb bob
• U-fork with plumb bob is used for centering
the table over the point or station occupied by
the plane table when the plotted position of
that point is already on the sheet.
• Also, in the beginning of the work, it is used
for transferring the ground point on the
sheet.
26. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Plane Table Surveying
Advantages
• The plan is drawn by the surveyor himself
while the area to be surveyed is before his
eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of
omitting the necessary measurements.
• The surveyor Can compare the plotted work
with the actual features of the area.
28. Advantages
• It is simple and cheaper than the theodolite
survey.
• It is most suitable for small scale maps.
• No great skill is required to produce a
satisfactory map and work may be entrusted to a
subordinate.
• It is useful in magnetic areas where compass
may not be used.
• The mistakes in writing field books are
eliminated.
29. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Plane Table Surveying
Disadvantages (Limitations)
• It is not intended for very accurate work.
• It is not suitable in monsoon.
• It is essentially a tropical instrument.
• Due to heaviness, it is inconvenient to
transport.
• Since there are so many accessories, there is
likelihood of them being lost.
31. Principle Of Plane Table Survey
• The principle of plane tabling is parallelism
means,
• Principle: “All the rays drawn through
various details should pass through the
survey station.”
• The Position of plane table at each station must
be identical, i.e. at each survey station the table
must be oriented in the direction of magnetic
north.
33. Method Of Setting Up The Plane
Table
• Three processes are involved in setting up the
plane table over the station.
• Leveling
• Centering
• Orientation
35. Leveling and Centering
• The Table should be set up at convenient
height for working on the board, say about 1
m. The legs of Tripod should be spread well
apart and firmly into the ground.
36. Leveling and Centering
• The table should be so placed over the station
on the ground that the point plotted on the
sheet corresponding to the station occupied
should be exactly over the station on the
ground. The operation is known as centering the
plane table. It is done by U-fork and plumb
bob.
• For leveling the table ordinary spirit level may be
used. The table is leveled by placing the level on
the board in two positions at right angles and
getting the bubble central in both directions.
38. Orientation
• The Process by which the positions occupied
by the board at various survey stations are
kept parallel is known as the orientation.
Thus, when a plane table is properly oriented,
the lines on the board are parallel to the lines
on ground which they represent.
• There are two methods of orientation:
• By magnetic needle
• By back sighting
39. By Magnetic Needle
• In this method, the magnetic north is drawn on
paper at a particular station. At the next station, the
trough compass is placed along the line of magnetic
north and the table is turned in such a way that the
ends of magnetic needle are opposite to zeros of the
scale. The board is then fixed in position by clamps.
This method is inaccurate in the since that the results
are likely to be affected by the local attraction.
41. By Back Sighting
• A= First survey station
• B= Second survey station
• Suppose a line is drawn from station A on
paper as ab, representing line AB on ground
• The table is turned till the line of sight bisects
the ranging rod at A. The board is then
clamped in this position.
• This method is better than the previous one
and it gives perfect orientation.
43. Methods Of Plane Tabling
• There are four distinct methods of plane
tabling:
• Method of Radiation
• Method of Intersection
• Method of Traversing
• Method of Resection
44. Radiation Method
• In the radiation method of plane table
surveying, the direction of the objects or points
to be located are obtained by drawing radial
lines along fiducially edge of alidade after
getting the objects or points bisected along the
line of sight of the alidade. The horizontal
distances are then measured and scaled off on
the corresponding radial lines to mark their
positions on the drawing.
46. Radiation Method
• Suppose P is a station on the ground from where the object A,
B, C and D are visible.
• The plane table is set up over the station P. A drawing is fixed
on the table, which is then leveled and centered. A point p is
selected on the sheet to represent the station P.
• The north line is marked on the right-hand top corner of the
sheet with trough compass or circular box compass.
• With the alidade touching p, the ranging rod at A,B, C and D
are bisected and the rays are drawn.
• The distances PA, PB, PC and PD are measured and plotted to
any suitable scale to obtain the points a, b, c and d representing
A,B,C,D on paper.
48. Method Of Intersection
• In intersection method of plane table surveying, the
objects or points to be located are obtained at the point of
intersection of radial lines drawn from two different
stations.
• In this method, the plotting of plane table stations are to
be carried out accurately. Checking is important and thus
done by taking third sight from another station.
• The intersection method is suitable when distances of
objects are large or cannot be measured properly. Thus,
this method is preferred in small scale survey and for
mountainous regions.
49. Method Of Intersection
• Suppose A and B are two station and P is the
object on the far bank of a river. Now it is
required to fix the position of P on the sheet by
the intersection of rays, drawn from A and B.
• The table is set up at A. It is leveled and centered
so that a point a on the sheet is just over the
station A. The north line is marked on the right-
hand top corner, the Table is then clamped.
• With the alidade touching a, the object P and the
ranging rod at B are bisected, and rays are drawn
through the fiducial edge on alidade,
51. Method Of Intersection
• The distance AB is measured and plotted to any
suitable scale to obtain point b.
• The table is shifted and centered over B and
leveled properly. Now the alidade is placed along
the line ba and orientation is done by back
sighting
• With the alidade touching b, the object P is
bisected and a ray is drawn, suppose this ray
intersects the previous rays at point p. the point p
is the required plotted position of P
53. Method Of Traversing
• This method of plane table surveying is used to plot a
traverse in cases stations have not been previously
plotted by some other methods. In this method,
traverse stations are first selected. The stations are
plotted by method of radiation by taking back sight
on the preceding station and a fore sight to the
following station. Here distances are generally
measured by tachometric method and surveying work
has to be performed with great care.
54. • Suppose A,B,C,D are the traverse stations,
• The table is set up at the station A, a suitable point a is
selected on the sheet in such a way that the whole area
may be plotted in the sheet. The table is centered,
leveled and clamped. The north line is marked on the
right-hand top corner of the sheet.
• With the alidade touching point a the ranging rod at B is
bisected and a ray is drawn. The distance AB is
measured and plotted to any suitable scale.
Method Of Traversing
56. • The table is shifted touching point a the ranging rod at
B is bisected and a ray is drawn. The distance is
measured and plotted to any suitable scale.
• The table is shifted and centered over B. It is then
leveled, oriented by back sighting and clamped.
• With the alidade touching point b, the ranging rod at C
is bisected and ray is drawn. The distance BC is
measured and plotted to the same scale.
• The table is shifted and set up at C and the same
procedure is repeated.
• In this manner, all stations of the traverse are
connected.
Method Of Traversing
57. Method Of Traversing
• Check lines. To check the accuracy of the plane
table traverse, a few check lines are taken by
sighting back to some preceding station.
• Error of closure . If the traverse to be plotted is a
closed traverse, the foresight from the terminating
station should pass through the first station.
Otherwise the amount by which plotted position
of the first station on the foresight fails to close is
designated as the error of closure. It is adjusted
graphically, if the error is within permissible
limits, before any further plotting works are done.
59. Method of Resection
• Resection is the process of determining the
plotted position of the station occupied by the
plane table, by means of sights taken towards
known points, locations of which have been
plotted.
• There are four methods of resection.
• By Compass
• By back sighting
• By two point problem
• By three point problem
60. Method of Resection
• Suppose It is required to establish a station at
position P. Let us select two points A and B on the
ground. The distance AB is measured and plotted
to any suitable scale. The line AB is known as the
“base line”
• The table is set up at A. It is leveled, centered and
oriented by bisecting the ranging rod at B. The
table is then clamped.
• With the alidade touching point a, the ranging rod
at P is bisected and a ray is drawn. Then a point P1
is marked on this way by estimating with the eye.
62. Method of Resection
• The table is shifted and centered in such a way
that P1 is just over P. It is then oriented by back-
sighting the ranging rod at A.
• With the alidade touching point b, the ranging rod
at B is bisected and a ray is drawn. Suppose this
ray intersects the previous ray at a point P. This
point represents the position of the station P on
the sheet. Then the actual position of the station is
marked on the ground by U-fork and plumb-bob
63. By Compass
• This method is used only for small scale or rough
mapping.
• Let A and B be two visible stations which have
been plotted on the sheet as a and b. Let C be the
instrument station to be located on the plan.
• Set the table at C and orient it with compass.
Clamp the table.
• Pivoting the alidade about a, draw a ray towards
A, as Similarly, pivoting the alidade about b, draw
a ray towards B, as bb’, The intersection of aa’
and bb’ will give point c on the paper.
65. The Two Point Problem
• In this problem, two well-defined points whose
positions have already been plotted on the plan
are selected. Then, by perfectly bisecting these
points, a new station is established at the
required position.
66. The Two Point Problem
• Suppose P and Q are two well-defined points
whose positions are plotted on map as p and q. It
is required to locate a new station at A by
perfectly bisecting P and Q
• An auxiliary station B is selected at a suitable
position. The table is set up at B, and leveled and
oriented by eye estimation. It is then clamped.
• With the alidade touching p and q, the points P
and Q are bisected and rays are drawn. Suppose
these rays intersect at b
68. The Two Point Problem
• With the alidade centre on b, the ranging rod at
A is bisected and rays is drawn. Then, by eye
estimation, a point a 1 is marked on this ray.
• The table is shifted and centre on A with a1 just
over A. It is leveled and oriented by back
sighting. With the alidade touching p, the point
P is bisected and a ray is drawn. Suppose this
ray intersects the line ba1 at point a1, as was
assumed.
69. The Two Point Problem
• With the alidade centered on a1 the point Q is bisected
and a ray is drawn. Suppose this ray intersects the ray
bq at a point q1. The triangle pqq1 is known as the
triangle of error, and is to be eliminated.
• The alidade is placed along the line pq1 and a ranging
rod R is fixed at some distance from the table. Then, the
alidade is placed along the line pq and the table is
turned to bisect R. At this position the table is said to be
perfectly oriented.
• Finally, with the alidade centered on p and q, the points
P and Q are bisected and rays are drawn. Suppose these
rays intersect at a point a. This would represent the
exact position of the required station A. Then the
station A is marked on the ground.
70. The Three Point Problem
• In this problem, three well defined points are selected,
whose position have already been plotted on the map.
Then, by perfectly bisecting these three well-defined
points. A new station is established at the required
position.
• No auxiliary station is required in order to solve this
problem. This table is directly placed at the required
position. The problem may be solved by following
methods
• (a) Bessel’s method
• (b) Mechanical Method
• (c) The trial and error method
71. The Three Point Problem
The graphical method or Bessel’s
method
• (i) suppose A,B, and C are three well-defined points
which have been plotted as a, b and c. Now it is
required to locate a station at P.
• (ii) The table is placed at the required station P and
leveled. The alidade is placed along the line ca and
the point A is bisected. The table is clamped. With the
alidade in centre on C, the point B is bisected and
rays is drawn
73. The Three Point Problem
• Again the alidade is placed along the line ac and the
point C is bisected and the table is clamped. With the
alidade touching a, the point B is bisected and a ray is
drawn. Suppose this ray intersects the previous ray at a
point d
• The alidade is placed along db and the point B is
bisected. At this position the table is said to be perfectly
oriented. Now the rays Aa, Bb and Cc are drawn.
These three rays must meet at a point p which is the
required point on the map. This point is transferred to
the ground by U-fork and plumb bob.
74. The Three Point Problem
The Mechanical Method
• Suppose A, B and C are the three well-defined
points which have been plotted on the map as a, b
and c. It is required to locate a station at P.
• The table is placed at P and leveled. A tracing
paper is fixed on the map and a point p is marked
on it.
• With the alidade centered on P the points A, B and
C are bisected and rays are drawn. These rays
may not pass through the points a, b and c as the
orientation is done approximately
76. The Three Point Problem
• Now a tracing paper is unfastened and moved
over the map in such a way that the three rays
simultaneously pass through the plotted positions
a, b and c. Then the points p is pricked with a pin
to give an impression p on the map. P is the
required points on the map. The tracing paper is
then removed.
• Then the alidade is centered on p and the rays are
drawn towards A, B and C. These rays must pass
through the points a, b and c
77. The Three Point Problem
The method of Trial and error
• Suppose a, B and C are the three well-defined points which
have been plotted as a, b and c on the map. Now it is
required to establish a station at P.
• The table is set up at P and leveled. Orientation is done by
eye estimation
• With the alidade, rays Aa, Bb and Cc are drawn. As the
orientation is approximately, the rays may not intersect at a
point, but may form a small triangle the triangle of error.
• To get the actual point, this triangle of error is to be
eliminated. By repeatedly turning the table clockwise or
anticlockwise. The triangle is eliminated in such a way that
the rays Aa, Bb and Cc finally meet at a point p. This is the
required point on the map. This point is transferred to the
ground by U-fork and plumb bob.
79. • The following points should be kept in mind
while doing plane table survey.
• 1. Ground points shall be marked as A, B, C…
etc. and plan. Points (on Paper) shall be
marked as a, b, c etc.
• 2. The rays from survey stations to the objects
shall be drawn by dashed line.
• 3. The alidade should be properly pivoted
while sighting the objects
Points to be kept in mind in plane
tabling
81. Points to be kept in mind in plane
tabling
• 4. The first survey station and the scale of the
map shall be so chosen that the entire area can
be plotted on the paper.
• 5. While establishing magnetic north on the
paper using trough compass, things causing
local attraction shall be kept away of the table.
• 6. The Plane table should be clamped after
centering and leveling. The table should be
rotated at the time of orientation.
82. Error In Plane Tabling
• The various sources of error may be classified
as :
• Instrumental errors
• Errors in manipulation and sighting
• Errors in plotting
83. Instrumental Errors
• The surface of drawing board is not plane
• The edge of alidade is not straight.
• The object vane and sight vane are not
perpendicular to the alidade.
• The edge of alidade is not is not parallel to the
line of sight.
• The fixing clamp is not proper.
84. Errors In Manipulation And
Sighting
• Defective Leveling
• Defective Sighting
• Defective Orientation
• Defective Centering
• Movement of Board between sights
85. Errors in Plotting
• Defective scale of map
• Wrongly intersecting the rays drawn from two
different stations.
86. Important Questions
• List Of Instruments used in plane tabling and give their uses.
• Give advantages and disadvantages of plane table survey.
• List of methods of plane table survey and explain any one.
• Explain the following methods of plane tabling.
• Method of intersection
• Method of traversing
• Explain the method of intersection for plane table survey.
• Explain the principle of plane table survey.
• Give limitations of plane table survey.
• What is orientation? Explain orientation by back sighting.
• Explain the procedure of plain table survey.
• Explain errors in plane table survey.
87. References
• “Surveying and Levelling” Vol- I
Kanetkar and Kulkarni (2011)
• “ Surveying” Vol- I
Dr. B.C. Punamia
• “ Surveying and Leveling”
N.N. Basak