Concept of Sample, sampling, Characteristics of a good sample, Probability Sampling, Non Probability Sampling, Types of Data, Primary Data, Observations, Interview, The questionnaire method, Open v/s Closed questions, Precaution in Construction of Questionnaire, Collection of Secondary Data,

1. Research Methods in
Management
Module III : Collection of Data

2. Concept of Sample
 Population : Population refers to the entire group
of people, events, or things that the researcher
wishes to investigate.
 Unit or element : is a single member of a
population.
 Sample: A sample is a subset of the population.
It comprises some members selected from
population.

3. What is sampling?
 Sampling is the process of selecting a sufficient
number of elements from the population, so that
the results received after the study of sample
can be generalized for the entire population.

4. Sampling Decisions or
Characteristics of a good
sample
 Sample should be of optimum size
 It should represent the entire population
 It should result in a small sampling error
 It should be within budget available for the
research study.
 Time

5. SAMPLING METHODS
Probability Sampling Non Probability Sampling
Convenience
sampling
Judgment
Sampling
Simple Random
Sampling
Systematic
Sampling
Stratified
Sampling
Multi stage Cluster
Sampling
Quota
sampling

6. Probability Sampling
 Simple random sample
 Selection by equal probability
 Systematic sample
 Selection from sample frame at a constant interval
 Stratified sample
 Proportional representation of population characteristics
 Multi-stage cluster sample
 Selection from groupings of population units

7. Non Probability Sampling
 Convenience sampling
 By accessibility
 Judgement sampling
 By choice of researcher
 Quota sampling
 By proportion, but not at random

8. Types of Data
 Primary Data : The primary data are those which
are collected afresh and for the first time, and
thus happen to be original in character.
 Secondary Data : The secondary data are those
which have already been collected by
someone else and which have already been
passed through statistical process.

9. Methods of collection of
Primary Data
 Observation
 Interview
 Questionnaire
 Survey

10. Observations
 Observation involves viewing and recording
individuals, groups, organizations or events in a
scientific manner in order to collect valuable
data related to the topic under study.
 It also includes data collection with the help of
some machinery.

11. Types of observations
 Structured v/s unstructured observation
 Participant v/s Non-Participant observation
 Disguised v/s Undisguised observation

12. Interview
 The interview is a one to one interaction
between the investigator/interviewer and the
interviewee

13. Types of Interview
Interview
Personal Interview Telephonic Interview
Structured Unstructured
Interview Interview

14. The questionnaire method
This is the simplest and most often used method of primary data
collection
There is a pre-determined set of questions in a sequential format
Is designed to suit the respondent’s understanding and
language command
Can be conducted to collect useful data from a large
population in a minimum cost

15. Criteria for questionnaire design
 The spelt out research objectives need to be
converted into specific questions
 It must be designed to engage the respondent
and encourage meaningful response
 The questions should be designed in simple
language and be self-explanatory

16. Process of constructing the
Questionnaire
 Convert the Research Objectives
into the Information Needed
 Content of the Questions
 Selection of type of question
 Open v/s Closed
 Closed – Dichotomous, Multiple Response, Scale
 Order of questions
 Pilot Testing

17. Open v/s Closed questions
Open Question
 What is your opinion about the performance of
your CEO?
Closed Question
 What do you think of the CEO's performance in
his job
(Please tick the appropriate response)
Very good Good Fair Poor Very poor
5 4 3 2 1

18. Precaution in Construction
of Questionnaire
 Questions should flow logically from one to the
next
 General questions should be asked before more
specific ones
 Demographic questions should come at the end
or beginning.
 long-worded questions should be avoided

19. Precaution in Construction
of Questionnaire
 Double-barreled questions should be
avoided. Questions that refer to two or
more issues within the same question.
Where respondent may agree with only
1 part of multipart statement.
 Do you think Nike offers better pricing
and variety than other brands
 Distinguish between instructions, questions and responses

20. Collection of Secondary
Data
 Publications by government
 Publications by other institutions
 Reports prepared by scholars, universities,
economists etc.
 Other sources (autobiographies, books,
newspapers etc.)

21. Recommend an appropriate
data collection method in
following situations:
 To understand the buying behavior of shoppers
in a mall
 To get information from the persons affected
from flood
 When data is required from large geographical
area
 When sample units are illtreat
 When the topic is highly technical

22. presented by
Dr. Dharmesh Motwani.
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