Placenta
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The placenta is a temporary organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient, waste, and gas exchange. It has fetal and maternal components, and the umbilical cord transports substances between the mother and fetus. The placenta is typically disc-shaped, 15-20 cm in diameter, and located in the upper uterine segment. It facilitates respiratory, nutritive, excretory, and barrier functions between the mother and fetus. Abnormalities can include irregular shapes, sizes, positions, and adhesions that may impact development or require medical intervention.
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Placental anatomy and its functions
This PPT helps you to understand the formation of the placenta from the fertilization followed by implantation.
Placental function
The placenta functions to transfer nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus through respiratory, excretory, and nutritive processes. It produces hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS), estrogen, and progesterone that are crucial to maintaining the pregnancy. The placenta, fetus, and maternal systems form an integrated unit where hormones are transferred between compartments to regulate processes of pregnancy and fetal development.
Structure and function of placenta
The placenta has fetal and maternal portions separated by chorionic and decidual plates. Between the plates are intervillous spaces containing maternal blood. During months 4-5, decidual septa divide the placenta into compartments called cotyledons. The placenta exchanges gases, nutrients, electrolytes and antibodies between mother and fetus. It also produces hormones like progesterone and estrogen to maintain pregnancy.
04 implantation
Implantation begins around 6 days after fertilization and is usually complete by 11-12 days. The blastocyst implants in the endometrium through enzymes produced by the trophoblast. Trophoblast cells penetrate the endometrium and develop into two layers. By 10 days the conceptus is fully embedded and a blood supply is established. The formation of the bilaminar embryonic disc and primary chorionic villi occurs around 13 days. Ectopic pregnancies can occur if implantation is outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes.
PLACENTA
The document summarizes the development, functions, and abnormalities of the placenta. It discusses how the placenta develops from implantation through formation of chorionic villi and circulation. It describes the placenta's main functions of transferring nutrients and waste between mother and fetus, as well as endocrine and barrier functions. It also covers placental hormones, mechanisms of substance transfer, and diagnostic uses and immunological role of the placenta.
The placenta
The placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues to function as the respiratory, nutritive, excretory, barrier and endocrine organ of pregnancy. It transfers oxygen, nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus. The placenta can develop abnormalities in its shape, size, position or adhesion to the uterine wall which may cause complications like preterm birth or hemorrhage. Placental lesions like infarcts may also occur due to conditions like hypertension.
Umbilical cord and cord abnormalities
The document discusses the structure and abnormalities of the umbilical cord. It notes that the cord normally measures 50-60 cm in length and contains two umbilical arteries and one vein embedded in Wharton's jelly. Abnormalities include short or long cord length, abnormal diameter, single umbilical artery, knots, cysts, and abnormal cord insertion or coiling. Certain abnormalities like short cords or single umbilical artery can increase risks of fetal distress, preterm delivery, or growth restriction.
Placental development
The placenta develops from small projections called chorionic villi on the blastocyst that proliferate and erode into the walls of maternal blood vessels by the 17th day of gestation. By 10 weeks of gestation, the placenta has fully developed and each villus and its branches form cotyledons that allow for respiratory, nutritive, excretory, and endocrine functions by mechanisms like diffusion, active transport, and phagocytosis. The mature placenta is a discoid structure weighing around 500g that is the site of gas, nutrient, waste, and antibody exchange between mother and fetus.
Recommended
Placental anatomy and its functions
This PPT helps you to understand the formation of the placenta from the fertilization followed by implantation.
Placental function
The placenta functions to transfer nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus through respiratory, excretory, and nutritive processes. It produces hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS), estrogen, and progesterone that are crucial to maintaining the pregnancy. The placenta, fetus, and maternal systems form an integrated unit where hormones are transferred between compartments to regulate processes of pregnancy and fetal development.
Structure and function of placenta
The placenta has fetal and maternal portions separated by chorionic and decidual plates. Between the plates are intervillous spaces containing maternal blood. During months 4-5, decidual septa divide the placenta into compartments called cotyledons. The placenta exchanges gases, nutrients, electrolytes and antibodies between mother and fetus. It also produces hormones like progesterone and estrogen to maintain pregnancy.
04 implantation
Implantation begins around 6 days after fertilization and is usually complete by 11-12 days. The blastocyst implants in the endometrium through enzymes produced by the trophoblast. Trophoblast cells penetrate the endometrium and develop into two layers. By 10 days the conceptus is fully embedded and a blood supply is established. The formation of the bilaminar embryonic disc and primary chorionic villi occurs around 13 days. Ectopic pregnancies can occur if implantation is outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes.
PLACENTA
The document summarizes the development, functions, and abnormalities of the placenta. It discusses how the placenta develops from implantation through formation of chorionic villi and circulation. It describes the placenta's main functions of transferring nutrients and waste between mother and fetus, as well as endocrine and barrier functions. It also covers placental hormones, mechanisms of substance transfer, and diagnostic uses and immunological role of the placenta.
The placenta
The placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues to function as the respiratory, nutritive, excretory, barrier and endocrine organ of pregnancy. It transfers oxygen, nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus. The placenta can develop abnormalities in its shape, size, position or adhesion to the uterine wall which may cause complications like preterm birth or hemorrhage. Placental lesions like infarcts may also occur due to conditions like hypertension.
Umbilical cord and cord abnormalities
The document discusses the structure and abnormalities of the umbilical cord. It notes that the cord normally measures 50-60 cm in length and contains two umbilical arteries and one vein embedded in Wharton's jelly. Abnormalities include short or long cord length, abnormal diameter, single umbilical artery, knots, cysts, and abnormal cord insertion or coiling. Certain abnormalities like short cords or single umbilical artery can increase risks of fetal distress, preterm delivery, or growth restriction.
Placental development
The placenta develops from small projections called chorionic villi on the blastocyst that proliferate and erode into the walls of maternal blood vessels by the 17th day of gestation. By 10 weeks of gestation, the placenta has fully developed and each villus and its branches form cotyledons that allow for respiratory, nutritive, excretory, and endocrine functions by mechanisms like diffusion, active transport, and phagocytosis. The mature placenta is a discoid structure weighing around 500g that is the site of gas, nutrient, waste, and antibody exchange between mother and fetus.
Umbilical Cord (General Embryology)
The document discusses the morphology, development, and abnormalities of the umbilical cord. It begins by describing the umbilical cord's typical length, diameter, shape, and contents. It then explains the development of the primitive, then definitive umbilical cord. The document concludes by listing some abnormalities that can occur, such as short or long cords, umbilical hernias, or abnormal attachments.
Placenta yolk sac and amniotic_fluid_structure_function
The human placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues and is completed by 12 weeks of gestation. At term, the placenta is a fleshy, 500g organ that is 15-20cm in diameter and occupies 30% of the uterine wall. It has both maternal and fetal surfaces and facilitates gas, nutrient, and waste transfer between the mother and fetus through specialized cellular layers and transport mechanisms. The amniotic sac contains fluid that protects and cushions the fetus.
Embryology
During the first 3 weeks of development, the zygote undergoes cleavage to become a morula, then a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants into the uterus between days 6-7. During the second week, the amniotic cavity and yolk sac form and the bilaminar disc develops. In the third week, gastrulation occurs forming the trilaminar disc. The notochord and neural tube begin developing, marking the start of the "period of threes" where the three germ layers and other structures form. This sets the stage for organogenesis in subsequent weeks.
Placental function
The placenta serves many essential functions:
1) It acts as a barrier and protects the fetus from harmful substances in maternal blood while allowing oxygen, nutrients, and waste to pass through.
2) The placenta provides nutrition to the fetus by selecting and transporting nutrients like amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals from maternal blood.
3) It produces important hormones like hCG, estrogen, progesterone, and human placental lactogen that help maintain the pregnancy and support fetal development.
Placenta
The placenta develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus while removing waste products. It attaches to the uterine wall and the umbilical cord arises from the placenta. The placenta develops from the chorionic villi on the fetal side and the decidua basalis on the maternal side. It grows rapidly and eventually replaces most of the decidua basalis. At term, the placenta is a circular disc that is the site of maternal-fetal transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste and various proteins and hormones essential to the development and survival of the fetus.
Placenta development
The document summarizes the development and anatomy of the human placenta. It begins by defining the placenta and outlining its objectives. It then describes the development of the placenta from the chorion and decidua, the structures of the mature placenta including the chorionic plate, basal plate, intervillous space and villi, and the maternal and fetal circulations that occur through it. Finally, it discusses placental aging and the degenerative changes that occur over the course of a pregnancy.
Implantation
The key steps in implantation are:
1. The blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida 1-3 days after entering the uterine cavity.
2. The endometrium is prepared for implantation through the activity of hormones and growth factors.
3. Implantation begins with the blastocyst apposing and adhering to the uterine epithelium 2-4 days after entering the cavity, mediated by cytokines and adhesion molecules.
4. Trophoblastic invasion then occurs, facilitated by protein degradation of the extracellular matrix. Invasion is limited by proteinase inhibitors.
The placenta and fetal membranes
The human placenta is discoid, haemochorial, deciduate, and larynthine. It attaches to the uterine wall and connects the mother and fetus through the umbilical cord. The placenta undergoes development from implantation through the third trimester, forming the chorionic and basal plates separated by the intervillous space containing branching villi. The placenta acts as the site of nutrient, waste, and gas exchange between mother and fetus as well as producing important hormones. Various abnormalities can occur in placental shape, implantation, circulation or development that impact clinical outcomes.
Placenta development and its abnormalities
The document describes the anatomy and development of the placenta and discusses some common abnormalities. It notes that the placenta establishes a connection between the mother and fetus to allow for nutrient/waste exchange. During development, trophoblast cells form villi that invade the uterine wall. The three layers of the placenta each have specific functions in nutrient exchange and hormone production. Some abnormalities can cause issues like abnormal bleeding, fetal growth restriction, or stillbirth if not properly managed. Ultrasound is used to diagnose many placental abnormalities prenatally.
I week of development
1) The document discusses the key stages in the first week of human development including fertilization, cleavage, formation of the morula and blastocyst, and implantation.
2) Fertilization involves the fusion of an ovum and spermatozoa to form a zygote, which occurs in the fallopian tube. The zygote then undergoes cleavage divisions as it moves through the uterine tube.
3) By day 5-6, the blastocyst has formed with an inner cell mass and outer trophoblast layer. The blastocyst implants in the endometrium around day 7, initiating formation of the placenta and decidua. Abnormal implantation can result in
Placenta
The document discusses sampling and definitions of placental lesions. It provides information on the structure, development, and histology of the placenta, umbilical cord, membranes, and decidua. It notes that pathologic processes interfering with placental function can result in fetal abnormalities or stillbirth, and some long-term disabilities can be traced to prenatal injury. A systematic review found placental, cord, or membrane pathology contributed to 11-65% of stillbirths depending on the classification used.
Fetal membranes
The document discusses the fetal membranes, which include the umbilical cord, amnion, amniotic fluid, yolk sac, and allantois. It describes the development, structure, function and abnormalities of each membrane. The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta and transports nutrients. The amnion surrounds the fetus and amniotic fluid, protecting the fetus and allowing movement. The yolk sac provides early nutrition but later degenerates. The allantois contributes to blood and urinary system development. Abnormalities can impact fetal health.
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Fetal skull ppt
The document discusses the fetal skull. It describes the fetal skull as having thin, pliable bones that allow the skull to compress and mold during birth. The skull has three main parts: the vault of the cranium, face, and base. It discusses the sutures and fontanelles that connect the skull bones and act as landmarks for examining the fetal head. Finally, it lists the key diameters of the fetal skull that are important for determining if the skull can pass through the birth canal.
Implantation
The document discusses the process of implantation, beginning with definitions and timing. Implantation occurs around 6 days after fertilization and is completed by 11 days. The blastocyst implants in the posterior uterine wall. There is a short window of implantation around days 20-24 of the menstrual cycle. During this time, pinopods appear on the endometrial surface and decidualization of the endometrial stroma occurs to support implantation. The stages of implantation are apposition, adhesion, and invasion of the trophoblast into the endometrium. Various mediators help guide the blastocyst to the optimal implantation site. Complications can include ectopic pregnancy and abnormal placentation.
PLACENTA
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Placenta.ppt
The placenta is a temporary organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. It provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby and removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta can develop in different locations within the uterus. It begins developing at 4 weeks of pregnancy and continues growing throughout pregnancy. The placenta forms connections between the mother and baby's blood supplies but they do not intermingle. Potential placental pathologies include placenta accreta, placenta previa, and placental abruption.
Fertilization (General Embryology)
Fertilization is the process where a sperm unites with an ovum. It typically occurs in the ampullary part of the uterine tube. The sperm undergoes changes including capacitation, the acrosomal reaction, and fusion of the nuclei. This results in the formation of a zygote with a full diploid chromosome number. The zygote then undergoes cleavage as it is transported through the uterine tube, dividing into a 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell stage and so on over 3 days as it forms a morula.
Abnormalities of cord & placenta
The document summarizes various placental and umbilical cord abnormalities. It describes the typical shapes of most placentae as round or oval but notes that variations are common, including multiple placentae or bilobed placentae. It also discusses abnormalities in placental structure, cord insertion sites, umbilical cord vessels, and other variations that can occur in the placenta and umbilical cord. Many of these abnormalities are associated with risks like abnormal fetal growth, preterm delivery, fetal distress, or hemorrhage. The document provides details on the incidence, risk factors, pathogenesis, and clinical implications of numerous placental and umbilical cord variations.
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Placenta & Fetal membrane.Prof.Salah Roshdy
The document discusses the fetal membranes and placenta. It describes the origin and functions of the amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion and decidua. The amnion forms the amniotic sac that surrounds and cushions the embryo. The yolk sac provides early nutrition but shrinks by the 10th week. The allantois forms the umbilical vessels. The chorion forms the walls of the chorionic sac and develops chorionic villi to increase its surface area. The decidua is the endometrium that supports implantation and pregnancy. The placenta develops from the chorion and decidua and acts as the interface between mother and fetus, facilitating gas and
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Umbilical Cord (General Embryology)
The document discusses the morphology, development, and abnormalities of the umbilical cord. It begins by describing the umbilical cord's typical length, diameter, shape, and contents. It then explains the development of the primitive, then definitive umbilical cord. The document concludes by listing some abnormalities that can occur, such as short or long cords, umbilical hernias, or abnormal attachments.
Placenta yolk sac and amniotic_fluid_structure_function
The human placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues and is completed by 12 weeks of gestation. At term, the placenta is a fleshy, 500g organ that is 15-20cm in diameter and occupies 30% of the uterine wall. It has both maternal and fetal surfaces and facilitates gas, nutrient, and waste transfer between the mother and fetus through specialized cellular layers and transport mechanisms. The amniotic sac contains fluid that protects and cushions the fetus.
Embryology
During the first 3 weeks of development, the zygote undergoes cleavage to become a morula, then a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants into the uterus between days 6-7. During the second week, the amniotic cavity and yolk sac form and the bilaminar disc develops. In the third week, gastrulation occurs forming the trilaminar disc. The notochord and neural tube begin developing, marking the start of the "period of threes" where the three germ layers and other structures form. This sets the stage for organogenesis in subsequent weeks.
Placental function
The placenta serves many essential functions:
1) It acts as a barrier and protects the fetus from harmful substances in maternal blood while allowing oxygen, nutrients, and waste to pass through.
2) The placenta provides nutrition to the fetus by selecting and transporting nutrients like amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals from maternal blood.
3) It produces important hormones like hCG, estrogen, progesterone, and human placental lactogen that help maintain the pregnancy and support fetal development.
Placenta
The placenta develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus while removing waste products. It attaches to the uterine wall and the umbilical cord arises from the placenta. The placenta develops from the chorionic villi on the fetal side and the decidua basalis on the maternal side. It grows rapidly and eventually replaces most of the decidua basalis. At term, the placenta is a circular disc that is the site of maternal-fetal transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste and various proteins and hormones essential to the development and survival of the fetus.
Placenta development
The document summarizes the development and anatomy of the human placenta. It begins by defining the placenta and outlining its objectives. It then describes the development of the placenta from the chorion and decidua, the structures of the mature placenta including the chorionic plate, basal plate, intervillous space and villi, and the maternal and fetal circulations that occur through it. Finally, it discusses placental aging and the degenerative changes that occur over the course of a pregnancy.
Implantation
The key steps in implantation are:
1. The blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida 1-3 days after entering the uterine cavity.
2. The endometrium is prepared for implantation through the activity of hormones and growth factors.
3. Implantation begins with the blastocyst apposing and adhering to the uterine epithelium 2-4 days after entering the cavity, mediated by cytokines and adhesion molecules.
4. Trophoblastic invasion then occurs, facilitated by protein degradation of the extracellular matrix. Invasion is limited by proteinase inhibitors.
The placenta and fetal membranes
The human placenta is discoid, haemochorial, deciduate, and larynthine. It attaches to the uterine wall and connects the mother and fetus through the umbilical cord. The placenta undergoes development from implantation through the third trimester, forming the chorionic and basal plates separated by the intervillous space containing branching villi. The placenta acts as the site of nutrient, waste, and gas exchange between mother and fetus as well as producing important hormones. Various abnormalities can occur in placental shape, implantation, circulation or development that impact clinical outcomes.
Placenta development and its abnormalities
The document describes the anatomy and development of the placenta and discusses some common abnormalities. It notes that the placenta establishes a connection between the mother and fetus to allow for nutrient/waste exchange. During development, trophoblast cells form villi that invade the uterine wall. The three layers of the placenta each have specific functions in nutrient exchange and hormone production. Some abnormalities can cause issues like abnormal bleeding, fetal growth restriction, or stillbirth if not properly managed. Ultrasound is used to diagnose many placental abnormalities prenatally.
I week of development
1) The document discusses the key stages in the first week of human development including fertilization, cleavage, formation of the morula and blastocyst, and implantation.
2) Fertilization involves the fusion of an ovum and spermatozoa to form a zygote, which occurs in the fallopian tube. The zygote then undergoes cleavage divisions as it moves through the uterine tube.
3) By day 5-6, the blastocyst has formed with an inner cell mass and outer trophoblast layer. The blastocyst implants in the endometrium around day 7, initiating formation of the placenta and decidua. Abnormal implantation can result in
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The document discusses sampling and definitions of placental lesions. It provides information on the structure, development, and histology of the placenta, umbilical cord, membranes, and decidua. It notes that pathologic processes interfering with placental function can result in fetal abnormalities or stillbirth, and some long-term disabilities can be traced to prenatal injury. A systematic review found placental, cord, or membrane pathology contributed to 11-65% of stillbirths depending on the classification used.
Fetal membranes
The document discusses the fetal membranes, which include the umbilical cord, amnion, amniotic fluid, yolk sac, and allantois. It describes the development, structure, function and abnormalities of each membrane. The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta and transports nutrients. The amnion surrounds the fetus and amniotic fluid, protecting the fetus and allowing movement. The yolk sac provides early nutrition but later degenerates. The allantois contributes to blood and urinary system development. Abnormalities can impact fetal health.
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ANATOMY OF UTERUS
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ANATOMY OF FALLOPIAN TUBES
ANATOMY OF UTERUS &ITS APPENDAGES
ANATOMY OF CERVIX
ANATOMY OF UTERUS PPT
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Fetal skull ppt
The document discusses the fetal skull. It describes the fetal skull as having thin, pliable bones that allow the skull to compress and mold during birth. The skull has three main parts: the vault of the cranium, face, and base. It discusses the sutures and fontanelles that connect the skull bones and act as landmarks for examining the fetal head. Finally, it lists the key diameters of the fetal skull that are important for determining if the skull can pass through the birth canal.
Implantation
The document discusses the process of implantation, beginning with definitions and timing. Implantation occurs around 6 days after fertilization and is completed by 11 days. The blastocyst implants in the posterior uterine wall. There is a short window of implantation around days 20-24 of the menstrual cycle. During this time, pinopods appear on the endometrial surface and decidualization of the endometrial stroma occurs to support implantation. The stages of implantation are apposition, adhesion, and invasion of the trophoblast into the endometrium. Various mediators help guide the blastocyst to the optimal implantation site. Complications can include ectopic pregnancy and abnormal placentation.
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Placenta.ppt
The placenta is a temporary organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. It provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby and removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta can develop in different locations within the uterus. It begins developing at 4 weeks of pregnancy and continues growing throughout pregnancy. The placenta forms connections between the mother and baby's blood supplies but they do not intermingle. Potential placental pathologies include placenta accreta, placenta previa, and placental abruption.
Fertilization (General Embryology)
Fertilization is the process where a sperm unites with an ovum. It typically occurs in the ampullary part of the uterine tube. The sperm undergoes changes including capacitation, the acrosomal reaction, and fusion of the nuclei. This results in the formation of a zygote with a full diploid chromosome number. The zygote then undergoes cleavage as it is transported through the uterine tube, dividing into a 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell stage and so on over 3 days as it forms a morula.
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The document summarizes various placental and umbilical cord abnormalities. It describes the typical shapes of most placentae as round or oval but notes that variations are common, including multiple placentae or bilobed placentae. It also discusses abnormalities in placental structure, cord insertion sites, umbilical cord vessels, and other variations that can occur in the placenta and umbilical cord. Many of these abnormalities are associated with risks like abnormal fetal growth, preterm delivery, fetal distress, or hemorrhage. The document provides details on the incidence, risk factors, pathogenesis, and clinical implications of numerous placental and umbilical cord variations.
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The placenta is an organ that develops during pregnancy to allow nutrient, waste, and gas exchange between the mother and fetus. It attaches to the upper uterine wall and consists of fetal and maternal surfaces. The fetal surface has the umbilical cord attachment and visible blood vessels, while the maternal surface is rough and spongy. The placenta performs critical functions like nutrition, gas exchange, waste removal, hormones production, and acts as a barrier between the mother and fetus. Complications can include abnormal attachment or multiple lobes. The amniotic fluid provides protection for the fetus and allows for movement. Its volume peaks at term pregnancy, then decreases, and abnormalities in volume can affect fetal development.
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The placenta develops from the trophoblast layers of the fertilized egg and connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall. It allows for nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and fetus's blood supply. The placenta grows throughout pregnancy and is fully developed by the end of the first trimester. It has both a maternal and fetal surface and connects to the fetus via the umbilical cord. The placenta functions to provide nutrition, gas exchange, waste removal, hormone production, storage, and protection for the fetus. Abnormalities like placenta accreta, increta, percreta, previa and abruptio placentae can complicate delivery and cause hemorrhaging. The placent
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The document summarizes the structure, function, and abnormalities of the placenta and amniotic fluid. Some key points:
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- The amniotic fluid provides protection for the fetus and its composition and volume change throughout pregnancy. It originates from fetal and maternal sources.
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The document summarizes the structure, function and abnormalities of the placenta and amniotic fluid. Some key points:
- The placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues and is complete by 12 weeks. It has both fetal and maternal surfaces separated by the intervillous space filled with maternal blood.
- It functions to transfer gases, nutrients, and waste between mother and fetus through complex mechanisms like diffusion, transporters and barriers.
- Abnormalities can include extra lobes (succenturiate placenta) or a thin membranous structure (membranous placenta) which can increase risks for the pregnancy.
- Amniotic fluid originates from fetal urine
Fertilisation
Fertilization occurs when an ovum and sperm unite in the fallopian tube. The fertilized egg then undergoes cell division as it travels to the uterus, developing from a morula to a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants in the uterine wall and the placenta begins to form, allowing nutrients to pass from mother to fetus. The placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic fluid all work to support fetal development in the womb.
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Fertilization & Fetal Development.pdf
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Physiology of Fertilization, Implantation, Placental & Fetal Development
The document discusses various aspects of human fertilization, implantation, placental and fetal development. It describes the processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis, how sperm travel through the female reproductive tract and fertilize the egg in the fallopian tubes. It then covers the stages of early embryonic development, implantation in the uterine wall, placental development and formation of the fetal membranes. Key topics include fetal circulation patterns and the roles of the amniotic fluid, umbilical cord and placenta in nutrient/waste exchange between mother and fetus.
Placenta
The placenta develops from the chorionic villi and connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow for nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between mother and fetus. During development, the chorionic villi mature from early mesenchymal villi to immature and mature intermediate villi and finally to terminal villi. By the third trimester, the placenta has highly vascularized and smaller terminal villi. The placenta should be examined at autopsy in cases of fetal or maternal conditions like stillbirth, prematurity, infection, or abnormalities to identify any pathological processes that may have interfered with placental function.
Placenta presentation (1).pptx
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Placenta
- 2. >The placenta is a temporary organ. >This is a fetomaternal organ. >It has two components: -Fetal part – develops from the chorionic sac -Maternal part – derived from the endometrium(functional layer) >The placenta and the umbilical cord are transport system for substances between the mother and the fetus.(vessels in umbilical cord)
- 3. >Shape: Discoid >Diameter: 15-20 cm. >Weight: 500 gm >Thickness: 2.5 cm at its center and gradually tapers towards the periphery. >Position: in the upper uterine segment (99.5%),either in the posterior surface (2/3) or the anterior surface(1/3)
- 5. FUNCTION OF THE PLACENTA
- 6. RESPIRATORY FUNCTION >O2 and CO2 pass across the placenta by simple diffusion. The foetal hemoglobin has more affinity and carrying capacity than adult hemoglobin. The rate of diffusion depends upon: -maternal gases gradient -maternal and foetal placental blood flow -placental permeability -placental surface area
- 7. NUTRITIVE FUNCTION The transfer of nutrients from the mother to the foetus is achieved by: Simple diffusion: e.g. water and electrolytes. Facilitated diffusion: e.g. glucose. Active diffusion: e.g. amino acids Pinocytosis: e.g. large protein molecules and cells
- 8. EXCRETORY FUNCTION Waste products of the foetus as urea are passed to maternal blood by simple diffusion through placenta.
- 9. Production of enzymes E.g. oxytocinase, monoamino oxidase, insulinase, histaminase and heat stable alkaline phosphatase. Production of pregnancy associated plasma proteins(PAPP) E.g. PAPP-A, PAPP-B, PAPP-C, PAPP-D and PP5.The exact function of these proteins are not defined.
- 10. BARRIER FUNCTION The foetal blood in the chronic villi is separated from the maternal blood, in the intervillous spaces, by the placental barrier which is composed of: - endothelium of the foetal blood vessels, - the villious stroma, - the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. However, it is an incomplete barrier. It allows the passage of antibodies(IgG only), hormone, antibiotics, sedatives, some viruses as rubella and smallpox and some organisms as treponema pallida. Substances of large molecular size as heparine and insulin cannot pass the placental barrier.
- 12. Abnormal Shape: 1.Placenta Bilobata 2.Placenta Bipartia 3.Placenta Succenturiata 4.Placenta Circumvallata 5.Placenta Fenestrata
- 13. Placenta Bilobata Placenta Bipartia
- 14. Placenta Succenturiata Placenta Circumvellata
- 16. Abnormal Diameter: -Placenta membrancea: A great part of the chorion develops into placental tissue. The placenta is large, thin and may measure 30-40 cm in diameter. It may encroach on lower uterine segment i.e. placenta praevia.
- 18. Abnormal Weight -The placenta increase in size and weight as in congenital syphilis, hydrops foetalis and diabetes mellitus.
- 19. Abnormal Position: - Placenta Praevia: The placenta is partly or completely attached to the lower uterine segment
- 20. Placenta Previa
- 21. Abnormal Adhesion: - Placenta Accreta: The chorionic villi penetrate deeply into the uterine wall to reach the myometrium, due to deficient decidua basalis. When the villi penetrate deeply into the myometrium, it is called “placenta increta” and when they reach the peritoneal coat it is called “placenta percreta”.
- 22. Placental Tumor: - Chorioangioma is rare benign tumor of the placental blood vessels which may be associated with hydraaminos.
- 23. Chorioangioma
- 24. THANK YOU