This document discusses pine wilt disease, which is caused by the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The nematode is transmitted by the pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis. It was originally found in North America but has since spread to parts of Asia and Europe. B. xylophilus infects and kills pine trees, while M. galloprovincialis serves as its vector for dispersal. Control methods focus on surveying forests, inspecting wood industries, and preventing the spread of the beetle vector through mass trapping and silvicultural planning.

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PINE WILT DISEASE

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INTRODUCTION
Pine wilt disease
ORIGIN: North America( Canada, Mexico, USA)
ITS NOT AN EPIDEMIC
INTRODUCED: Far EastHong Kong , Japan, China, Korea
Europa Portugal
QUARANTINE PEST
MILD CLIMATE
IDEAL CONDITIONS ABUNDANCE OF FOOD
SCATTERING MEDIUM

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PINE SAWYER BEETLE
Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier, 1795)
•Order: COLEOPTERA
•Family: CERAMBYCIDAE
•Genus: Monochamus  Eurosiberian distribution.
•Specie: M. galloprovincialis
SIZE APPROX. 15-25 mm .
COLORATION BLACK - BROWN . ♂
YELLOWISH BROWN IRREGULAR SPOTS.
MALE ♂ LEGS LONGER AND THICKER ♀.
ANTENNAE ♂ VERY LONG EXCEEDING ELYTRA.
FEEDING  XILOPHAGOUS, DEAD OR DECADENT TREES.
DISTRIBUTION EUROSIBERIAN. ♀
ATTACKED SPECIES CONIFERS.

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PINEWOOD NEMATODE
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer)Nickle et al.
Class: NEMATODA
Order: APHELENCHIDA
Family: APHELENCHOIDIDAE
Genus: BURSAPHELENCHUS
INVERTEBRATE, CYLINDRICAL WORM < 1 mm in length.
DEVELOPMENT INSIDE CONIFEROUS WOOD.
FOUR LARVAL STAGES OF PROPAGATION (J1, J2, J3, J4)
+ DAUER LARVAE OF DISPERSION (LD) .
FEEDING  EPITHELIAL CELLS RESIN DUCTS.
 MYCOPHAGOUS. (Ceratocistus sp.)
NEED FOR VECTOR TO BE DISPERSED GENERALLY GEN. Monochamus
SPECIES ATTACKED
 + SUSCEPTIBLES (P. sylvestris, P. nigra y P. pinaster)
 - SUSCEPTIBILITY. (P. pinea, P.halepensis y P. radiata)

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LIFE CICLE AND BIOLOGY

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Damages
M. galloprivincialis  Doesn’t cause damages
B. Xylophilus  Sudden death of pines in 30-40 days.
Early summer  yellowing of trees
End of summer  reddish-brown needles (Dies)

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LEGAL ACTION
• Law 43/2002 of November 20, plant health.
• Law 43/2003 of November 21 of forest
• Royal Decree 58/2005 protective measures against the introduction
and spread of organisms harmful to plants.
• Royal Decree 1190/1998 national eradication or control of harmful
organisms.
• Council Directive 2000/29/EC, protective measures against the
introduction of organisms harmful to plants.
• Commission Decision 2006/133/EC of additional measures against
the dissemination of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
• Amended by:
 Commission Decision 2008/340/CE of 25th April , 2008.
 Commission Decision 2008/378/EC of 15th May 2008.
 Commission Decision 2008/684/CE of 19th August , 2008.
 Commission Decision 2008/790/CE of 7th October , 2008.

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NIMF 15 NORM
GUIDELINES FOR REGULATING WOOD PACKAGING MATERIAL IN INTERNATIONAL
TRADE
Countries object: outside EC and Portugal
Heat treatment Methyl bromure treatment
56ºC minimun of 30 min Tª min <10ºC 24 h
3 concentration measures 2, 4 and 24 h

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PREVENTIVE AND CONTROL MEASURES OF THE NEMATODE
Surveys in forest:
Buffer Zone: 20 km ( Portugal )
High risk: 20km (Spain) Net 2X2 Km Minimum 1 sample + itinerary
Medium risk 20 +80 km (Spain) Net 4X4 Km Mínim 1 sample + itinerary
Possible extension criteria Autonomous Communities
Rest of Spain Net 8X8 Km Presence of symptoms + itinerary
Inspections sawmills and wood industries
Minimum: 2 inspections per year, 1 sample.

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PREVENTIVE AND CONTROL MEASURES OF THE VECTOR
Aggregation pheromone
Mass trapping
Kairomonals compounds:
- α- pinene
- bark beetle pheromone
Avoid dispersion
Planning silvicultural treatments.

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REFERENCES
Abelleira, A.; Mansilla, J.P; Salinero, M.C. (EFA 43/05: ) Estación Fitopatoloxíca do
Areeiro. Servicio Agrario. Excma. Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra
OEPP/EPPO (1986) Data sheets on quarantine organisms No. 158, Bursaphelenchus
xylophilus. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 16, 55-60.
Evans, H.F.; McNamara, D.G.; Braasch, H.; Chadoeuf, J.; Magnusson, C. (1996) Pest Risk
Analysis (PRA) for the territories of the European Union (as PRA area) on
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vectors in the genus Monochamus. Bulletin
OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 26 (in press).
Rutherford, T. A.; Mamiya, Y.; Webster, J. M. (1990) Nematode-induced pine wilt
disease: factors influencing its occurrence and distribution. Forest Science 36, 145-155.

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