3. • A Piston is a solid cylinder or disk that fits snugly into a hollow
cylinder and moves back and forth under the pressure of a
fluid (typically a hot gas formed by combustion, as in many
engines), moves or compresses a fluid, as in a pump or
compressor.
4. Cycle of a piston
• Intake
• Compression
• Ignition
• Power
• Exhaust
5.
6.
7. PARTS OF PISTON
• The Crown : is the top surface (closest
to the cylinder head) of the piston which
is subjected to tremendous forces and
heat during normal engine operation.
• The Ring lands : Are the reliefs cut into
the side profile of the piston where the
piston rings sit.
• Ring Groove: is a recessed area located
around the perimeter of the piston that is
used to retain a piston ring.
• Skirt : of a piston is the portion of the
piston closest to the crankshaft that helps
align the piston as it moves in the
cylinder bore.
• Wrist pin boss : is a bore that connects
the small end of the connecting rod to
the piston by a wrist pin.
8. Piston rings
• A piston ring is an expandable split ring used to provide a seal
between the piston an the cylinder wall.
• Piston rings commonly used include the compression ring, wiper
ring (second compression ring ) , and oil ring.
• Compression ring and wiper ring
seals the combustion chamber from
any leakage during the
combustion process.
• The oil ring is used to distribute and
regulate oil within the cylinder wall
and help scrape it back into the
crankcase
9. Material used for manufacturing
• Piston material and design contribute to the overall durability and
performance of an engine.
• Most pistons are made from cast aluminum alloy.
• Cast aluminum alloy is lightweight and has good structural integrity and
low manufacturing costs. The light weight of aluminum reduces the overall
mass and force necessary to initiate and maintain acceleration of the
piston.
• Piston rings are generally manufactured from cast iron or stainless steel .
10. Piston Manufacturing Process
• The pistons are usually manufactured by
means of
1) CASTING (an object made by pouring molten metal
or other material into a mould )
2) FORGING (Forging is the operation where the metal
is heated and then a force is applied to manipulates the
metals in such a way that the required final shape is
obtained )
11. MANUFACTURING BY CASTING
1) FOUNDRY
• The foundry is the beginning of the piston. Ingots of Aluminum are
heated in a furnace .
• The molten aluminum is poured in a hydraulic mould .
•The material is then scooped up with a ladle from the crucible (the
pot that holds the molten material). The material is then allowed to
cool .
12. 2) DEHORNING , HARDENING AND MACHINING
• The fresh obtained pistons are dehorned first by a vertical milling
machine
• Dehorned pistons are hardened in an oven prior to machining
• Then in a lathe machine , the rough edges are cut and a smooth
profile is obtained by means of a turning operation.
13. 3) CNC LATHE MACHINING
• At first the skirt of the piston is finished
• After that the CNC is programmed to
a. Cut the ring grooves
b. Make an accurate bore diameter
c. Finish the crown
14. 4) 5 axis VMC machining
• In this machine the oil slots and pin bore is made
15. 5) GRINDING
• This process involves the final size being machined of the piston. The
grinder machines the skirt of the piston only and in the majority of
cases is cam ground. Cam grinding ensures the piston will "grow"
evenly in the bore of the engine .
16. Final Inspection
• At this stage the piston is cleaned, fitted with the appropriate wrist
pin, stamped with the pistons oversize and any other markings, and
then sent to dispatch.
17. MANUFACTURING BY FORGING
1 ) THE ROD
• The piston begins as a three meter, solid aluminum rod. The reason
aluminum is used is that it's lightweight, rust-proof, and easy to cut.
• A saw then cuts the rod into smaller pieces called slugs.
18. 2) THE PUNCH
• A punch press and dye are pre-heated while the slug moves through an
oven, heating it to 426 C° as the punch press.
• The slug is then removed from the oven, and placed into the punch. The
press applies 2,000 tons of pressure onto the slug, forging it into the basic
shape of a piston.
• This process causes the piston to become so hot, that it needs an hour to
cool
19. 3) The Oven
MANUFACTURING BY FORGING
• After the forgings cool down, they go through an oven twice more. The
first time is at a higher temperature, to strengthen the metal. The second
time is at a lower temperature to stabilize it.
•
20. 4) The Wrist Pin Holes and oil control holes
• A large hole is then drilled through both sides of the piston. This is
where the wrist pin will go, attaching the piston to the connecting rod
• Oil control holes are drilled along the
22. 5) The Milling machine
• A milling machine then shaves up to a couple of centimeters off of
each side of the piston where the large holes were drilled for the wrist
pin insertion. This is to reduce the overall weight of the piston.
•Another milling machine takes some more metal off of the area where
the three rings were formed earlier, bringing the piston one step closer
to its final form.
23. 5) Grinding
• The next step involves grinding of the piston from it’s head to give the crown the shape
required according to the design . A lubricant is used to cool the work piece continuously.
24. 6) Finishing the Job
• Another lathe shaves a few more millimeters off of the top, allowing the
piston to expand when heat builds up inside of it. Then a machine
engraves model and production information.
• A human worker then smooths out the sharp edges of the piston created
during production. The holes created for the wrist pin are then put
through a machine which smooths them, allowing the wrist pin to fit
comfortably.
• Finally, the pistons sprayed by hot, deionized water, removing any
lubricant or oil gathered through the manufacturing process. After they're
dry, they're ready for use
25. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FORGED AND CAST
PISTONS
CASTED PISTONS FORGED PISTONS
They are affordable . They are expensive
Lighter weight because of
the Aluminum alloy . Mostly used for high speed
It is generally used for slow or high rpm’s
Speeds.
