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Physiology of potassium in crop production
- 1. PHYSIOLOGY OF POTASSIUM IN CROP PRODUCTION Presented by Hema B 2016802002 1
- 4. K Enzyme Activation Water Regime Photosynthesis and respiration Assimilate transport - Phloem Carbohydrate and protein metabolism Alleviating the effect of stress factors ( Marschner, 1995 ) INTRODUCTION
- 5. Potassium Enzyme activation (CH2O)n and Protein metabolism Stress metabolism Turgidity maintanance Production and Transport of assimilates ??? K – Quality element
- 7. 7 Plant Cell
- 8. CONTENT 8 Potassium – Energy status of plant Water relations – Stomatal regulation Cell elongation Photosynthesis and respiration Assimilate transport Potassium channels Activation of Enzymes Protein synthesis and carbohydrate synthesis Stress mitigation Abiotic stress Biotic stress Potassium in Yield and quality in crops Conclusion
- 9. Potassium – Energy status of plant K – Maintain electric charge in Chloroplast ATP and NADPH synthesis All metabolic process
- 11. Effect of different monovalent cations on the activity of ADP (Mengel and Kirkby, 1987)
- 12. K – Stomatal Conductance K conc. In guard cell Regulate stomatal function Cellular expansion, pollen tube growth, root and fruit enlargement and Carbon assimilation
- 13. Role of K in Stomata opening and Closing
- 14. Langer et al., 2004; Role potassium in stomatal action
- 15. K in Cell elongation • K is essential for Gibberlic acid and Auxin. • K – maintain the pH of the cytoplasm and increase the osmotic potential in vacuole. • GA is essential for cell elongation • As cell elongation is driven by turgor pressure, the operation of K translocators is crucial for growth. • TRH1 encoding a potassium transporter protein
- 16. Rigas et al. (2001)
- 17. K in wood production Langer et al., 2002
- 19. Effect of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis at varied K supply (Reddy et al., 2005)
- 20. Effect of K on Photosynthesis (Jin et al., 2011)
- 22. Enzymes Activates more than 60 enzymes - synthetases, oxidoreductases, dehydrogenases, transferases and kinases. These enzymes are necessary for essential plant processes such as energy utilization, starch synthesis, N metabolism and respiration.
- 23. Effect of potassium in Photosynthesis by Rubisco activation (Hu et al., 2016)
- 24. Relationship between potassium content in leaves, CO2 exchange and RuBP carboxylase activity in alfalfa Leaf Potassium (mg g-1 dry wt) Stomatal resistance (s cm-1 ) Photo Synthesis (mg CO2 dm-2h-1 ) RuBP carboxylase activity µmol CO2 mg protein-1 h-1 Photo respiration dpm dm-2 12.8 9.3 11.9 2.8 4.0 19.8 6.8 21.7 4.5 5.9 38.4 5.9 34.0 6.1 9.0
- 25. LeafsuccinylCoAsynthetase (µmolcomplex/30min) Monovalent chloride (mM) Effect of potassium on tomato leaf succinyl CoA synthetase activity (Hu et al., 2017)
- 26. Treatment Rd (μmol CO2m−2 s−1) Ci * (μmol mol−1CO2) Vc,max (μmol CO2m−2 s−1) Jmax (μmol e−m−2 s−1) K0 (0 mM) 0.87 ± 0.10a 38.5 ± 5.8a 35.8 ± 4.7c 114 ± 11.4c K1 (0.4 mM) 0.84 ± 0.12a 38.9 ± 6.4a 59.7 ± 5.4b 148 ± 12.1ab K2 (1.0 mM) 0.82 ± 0.09a 39.0 ± 3.9a 74.5 ± 8.6a 166 ± 20.8a K3 (2.0 mM) 0.82 ± 0.06a 39.8 ± 6.2a 74.2 ± 7.4a 176 ± 19.1a K4 (5.0 mM) 0.79 ± 0.11a 40.1 ± 5.6a 76.5 ± 7.3a 169 ± 17.5a (Jin et al., 2011) Effects of K supply on rate of mitochondrial respiration in the light (Rd), intercellular CO2 compensation point (Ci *), maximum rate of carboxylation (Vc,max) and maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax)
- 28. Effects of K application on sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SuSy) activities in cotton (Siza 3) (Hu et al., 2016) SuSy(mgSucroseg-1FWhr-1) SPS(mgSucroseg-1FWhr-1)
- 30. Effect of K supply on leaf K content, total chlorophyll, Chl a/b and total soluble protein. Treatment K (% dry weight) Chl a + b (mg m−2) Chl a/b TSP (g m−2) K0 (0 mM) 0.52 ± 0.05d 241 ± 23b 3.8 ± 0.5a 3.0 ± 0.1b K1 (0.4 mM) 0.64 ± 0.07c 347 ± 46a 2.8 ± 0.3b 3.3 ± 0.2a K2 (1.0 mM) 0.89 ± 0.06b 353 ± 21a 2.8 ± 0.2b 3.4 ± 0.2a K3 (2.0 mM) 0.97 ± 0.11b 353 ± 31a 2.9 ± 0.4b 3.5 ± 0.3a K4 (5.0 mM) 1.42 ± 0.15a 354 ± 28a 2.8 ± 0.2b 3.7 ± 0.5a (Jin et al., 2011)
- 31. Effects of K deficiency on glucose and fructose contents in cotton leaves. Hu et al. (2017) Field Greenhouse Field Greenhouse
- 32. Effects of K on sucrose and starch contents in cotton leaves. Hu et al. (2017) Field Greenhouse
- 33. Effects of K on free amino acid content in cotton leaves. Hu et al. (2017) Field Greenhouse
- 35. Mechanism involved in phloem transport (Gajdanowicz et al., 2011 )
- 36. Sucrose – Starch interconversion (Granot et al., 2013 )
- 37. Treatment TSS Reducing sugar Non-reducing sugar Total sugar °brix ----------------------%---------------------- N100P50 7.19 2.01 3.88 5.89 N125P50K33 (1) 7.94 2.16 4.43 6.59 N100P50K50 7.56 2.18 4.25 6.43 N100P50K75 7.83 2.66 4.44 7.10 N125P78K86 (2) 7.87 2.68 3.92 6.60 N100P50K100 8.34 2.56 4.76 7.32 N100P50K125 8.25 2.74 3.77 6.51 N100P50K150 7.87 2.60 4.45 7.05 SE 0.030 0.026 0.108 0.097 CD at 5% 0.088 0.075 0.319 0.286 Effect of potash levels on quality parameters of onion Deshpande et al. (2013)
- 38. Effect of Potassium on bulb yield and size of Onion Deshpande et al. (2013)
- 39. Effect of potassium on yield and quality of sweet oranges (Bhargava et al., 1993) K2O ( g tree-1) Fruit weight (g) Yield (Kg tree-1) Juice (%) TSS (%) Acidity (%) Vitamin C (mg 100 ml-1) 0 165.2 31.9 46.3 9.77 0.549 52.8 200 173.1 36.2 47.2 9.89 0.542 54.1 400 178.0 37.5 47.2 10.06 0.533 55.9
- 40. Treatment Fruit length (cm) Fruit breadth (cm) One spray Two sprays Three sprays Mean One spray Two sprays Three sprays Mean KNO3 (1.0%) 6.38 6.63 6.72 6.58 6.31 6.43 6.60 6.45 KNO3 (1.5%) 6.45 6.69 6.66 6.60 6.3 6.56 6.59 6.50 KNO3 (2.0%) 6.42 6.66 6.86 6.65 6.33 6.55 6.72 6.53 K2SO4 (1.0%) 6.31 6.57 6.67 6.52 6.25 6.42 6.54 6.40 K2SO4 (1.5%) 6.38 6.62 6.73 6.58 6.28 6.48 6.59 6.45 K2SO4 (2.0%) 6.40 6.64 6.73 6.59 6.29 6.55 6.61 6.48 Control 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.31 6.24 6.25 6.25 6.25 Mean 6.38 6.59 6.67 6.29 6.46 6.56 CD (p = 0.05) No. of spray (A) 0.03 0.03 Treatment (B) 0.05 0.04 A*B 0.07 0.06 Effect of foliar application of potassium fertilizers on fruit size of pear Gill et al. (2012)
- 41. K2O (g pl-1) Bunch weight (kg) Yield (t ha-1) Total sugar (%) TSS (%) Acidity (%) Plant Ratoon Plant Ratoon Plant Ratoon Plant Ratoon Plant Ratoon 0 12.0 12.1 30.0 30.2 11.0 11.9 15.9 16.0 0.59 0.59 240 13.4 14.2 33.5 35.5 12.6 12.6 16.5 16.4 0.55 0.55 480 15.2 15.3 38.0 38.2 13.1 13.1 17.0 17.0 0.53 0.52 Effect of K levels on yield and quality of bananas (Bhargava et al., 1993)
- 42. Effect of potassium fertilizers in yield and yield attributes of wheat IPI (2008)
- 43. Effect of potassium fertilizers in grain size of wheat and grain filling in rice Buresh (2006)
- 44. Potassium channels Potassium transporters Low affinity (>1mM) High affinity (<1 mM) (Wang and Wu, 2010) Shaker TPK (Tandom pore) Kir (inwardly rectifying) KUP/HAK/KT (K+/H+ symporters) HKT (K+/H+ or K+/Na+ transporters) CPA (cation/H+ antiporters) Transporters family Channelfamily
- 45. Potassium transporters and signal transduction in Arabidopsis Wang and Wu (2017)
- 46. Role of potassium under salinity stress
- 47. Ion homeostasis mechanism ( Bahmani et al., 2015 )47
- 48. Role of potassium under drought stress Exogenous K Regulates the K channel/ transporters Elevates cytosolic K Induces solute accumulation Maintains cellular osmotic adjustment and turgor Regulates stomatal conductance Regulates ethylene synthesis Maintains or increases water uptake or retention Internal K stress Translocate photoassimilates Maintain or induces photosynthesisMaintain membrane stability Reduces ROS level Maintain or increase drought resistance
- 49. Effect of Potassium in stomatal conductance under water stress condition (Gonzalez et al., 2010)
- 50. Effect of potassium in ethylene production (Gonzalez et al., 2010)
- 51. Role of potassium in biotic stress Exogenous high K Decrease the internal competition of pathogen or pests for nutrient resources and increase the synthesis of defensive compound Regulates stomatal conductance and develop stronger cell wall to prevent pathogen infection and insect attack Low plant K status Triggers the expression of high affinity transports Decrease pathogen or pest level Promotes ROS level and affects phytohormone balance Increase disease or pest resistance Increase H2O2 production
- 53. Physiology of potassium in Crop production OVERALL PROCESS 53
Editor's Notes
- K – sources, movement in to plant from soil mostly by diffusion and 1-3% by mass flow
- 150 bu/A of corn
- This energy is required for all synthetic process in plant metabolism, resulting in production of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, which express the quality of the crops. synthesis of secondary metabolites, like vitamin C.
- While organic compounds synthesis is regulated by cytoplasmic K concentration, water potential is mainly affected by K concentration in the cell vacuole (Hsiao and Lauchi, 1986). Decreased k – decrease stomatal conductance and decreased CO2 concentration. K conc. of guard cells of leaf stomata control turgor pressure of guard cells and regulate stomatal function (Marschner,1995) . Osmoregulation – imp for cellular expansion, pollen tube growth, root and fruit enlargement
- – Regulation of transpiration and CO2 uptake The transport of K+ across the plasma membrane and tonoplast causes the turgor changes of guard cells. Stomata open when guard cells accumulate potassium (red dots), which lowers the cells’ water potential and causes them to take up water by osmosis. The cells become turgid.
- When stomata opened, the K content of guard cells increased by factor 2, indicating a very rapid stomatal opening by K uptake
- Lack of cell division and expansion in xylem vessels region reduced the wood production.
- Decrease in photosynthesis with K deficiency becomes more distinct when plants are exposed to elevated CO2 concentrations. Enhanced K requirement of plants when exposed to increasing CO2 concentration in atmosphere
- With the severity of potassium deficiency increases the co2 assimilation by the plants also decreased. It also decreased with increased in days. Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.) plant
- The rate of photosynthesis is measured as the rate of CO2 assimilation. Photosynthesis requires adequate K levels in leaf tissue: in corn, maximum CO2 fixation happens when leaf K concentration is 1.7-2.0%, lower K levels decreases photosynthesis very sharply (Smid and Peaslee, 1976). Table 1 shows the role of potassium in CO2 assimilation in alfalfa leaves, the increase in CO2 assimilation is accompanied by an increase in photorespiration and a decrease in dark respiration. The effect of K in stomatal regulation and in the activation of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase is also shown (Marschner, 1995).
- The rate of mitochondrial respiration in the light (Rd) was not significantly affected by differential K treatments, despite a trend for Rd to increase with a decreasing K supply (Table 3). The intercellular CO2 compensation point (Ci*) was also unaffected by K supply. The maximum rate of carboxylation (Vc,max) was significantly lower in the K0- and K1-treated plants, while the mean values in the three other treatments ranged from 74.5 to 76.5 µmol m−2 s−1. Similarly, the maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax) was significantly lower in K0- and K1-treated plants, with a minor change in Jmax observed at the other three K treatments. Hickory seedlings were grown for 60 days with five different K concentrations in hydroponic solutions.
- the fourth main-stem leaf from the terminal of the plant at the peak flower stage (PFS), the boll setting stage (BSS) and the boll opening stage (BOS) for Simian 3 and Siza 3 in 2012 and 2013. He observed that the high total and initial Rubisco, sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase (SuSy) (except SuSy in Simian 3) activities did not result in high hexose, sucrose and starch contents in the K-supply treatments, because of a higher rate of sucrose export. Compared with Simian 3, the sensitivity of Siza 3 to low-K was showed in the following aspects: Siza 3 needed higher leaf K content to maintain Rubisco activation state and SuSy activity was increased by K application (Fig. 6).
- The leaf K content varied significantly among plants from the different nutrient treatments, increasing from 0.52 to 1.42% of dry weight with an increase in K supply from 0 to 5.0 mM (Table 1). The leaf dry mass per unit area (MA) was increased in the K0 and K1 treatments compared with the K2, K3 and K4 treatments. The total chlorophyll content was significantly lower in K0-treated plants (241 mg m−2), compared with the other four treatments, where the mean total chlorophyll content ranged from 347 to 354 mg m−2. A similar trend was noted in the soluble protein content, which was significantly lower in the leaves of K0-treated plants, compared with the other four K treatment concentrations. In contrast, in the K0-treated plants, the ratio of chlorophyll a to b (Chl a/b) was significantly higher compared with the other four K treatments.
- Ko, K67 K1, K2
- Hu et al. (2017) conducted an experiment in cotton to know the role of potassium (K) in the metabolism of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), but studies of K deficiency affecting C-N balance are lacking. This study explored the influence of K deficiency on C-N interaction in cotton leaves by conducting a field experiment with cotton cultivar ( DP0912) under two K rates (K0: 0 kg K2O ha_1 and K67: 67 kg K2O ha_1) and a controlled environment experiment with Kdeficient solution (K1: 0 mM K) and K-sufficient solution (K2: 6 mM K). The results showed that leaf K content, leaf number, leaf area, boll number, reproductive dry weight and total dry weight were significant lower under K deficiency (K0 or K1). Leaf glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch contents were higher under K deficiency, because lower sucrose export was detected in phloem. Although leaf nitrate and ammonium contents significantly decreased, free amino acid content was increased by 40 - 63% under K deficiency, since lower amino acid export was also measured in phloem .
- Hu et al. (2017) conducted an experiment in cotton to know the role of potassium (K) in the metabolism of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), but studies of K deficiency affecting C-N balance are lacking. This study explored the influence of K deficiency on C-N interaction in cotton leaves by conducting a field experiment with cotton cultivar ( DP0912) under two K rates (K0: 0 kg K2O ha_1 and K67: 67 kg K2O ha_1) and a controlled environment experiment with Kdeficient solution (K1: 0 mM K) and K-sufficient solution (K2: 6 mM K). The results showed that leaf K content, leaf number, leaf area, boll number, reproductive dry weight and total dry weight were significant lower under K deficiency (K0 or K1). Leaf glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch contents were higher under K deficiency, because lower sucrose export was detected in phloem. Although leaf nitrate and ammonium contents significantly decreased, free amino acid content was increased by 40 - 63% under K deficiency, since lower amino acid export was also measured in phloem .
- Also called translocation of assimilates.
- Computational simulation of phloem (re)loading processes. (A) A SE/CC complex was modeled as a cylinder with a surface- to-volume ratio of 0.4 μm−1 and placed in a three times larger environment (apoplast).Note that different cell/environment values do not qualitatively change the obtained results. The continuous flux of the phloem sap was approximated by keeping pHSE/CC , SucSE/CC, and K+ SE/CC constant. Likewise, pHapoplast was kept constant to reflect the buffer capacity of the apoplast. Transport of K+, sucrose, and H+ into or out of the phloem was mediated by the H+- ATPase, the AKT2 K+-channel, the H+/Suc cotransporter, and a sucrose leak. Additionally, K+ was removed from the apoplast by adjacent cells. For further details, see Fig. S5. (B–F) Simulationof the network behavior. First,AKT2was set as an inward-rectifying channel (i). Next, AKT2 was switched from an inward-rectifying channel into a nonrectifying channel (dotted lines, arrows). Time courses of the apoplastic sucrose concentration (Sucapoplast: B), the transmembrane sucrose flux (ΔJSuc: C), the membrane voltage (Vm: D), the current pumped by the H+-ATPase (IH+-ATPase: E), and the electrochemical K+ gradient (ΔμK: F) are shown.
- Sucrose synthase, UDP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase, Sucrose‐phosphate synthase, Fructokinase, Cytosolic phosphoglucomutase, Phosphoglucoisomerase Hexose‐phosphate translocator Triose‐phosphate translocator, Plastidial phosphoglucomutase ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase Soluble starch synthase Granule‐bound starch synthase Branching enzyme Adenylate translocator.
- Shaker type channels are involved in K uptake, long distance K transport, and K release, and they mainly occur in the plasma membrane. They have a high selectivity for K and channel gating is activated in response to changes in membrane potential with depolarization of membrane resulting in outward rectifying K channels (K moving out of the cytosol) and hyperpolarization of membrane resulting in inward rectifying K channels (K moving into the cytosol). Additionally, Shaker type channels are the main K conduits during cellular movement exemplified by stomatal function. Furthermore, a main component of low-affinity K uptake pathway in the roots has been identified as an inward rectifying K channel of the Shaker family (AKT1 for Arabidopsis) (Hirsch et al., 1998) and is mainly expressed in the plasma membrane of root cortical and epidermal cells. Two pore K (TPK) channels in contrast to Shaker channels are less if any affected by changes in the membrane potential (Gobert et al., 2007). They are involved in K homeostasis and they have been reported to regulate membrane potential. KUP/HAK/KT (K+/H+ symporters) are capable of both low and high affinity of K+. Their expression has been shown to increase under K starvation conditions (Armengaud et al., 2004; Gierth et al., 2005). Their roles include high-affinity K+ uptake at the root : soil boundary, intracellular distribution, turgor driven growth
- In this figure, SOS pathway, H+ATPase and H+PPiase and Abscisic acid signaling pathway were shown. Maintaining ion homeostasis by ion uptake and compartmentalization is not only crucial for normal plant growth but is also an essential process for growth during salt stress. Transport mechanism of Na+ ion and its compartmentation (Fig. 8). The Na+ ion that enters the cytoplasm is then transported to the vacuole via Na+/H+ antiporter. Two types of H+ pumps are present in the vacuolar membrane: vacuolar type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) and the vacuolar pyrophosphatase (V-PPase). Of these, V-ATPase is the most dominant H+ pump present within the plant cell. During non-stress conditions it plays an important role inmaintaining solute homeostasis, energizing secondary transport and facilitating vesicle fusion. Under stressed condition the survivability of the plant depends upon the activity of V-ATPase.
- Gonzalez et al., 2010 conducted an experiment with 19 days old plants and it were subjected to two correlating periods of water-stress of 3 days or 2 days each by ceasing irrigation. Between each period plants were watered until dripping point. The cobalt treatment was applied by adding CoSO4 (5 µM) to the irrigation solution in the watering prior to each cycle of water stress. Stomatal conductance was measured in the leaves of the third pair at the end of the second period of water stress and found that cobalt treatment reduced the stomatal conductance in sunflower crop.
- the potassium deficiency induced great accumulation of asparagine and reduction of respiration, and decreases in fumaric and acetic acid contents.