This document discusses several invasive alien species found in India, including plants, insects, fish, and others. It provides details on the distribution, life cycles, hosts, and management of some key invasive pests and weeds. Specifically, it describes the coconut eriophyid mite (Aceria guerreronis), which was first reported in India in 1995 and has since spread widely, causing an estimated annual loss of over 100 crore rupees. It also discusses the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei), spiraling whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus), and their impacts on crops and recommended control measures.

1. Alien species
An invasive species is a species that is not native to a specific
location (an introduced species), and that has a tendency to spread
to a degree believed to cause damage to the environment, human
economy or human health.
•A total 173 species in 117 genera are invasive alien plants,
representing 1 % of the Indian flora.
• In India, 116 alien insect species mainly belong to the order
Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
•Over 300 alien fish species including 291 ornamental species
•31 aquaculture species and 2 larvicidal fishes are recorded

2. Hypothenemus hampei
Aceria gurrreronis
Aleurodicus dispersus

3. Hypothenemus
hampei

4. Distribution
• Native to Central Africa, Angola
•First reported in France during 1867
•In India reported during 1990, Gudlur, Tamilnadu
• In Karnataka it was reported during 1991 at Kutta, Kodagu

5. Life cycle of Hypothenamus hampei

6. Environmental Requirements
H. hampei favours warm, humid environments such as the tropics,
suitable for the growth of coffee
A study by Baker et al. (1992) found that the emergence of H.
hampei was low at temepratures below 20°C and humidities of 90%.
A laboratory study estimated that the extremes for survival are
between 15-32°C (Jaramillo et al., 2009).

8. Positions of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei in
coffee berries (Bustillo et al., 1998)

10. Management

11. Table: Evaluation of lure
Treatments Average catch per trap
Ethanol + methanol 603
Ethanol + methanol + methylene blue 492
Isopropanol + methanol 83
Ether + methanol 377
Ethyl acetate + methanol 348
Carbon tetrachloride + methanol 599
Fruit extract in 1:1 Ethanol-Methanol mixture 1084
Fruit extract in Ethanol 41 Fruit extract in Methanol 759
Annon., 2002

12. Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo)
Metarhizium anisoplia e (Metschn.) Sorokin,
Lecanicillium lecanii
Nomurae rile
Ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza
(Bustillo et al. 1998 , 2002 ; Vega et al., 1999 ).
Beauveria bassiana
Up to 80% mortality can be achieved in sprays when CBB are attacking
young berries (Duque- O and Baker, 2003)
Biopesticides used against CBB
Efficacy depends on timing of sprays, weather conditions and strains

14. Predatory birds
Predation of borers by birds is more under
shade than full sun coffee.
Armbrecht and Gallego, 2007
The value of pest control provided by birds
(via increased yield) to farmers in Jamaica
was ~12% of total crop worth.
Johnson et al., 2010

16. Aleurodicus
dispersus

17. • Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Hom., Aleyrodidae)
• Is a highly polyphagous pest
• Native of the Caribbean region and Central America (Russell, 1965),
• It is known from a wide range of host plants, but not regarded as a pest
•It is more commonly known worldwide as ‘spiralling whitefly’ because it
lays eggs in a typical spiral pattern
spiral pattern

18. First observed in Florida on coconut - 1957. But was described as a distinct
species in 1965.
(Russel, 1965)
To India it was introduced from Srilanka during 1995.
first observed in Western Ghats of Kerala and Kanyakumari districts of
Tamilnadu on a various of host plants.
(David and regu,1995)
Intensity was more in Central and Southern Tamil Nadu (Geetha, 2000). Found in
all the districts of Karnataka
(Anon., 2001).

19. D:10_section ii.pdf

20. World distribution map of Aleurodicus dispersus
Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, China, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Maldives, Myanmar, Philippine, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam
Europe: Portugal, Spain
Africa: Benin , Cameroon , Congo, Ghana, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe,
Togo Central
America: Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba,
Dominica,Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Martinique,
Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela. U.S.A. Australia
P. Island: American Samoa, Australia, Belau , Cook Islands , Federated states of
Micronesia , Fiji , French Polynesia , Guam , Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Nauru ,
New Caledonia , Northern Mariana Islands , Papua New Guinea , Samoa ,
Solomon Islands , Tokelau , Tonga

21. Status of A. dispersus in INDIA
A. A.dispersus is a recently discovered economic pest in both southern India
B. In India, for example, it has reached pest status on cassava, where up to 580
insects per leaf have been observed (Palaniswami et al., 1995).
C. A range of susceptible crops has been catalogued in Kerala, India, by Ranjith et al.
(1996)
Hosts:
Major hosts: Citrus , Cocos nucifera (coconut), Glycine max
(soyabean), Manihot esculenta (cassava), Musa x paradisiaca
(plantain),Persea americana (avocado),Prunus (stone fruit),Psidium
guajava (guava)
Minor hosts: Acacia (wattles), Acalypha (Copperleaf), Agave americana
(american agave), Amaranthus (grain amaranth), Annona squamosa
(sugarapple), Arachis hypogaea (groundnut), Areca catechu (betelnut
palm), Artocarpus (breadfruit trees), Bauhinia (camel's foot), Begonia ,
Bougainvillea , Canna , Capsicum (peppers), Carica papaya

22. Biology and ecology:
• Adults were active between 12.3-32.3°C and maximum female fecundity
occurred at 25°C
• A. dispersus populations were found all year round
• Building up rapidly in October, reaching a peak in November, and then
declining gradually after December.
• The developmental time (from oviposition to eclosion) of the pest at 25°C
on poinsettia, canna, guavas and pawpaws
• Females begin laying eggs within a few days of emergence, and continue
to lay throughout their lifetime

23. Life cycle :
• The eggs hatched after 7-10 days
• The first and second larval instars lasted for 6-9 days in total
• The third instar for 5-13 days
• The fourth (pupae) 5-16 days
• Adults lived for about 2 weeks

24. Crop damage:
 The spiralling whitefly may cause damage to crops in several ways
The feeding of the adults, and particularly the sucking of sap and
weakens the plant and causes leaves to fall prematurely
The copious amounts of honeydew secreted by the insects is appreciated
by ants, wasps, bees and other insects and these may protect the whitefly
from predation.
Sooty mould often grows on the honeydew and may reduce the leaf area
available for photosynthesis
The nymphs produce a flocculent white waxy material and this may be
dispersed by the wind and create "an unsightly nuisance".
The spiralling whitefly can act as a vector and is one of only three
species of whitefly able to transmit plant viruses. In some cases, these
may cause the complete loss of the crop.

26. Means of movement and dispersal:
• The eggs and larvae of A. dispersus may be transported on leaves,
and these early insect stages are often cryptic.
• The eggs may also be transported on fruit
• Newly-dead foliage may harbour pupari
Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport Fruits (inc. Pods):
Leaves: Eggs, Larvae; borne externally. - Plant parts not known to carry
the pest in trade/transport Bark/ - Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes -
Growing Medium Accompanying Plants -
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx - Roots/ - Stems (above Ground)/S -
hoots/Trunks/Branches True Seeds (inc. Grain)/ - Wood

27. Management

28. (Geetha, 2000).28
Cultural method
– Use of clean planting material delays the appearance of
the whitefly population.
– Pruning the heavily infested trees and shrubs was
recommended to minimize the spiralling whitefly
incidence.
– Subsequent to the pruning the population rapidly
increased with in 4-5 months on guava.

29. Physical control
•Light trap was more appropriate tool for monitoring. A simple
method for trapping large number of A. dispersus with light traps
coated with Vaseline was suggested by Srinivasan and
Mohanasundaram (1997).
•Fluorescent light smeared with castor oil attracted and trapped large
number of adults (Asia Marium,1999).
•Maximum adults were attracted and caught in yellow color sticky
trap (Geetha, 2000).

30. Natural enemies Family & Order Reference
Parasitoids
Encarsia haitiensis Dozier
(=Encarsia meritoria Gahan)
Aphelinidae
Hymenoptera
Anon., (2000) Srinivasa et al. (1999); Beevi et al. (1999);
Mani et al.(2001);Geetha & Swamiappan,2001c)
Encarsia guadeloupae
Viggiani
Aphelinidae
Hymenoptera
(1999,2002); Mani et al.(2001); Beevi et al.(2001)
Leptus sp. Erythraeidae
Acarina
Geetha & Swamiappan(2001c)
Predators
Axinoscymnus
puttarudiahi Kapur and
Munshi
Coccinellidae,
Coleoptera
Mani & Krishnamoorthy (1999a,c)
Asia Mariam (1999); Muralikrishna(1999)
Curinus coeruleus
Muls.
Coccinellidae,
Coleoptera
Mani et al. ( 2001)
Horniolus sp. Coccinellidae,
Coleoptera
Anon., (2002)
Spalgis epius (West
wood)
Lycaenidae
Lepidoptera
Mani et al.(2001)

31. Chemical control Dosage
Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC 0.30ml/l
Emamectine benzoate 5 SG 0.20g/l
Flubendiamide 480 SC 0.20ml/l
Cyntraniliprole 10 OD 0.30ml/l
Thiodicarb 75 WP 1.00g/l
Spinosad 45 SC 0.20ml/l
Indoxacarb 15.8 EC 0.30ml/l
Chorfenapyr 10 SC 3.00ml/l
Chlorpyriophos 20 EC 2.00ml/l
Dimethoate 30 EC 1.75ml/l
Triazophos 40 EC 2.00ml/l

32. Aceria guerreronis

33. Coconut eriopyhid mite :
•It is controversial whether it is native to the
Eastern or Western Hemisphere
•Aceria guerreronis was first noticed in 1995 in
Ernakulam district of Kerala
•The pest has spread to 14 districts including major
coconut growing areas of Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Lakshadweep
• In a survey conducted in 1999 in Kerala, nearly
42% of plants (i.e. 589 lakh plants) are affected and
estimated yield loss is around 22%.
•Annually > Rs.100 cr. being spent towards
management of this pest.

34. Life cycle of mite

35. Hosts:
• Coconut palm appears to be virtually the only host of coconut mite,
although there is an isolated confirmed record from Brazil on the fruit of
Lytocaryum weddellianmum (H. A. Wendland), a palm native to South
America that is loosely related to coconut
•Coconut palm varieties differ in their susceptibility to coconut mite.
Almost all varieties probably have some level of susceptibility.

36. Damage symptoms:
• The earliest symptom on 2-3 month old buttons is pale yellow triangular
patches seen below the perianth
• Later, these patches become brown. Severely affected buttons may fall. As
the buttons grow, brown patches lead to black necrotic lesions with
longitudinal fissures on the husk.
• Oozing of the gummy exudation from the affected surface of the nuts.
• Uneven growth results in distortion and stunting of nuts leading to
reduction in copra yield. In severe cases, the nuts are malformed
with cracks and hardened husk

38. Management
• Apply urea 1.3 kg, super phosphate 2.0 and muriate of potash 3.5
kg/palm/year
• Neem cake @ 5 kg and organic manure 50 kg/palm/ year
• Borax 50 g + gypsum 1.0kg + Manganese sulphate 0.5 kg/palm/ year
• Grow intercrop (sun hemp, four crops/year)
• shelter belt withcasuarina all round the coconut garden to check further
entry
• Triazophos 40 EC 5 ml/lit or monocrotophos 36 WSC @ 2 ml / lit or
carbosulfan 25 EC 2 ml/ lit in alternation with neem azal
1% 5ml/lit as spot application
ii. Root feeding
• Root feeding with TNAU - Agro Biocide 30 ml/tree
• TNAU - Agro biocide - 30 ml/tree - (60 days after Carbosulfan root
feeding).
• Monocrotophos 36 WSC @ 15ml or triazophos 40 EC @15 ml or
carbosulfan 25EC @ 15 ml / 15 ml of water
• After root feeding, next harvest should be done 45 days later.

39. Acknowledgement:
• TNAU study portal
• NBAIR- Banglore
• Islamic Republic Of Iran Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture Plant Protection Organization,
A Guide for Diagnosis & Detection Of Quarantine Pests
• Spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus, in India S. Ramani
• Google Images

40. Thank you