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Questionnaire Method of Data Collection
The document discusses various data collection methods used in marketing research, including questionnaires, surveys, interviews, and observation. It provides classifications of data collection methods based on the method of communication (personal interview, telephone interview, mail survey) and based on the structure and disguising of questions (structured-nondisguised, non-structured-nondisguised, etc.). Specific techniques like focus groups and depth interviews are also summarized. The advantages and limitations of different data collection methods are presented.
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This document outlines the key elements that should be included in a research proposal. A research proposal convinces others that the proposed research project is worthwhile and that the researcher is competent to complete it. All research proposals must describe what will be accomplished, why the research is important, and how it will be done. The main elements that should be included are: the title, background, statement of the problem, objectives, literature review, hypotheses or research questions, scope and limitations, and methodology. The methodology section is especially important as it describes the design, population and sampling, instruments, data collection process, and ethical considerations. A strong research proposal establishes the need for the study and demonstrates the researcher's knowledge in the topic area.
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The document discusses the characteristics, functions, types, and construction of questionnaires. It provides details on:
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The document discusses research design and its key principles. It defines research design as a plan or blueprint for conducting a study that maximizes control over interfering factors and validity of findings. Some key points made:
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- Reliability refers to consistency of data, while validity refers to accuracy and truth of measurements.
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This document discusses different types of measurement scales used in research including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Nominal scales assign categories with no numerical difference between them. Ordinal scales order categories but do not specify numerical distance. Interval scales have equal numerical distance between values but no absolute zero. Ratio scales have all the qualities of the previous scales plus an absolute zero point. Measurement scales are important for categorizing and quantifying variables in research and other applications such as market transactions.
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This document discusses key aspects of qualitative case study research. It outlines that case studies allow for an in-depth exploration of a phenomenon within its real-life context. The document discusses different approaches to case studies by researchers like Yin, Stake and Creswell. It also addresses important considerations for case study research like purposefully defining the case, collecting multiple sources of data, ensuring validity and ethics, and producing engaging written reports for academic audiences.
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Student Name: Asfia Khan
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"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
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Amajorproblemwiththeresearchusingavailabledataisthatseldomtheavailabledataideallysuitstothepurposestheresearcherhasinmind.
Atbest,thedatamayacquirethecreativeconstructionofmeasuresthatprovideindirectevidenceofgivenvariable.At,worstthedatamaybeinadequatetoaddresstheresearchquestion.
Inmuchavailable-dataresearch,theinvestigatormustdevelopcreativemeasuresthatapproximatevariablesofinterest
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A pilot study is a small scale preliminary study conducted to evaluate feasibility, time, cost, adverse events, and improve upon the study design prior to performing a full-scale research project. It helps assess whether the research methods can be appropriately applied and determines if the proposed methods and analyses are appropriate for answering the research question. A pilot study aims to identify logistical issues or other problems that may occur so that they can be addressed before embarking on a full-scale research study.
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- Questionnaires should be short, simple, objective and avoid embarrassing questions.
- Functions include description and measurement of variables like attitudes and opinions.
- Types include fixed-response and open-ended questionnaires, and mail-administered vs face-to-face.
- Constructing a questionnaire involves deciding what to measure, the type, writing drafts, pretesting, and specifying procedures.
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This document provides an overview of case study research methods. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of a single entity within its real-world context. The document discusses case study paradigms, types including intrinsic and instrumental, purposes such as explanatory and exploratory, designs including single and multiple case, methodology involving data collection from documentation and interviews, and analysis techniques like pattern matching. It also reviews issues in reporting case studies and lists some merits like understanding contemporary contexts and demerits like lack of generalization.
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The document provides an overview of key aspects of survey design, including question styles, response formats, sampling, and implementation. It discusses developing a questionnaire, types of questions, optimizing question wording and structure, pre-testing surveys, and sampling techniques. The goal is to introduce rigorous methodology to plan, develop, and implement effective research questionnaires.
Chapter 7-THE RESEARCH DESIGN
The document discusses research design and its key principles. It defines research design as a plan or blueprint for conducting a study that maximizes control over interfering factors and validity of findings. Some key points made:
- Research design refers to how a study will be conducted, the type of data collected, and means used to obtain the data.
- Reliability refers to consistency of data, while validity refers to accuracy and truth of measurements.
- Threats to validity include history, selection, testing, instrumentation, maturation, and mortality.
- Descriptive, experimental, and qualitative designs are three basic types of research design.
Descriptive Research Method
Descriptive research method is used to obtain information about the current status of phenomena without manipulating the environment. It describes "what exists" with respect to variables in a situation. There are several types of descriptive research methods including survey method, content analysis method, and correlation method. Developmental study method examines changes and trends over time using longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies, or trend studies. Longitudinal studies follow the same subjects over a long period of time while cross-sectional studies observe different subjects of various developmental stages at the same point in time. Both methods aim to evaluate changes occurring within the context of time.
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This document discusses different types of measurement scales used in research including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Nominal scales assign categories with no numerical difference between them. Ordinal scales order categories but do not specify numerical distance. Interval scales have equal numerical distance between values but no absolute zero. Ratio scales have all the qualities of the previous scales plus an absolute zero point. Measurement scales are important for categorizing and quantifying variables in research and other applications such as market transactions.
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This document discusses key aspects of qualitative case study research. It outlines that case studies allow for an in-depth exploration of a phenomenon within its real-life context. The document discusses different approaches to case studies by researchers like Yin, Stake and Creswell. It also addresses important considerations for case study research like purposefully defining the case, collecting multiple sources of data, ensuring validity and ethics, and producing engaging written reports for academic audiences.
Qualitative Research Method
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand social phenomena through natural settings and the meanings and experiences of participants. Qualitative research employs descriptive data from real-world contexts and inductive analysis to describe findings from the participants' perspectives. Some key methods are participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is flexible and asks open-ended questions to get complex responses. It can help interpret quantitative data by explaining real-world situations.
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This document discusses primary and secondary data collection techniques. Primary data is originally collected for the specific research purpose, through surveys, interviews, or observations. It is more reliable but costly and time-consuming to collect. Secondary data is previously collected data that is reused for another purpose, sourced from publications, websites, or databases. It is cheaper and faster to obtain but less targeted to the research questions. Both data types have advantages and disadvantages for research.
Qualitative and quantitative research
Qualitative and quantitative research methods are described. Qualitative research uses words, images and subjective approaches to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior through smaller focused samples. It is useful for exploratory research and answering "why" and "how" questions. Quantitative research uses numbers, logic and objective approaches through larger samples and is useful for validating facts and relationships through descriptive and causal studies. Examples of qualitative techniques include in-depth interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques, while surveys and experimentation are provided as quantitative methods.
Data Collection in Qualitative Research
This document discusses qualitative research methods for data collection. It describes three main qualitative data collection techniques: participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group interviews. Participant observation involves the researcher observing participant behavior and interactions over time to understand their culture and meanings. In-depth interviews allow participants to describe their experiences. Focus groups are interviews with 6-12 participants who discuss their common experiences. The document outlines the steps and considerations for each technique.
Longitudinal research
Longitudinal research involves studying the same sample of individuals over multiple points in time. There are three main types of longitudinal studies: trend studies sample different groups over time from the same population; cohort analyses measure characteristics of groups that experience the same life events; and panel studies measure the same sample at different points to reveal changes. Combining qualitative and quantitative data in longitudinal research allows qualitative data to aid interpretation and suggest new hypotheses. Conducting longitudinal research online through internet surveys panels has advantages like easier recruitment but also disadvantages like lack of representation.
Interview as a method for qualitative research
The document discusses interview as a method for qualitative research. It defines qualitative research interviews as seeking to understand the meanings and themes in subjects' lives. There are several types of interviews described, including informal conversations, standardized questions, and closed questions. Proper training of interviewers is important to minimize bias and get quality responses. Questions should cover behaviors, opinions, feelings and be asked in a logical sequence. The interview process involves preparation, recording responses, and analysis.
Quality criteria, research ethics, and other
This document discusses quality criteria and research ethics issues related to quantitative and qualitative research. It outlines criteria for quantitative research such as validity, measurement validity, and reliability. Potential threats to research validity are also discussed, such as participant mortality and social desirability bias. For qualitative research, the document mentions Lincoln and Guba's taxonomy of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability as quality criteria. Research design strategies for qualitative research include triangulation, prolonged engagement, and longitudinal designs. Finally, the document lists some issues in research ethics like the amount of shared information, relationships between researchers and participants, and handling sensitive data.
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This presentation explains quantitative reseach and its process. You can also find the differences between quantitave and qualitative reseacher.
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This document outlines the key aspects of survey research. It defines a survey, explains why surveys are used, and describes the characteristics and steps involved in survey research. It discusses tools for surveys such as interviews and questionnaires. It also covers survey research designs like cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Finally, it summarizes the strengths and limitations of survey research.
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Topic: Questionnarie
Student Name: Asfia Khan
Class: B.Ed 1.5
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
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A simple summary for introduction to quantitative data analysis. It is made for research methodology sub-topic.
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Ethical Considerations can be specified as one of the most important parts of the research. ... Research participants should not be subjected to harm in any way whatsoever. Respect for the dignity of research participants should be prioritized. Full consent should be obtained from the participants prior to the study. (Research Methodology)
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Amajorproblemwiththeresearchusingavailabledataisthatseldomtheavailabledataideallysuitstothepurposestheresearcherhasinmind.
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Pilot study
A pilot study as on experimental exploratory, test , preliminary , trial or try out investigation.
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Pilot study
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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pilot testing of questionnaire
- 1. Presentation on the Topic “Pilot testing of Questionnaire” Course facilitator Presented By : Saroj Kumar Banjara Dr. K.P. Ghimire Roll No. 76155026 Dr. Jeevan khadka
- 2. Pilot Testing of Questionnaire Questionnaire in research Pilot testing of questionnaire How to pre-test or pilot questionnaire? Diagrammatic review Peoples’ thought about questionnaire Advantages of pilot testing of questionnaire
- 3. Questionnaire What is Questionnaire:- A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions for the purpose of gathering information from respondent . Questionnaire can be thought of as a kind of written interview they can be carried out face to face ,by telephone, computer or post.(Saul Mcleod,2018)
- 4. Pilot test of Questionnaire Before getting finally printed of questionnaire ,it should be pre –tested on small sample. It helps the investigator to decide the number of items(i.e. which item ought to be deleted and which more should be added), difficulty level, discrimination power ,revising and improvement of items in the final form of the questionnaires. It’s important to test our survey questionnaire before using it to collect data. Pretesting and piloting can help us to identify questions that don’t make sense to participants, or problems with the questionnaire that might lead to biased answers.
- 5. How to Pilot a Questionnaire Identify your target group Choose 5 to 10 people to test Look for similarly situated people Cover the range of your target group Do as much as you can Test the questionnaire and finish from first step to final as of the survey data collection and analysis.
- 6. Diagramatic review of Pilot testing of questionnaire Study Group Pre test the Questionnaire Population Sample Pilot Group Generalize the result Target group Qu
- 7. Some negative thinking about pilot testing of questionnaire. It takes a long time Not necessary to test Pilot test required more resources and cost Respondent testing problem : -distance,age group,homoginity Problem of selecting people from target group to pretest. Problem of data collection process from start to finish
- 8. Why pilot test is important? Any testing is better than no testing It seems spending time worthlessly at first but it help to time consuming in research process. Questionnaire provides a relatively cheap,quick and efficient way of obtaining larg amounts of information from a large sample. Pilot testing helps to check whether the questions are designed in a way that the respondents can understand. It establishes validity of a research and helps to prevent the unnecessary cost and time expenditures in the main data collection help in discovering errors, mistakes, typos or other problems that you were not aware of.
- 9. Why pilot test is important?
- 10. Refrences Saul Mcleod,2018 Google.com Research Methodology(M.Ed) book by Pesal Khanal
- 11. Thank You all. Any suggestion and queries plz.