Physiological parameters provide important information about the normal functioning of the body. Some key physiological parameters discussed in the document include heart rate, blood pressure, blood cell counts, blood sugar, cholesterol, liver enzymes, and other blood tests. Maintaining physiological parameters within their normal ranges is important for overall health and can provide clues about potential health issues if parameters fall outside the normal ranges.

1. Physiological
parameters
PREPARED BY : Miss. Priya D. Yannawar
( M.Pharm. DCOP
, Latur)

2. Content
 Introduction
 Different physiological parameter's
 Their significance

3. Physiological parameters
 These are different chractistics of living system with their normal values.
 It includes heart rate, blood pressure, RBC, WBC count.
In Healthy human
Heart rate, blood pressure, sugar
level, blood cell count etc. are
within normal range

4. Following are some important physiological parameters
 Pulse rate or heart rate
 Body temperature
 Bleeding and clotting time
 Blood pressure
 Blood examination
 Haemoglobin count
 RBC count
 WBC count
 DLC(differential leucocyte count)
 ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
 Blood sugar
 Urine examination
 Other physiological parameters

5. Pulse rate or heart rate
 It is rate at which Heart beats per minute or it is frequency of pulse per minute
 Usually radial artery at wrist is used.
Normal value : (70 to 75 beats/min)
Adult – 60 to 80/min
Neonates- 130 to 140 /min
Significance:
It shows state of heart health.
Increase in heart rate: tachycardia
Decrease in heart rate : bradycardia
Emotional excitement, fever, muscular exercise: increase in heart rate

6. Bleeding and clotting time
 Bleeding time: time required for complete stopping of blood flow frm punctured blood vessel. It is
1 to 4 min.
Determine by ducks method
 Significance
Thrombocytopenia (low platelate count)
 Clotting time:
Time taken for development of fibrin thread from time blood escape from vessels. It is 3 to 8 min
Determine by capillary method
 Significance:
Haemophilia( delay in clotting)
Leukaemia
Anaemia

7. Blood pressure
 It is pressure exerted on wall of arteries which contains blood
 The instrument used to measure blood pressure is sphygmomanometer
1) mercury sphygmomanometer
2) aneroid type manometer
3)digital sphygmomanometer

8. Continue..
 It is systolic BP and Diastolic BP
Systolic BP:
It is pressure inside artery when heart is pumping or Maximum pressure during systole
i.e. Contraction
It is 100 to 140 mmhg
Diastolic BP:
Pressure inside artery when heart is resting between beats Or minimum pressure during
diastole i.e. relaxation
It is 80 to 100 mmhg
 Blood pressure(healthy person) = 120 /80 (SBP/DBP)

9. significance
• Hypertension
• Hypotension
• Atherosclerosis
• Myocardial infraction
• Anaemia
 Blood pressure increase due to
high sodium intake in diet
Glomerulonephritis
Pheochromocytoma

10. Blood examination
Haemoglobin count:
Haemoglobin concentration is measured in gram%
Normal range:
Significance:
Hb value below range – anaemia, leukaemia
Hb value above range – dehydration, polycythaemia
Male Female Children
14 to 18 gm% 13 to 16 gm% 10 to 13gm%

11. RBC Count
 Total RBC count of given sample of blood is expressed in number of cells /mm3 of
blood
 Normal range
 Significance :
Male (54 lakhs) Female(48 lakhs) children
4.5 to 5.5 million/mm3 3.5 to 5.5million 4 to 5.5 million
RBC count increase
(erythrocytosis i.e.
polycythaemia)
RBC count decrease
(erythropenia)
Fasting, sweating, vomiting, severe
burns, heart disease.
In all Anaemia, leukaemia, after
haemorrhage

12. WBC COUNT
 Total leucocyte count is expressed in number of cells/mm3 of blood
 Normal range : 4000 – 11000 /mm3
 Significance:
Leucocytosis (high WBC count ) Leukopenia (low WBC count)
Pathological condition
( infection),fever
Dengue
Great increase_ leukaemia
(beyond 20000-100000 /mm3)
Typhoid, rheumatoid arthritis
Pneumonia Hepatitis
Rheumatic fever, small pox chicken
pox
Influenza

13. Deferential Leucocyte Count (DLC)
 Normal range of WBC differential count are :
WBC (leucocytes) Range (%)
Neutrophils 60-70
Eosinophil's 1-4
Basophiles 0-1
Monocytes 5-10
Lymphocytes 25-30

14. Significance
Condition Example
Neutrophillia (increase in neutrophils ) Acute bacterial infection, Pneumonia,
whooping cough, UTI(if seen in
urine),other infection.
Eosinophillia( increase in eosinophil) Indicative of allergic condition, skin
disease,
Basophillia ( increase in Basophillia) Increase in granulocytic leukemia
Lymphocytosis (increase in lymphocyte) Bacterial infection, viral infection (measles,
mumps), leukemia
Monocytosis ( increase in monocytes) Bacterial infection, malaria,

15. Importance of DLC
 Both TLC (total leucocyte count) and DLC(differential leucocyte count) are
clinically significant.
 They are diagnostic tool.
 They help to detect status of infection
 High TLC and high neutrophils – severe infection and good body resistance
(immunity )
 High TLC and moderate neutrophils – moderate acute infection and good resistance
 Low TLC and high neutrophils –severe infection, weak resistance

16. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
 ESR is defined as millimeter of clear plasma formed at top of vertical column in one hour.
 RBCS are settle out from plasma under force of gravity
 The speed of there fall is called as sedimentation rate.
 Normal value: measure in mm/hour.
Method ESR ( mm/hr)
Male Female
Wintergreen 0-15 0-20
wintrobe 0-9 0-15
Wintrobe tube

17. Significance:
 It is important in diagnosis of disease like tuberculosis and rheumatoid arthritis in
which it increases
 It shows progress of disease and help in therapeutic treatment.
 ESR is also high in cancer, pneumonia, anemia, leukemia, pregnancy
 ESR decreases in allergy.

18. Mean cell volume (MCV)
 MCV blood test measures the average size of RBC.
 It describe volume of RBC range.
 It Is ratio of hematocrit to RBC count expressed in .mm3.
 Normal range - 82 to 92 /mm3.
 SIGINIFICANCE :
Anemia Meaning Range(/mm3)
Normocytic anemia It means you have normal-sized RBC, but you
have a low number of them.
82-92
Microcytic anemia It means you have small sized RBC 50-80
Macrocytic anemia It means you have large sized RBC 95-100

19. Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)
 Ratio of Hb to RBC and it is expressed in PICOGRAM (pcg)
 It express hemoglobin component of each cell range.
 Normal :
 27 to 31 pcg
Anemia Range(pcg)
Normocytic anemia 25-30
Microcytic anemia 15-25
Macrocytic anemia 30-50

20. Complete blood count (CBC)
 Hemoglobin (gm %)
 RBC (/cmm or mm3)
 WBC (TLC) (/cmm or mm3)
 Platelet (/cmm or mm3)
 Differential Leucocyte Count (DLC)
 Neutrophils (%)
 Eosinophil's(%)
 Basophiles(%)
 Monocytes (%)
 Lymphocytes (%)
 MCV (/cmm or mm3)
 MCH (pcg)

21. Complete blood count
BLOOD REPORT OF NORMAL HEALTHY PATIENT

22. Blood Report of microcytic anemic patient

23. Blood sugar
 normal values: fasting blood sugar is 80 to 120 mg/100ml.
 Increases in blood sugar _ hyperglycemia
 decrease in blood sugar _ hypoglycemia
 Significance :
sugar level in diabetes vary from normal to 500 mg%.
If limit crosses 500 mg% then patient may undergo coma.
200 mg fasting blood sugar level indicate diabetes.
Lower level ( less then 40 mg% suggest hypoglycemia due to insulin overdose and pancreatic tumor,
alcohol intake.
Glucose tolerance test Time in
minute
Fasting Half One
hour
One n
half
2 hour 2 n half
hour
Blood
sugar
75 130 140 100 65 70

24. Cholesterol :
 Normal range : 150-240mg% it rise with age
 Significance :
 Increased cholesterol level
Kidney diseases(nephrosis)
Heart disease (atherosclerosis)
Liver disease
Obesity
Hypothyroidism
 Decreased cholesterol level
Hyperthyroidism : (80 to 100 gm%)
Hemolytic jaundice

25. Other physiological parameter
Significance :
SGOT AND SGPT are enzymes produced by liver.
High SGOT and SGPT is indicator of liver and liver cell injury.
PARAMETER RANGE
Serum glutamic oxaloacetic
transaminase( SGOT)
i.e. aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
8-40 units per liter of serum
Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
(SGPT )-
i.e. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
5-35 units per liter of serum