Dyslipidemia, specially high LDL cholesterol is the key risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The presentation discusses metabolism and structure of lipoproteins, their screening and interpretation, risk assessment methods, targets for various lipoproteins and its step by step treatment.
Dyslipidemia, specially high LDL cholesterol is the key risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The presentation discusses metabolism and structure of lipoproteins, their screening and interpretation, risk assessment methods, targets for various lipoproteins and its step by step treatment.
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases;
1. Left-to-right shunts
a. Ventricular Septal Defect(VSD)
b. Atrial Septal Defect(ASD)
c. Patent Ductus Arteriosus(PDA)
d. Atrioventricular Septal Defect(AVSD)
e. Aortopulmonary window
* Eisenmenger Syndrome – The shunt becomes right-to-left
2. Left-sided obstructive lesions
a. Coarctation of the Aorta(COA)
b. Congenital Aortic Stenosis
c. Mitral Stenosis
d. Interrupted Aortic Arch
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases;
1. Right-to-left shunts
a. Tetralogy of Fallot
b. Pulmonary stenosis
c. Pulmonary atresia
d. Tricuspid atresia
e. Ebstein’s anomaly
2. Complete mixed lesions
a. Transposition of the great vessels
b. Double outlet right ventricle(DORV)
c. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
d. Truncus arteriosus
e. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Hemolytic anemia occurs when the bone marrow is unable to increase production to make up for the premature destruction of red blood cells and the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the body (extravascular). It has numerous possible causes, ranging from relatively harmless to life-threatening. The general classification of hemolytic anemia is either inherited or acquired. Treatment depends on the cause and nature of the breakdown.Symptoms of hemolytic anemia are similar to other forms of anemia (fatigue and shortness of breath), but in addition the breakdown of red cells leads to jaundice and increases the risk of particular long-term complications such as gallstones and pulmonary hypertension.
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases;
1. Left-to-right shunts
a. Ventricular Septal Defect(VSD)
b. Atrial Septal Defect(ASD)
c. Patent Ductus Arteriosus(PDA)
d. Atrioventricular Septal Defect(AVSD)
e. Aortopulmonary window
* Eisenmenger Syndrome – The shunt becomes right-to-left
2. Left-sided obstructive lesions
a. Coarctation of the Aorta(COA)
b. Congenital Aortic Stenosis
c. Mitral Stenosis
d. Interrupted Aortic Arch
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases;
1. Right-to-left shunts
a. Tetralogy of Fallot
b. Pulmonary stenosis
c. Pulmonary atresia
d. Tricuspid atresia
e. Ebstein’s anomaly
2. Complete mixed lesions
a. Transposition of the great vessels
b. Double outlet right ventricle(DORV)
c. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
d. Truncus arteriosus
e. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Hemolytic anemia occurs when the bone marrow is unable to increase production to make up for the premature destruction of red blood cells and the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the body (extravascular). It has numerous possible causes, ranging from relatively harmless to life-threatening. The general classification of hemolytic anemia is either inherited or acquired. Treatment depends on the cause and nature of the breakdown.Symptoms of hemolytic anemia are similar to other forms of anemia (fatigue and shortness of breath), but in addition the breakdown of red cells leads to jaundice and increases the risk of particular long-term complications such as gallstones and pulmonary hypertension.
It is also called as complete blood picture/complete blood count(CBP/CBC)
The FBC assesses several different parameters and can provide a great deal of information.
The red cell variables will determine whether or not the patient is anaemic. If anaemia is present the MCV is likely to provide clues as to the cause of the anaemia.
The white cells are often raised in infection neutrophilia in bacterial infections and lymphocytosis in viral (but not always so).
Platelets (size or number) may be abnormal either as a direct effect of underlying blood disease.
Anemia is a condition in which there aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body.
The most common cause of Anemia is iron deficiency, and Anemia is the most common blood disorder in the world. This PDF is for those of you who are looking for a comprehensive overview of Anemia.
We'll go over the classification, clinical presentation, investigations, and mechanism of Anemia.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
3. RETICULOCYTES
Reticulocytes are premature red blood cells,
typically composing about 1% of the red cells in the
human body.
Reticulocytes develop and mature in the red bone
marrow and then circulate for about a day in the
blood stream before developing into mature red
blood cells.
Like mature red blood cells, reticulocytes do not
have a cell nucleus. They are called reticulocytes
because of a reticular (mesh-like) network of
ribosomal RNA that becomes visible under a
microscope with certain stains such as new
methylene blue.
4.
5.
6.
7. Remember that the bonemarrow has
the capacity to increase RBC
production 5-10 times the normal
production.
Thus, if all necessary raw products are
available, the RBC life span can decrease
to about 18 days before bone marrow
compensation is inadequate and anemia
develops.
8. RBC “rule of 3’s”
For normal erythrocytes:
hemoglobin (g/dL)
hematocrit (%)
3 x RBC count (millions)
3 x hemoblobin (g/dL)
3%
Failure to obey this “rule of 3’s” suggests an
abnormality in erythrocytes (sickle cells, etc)
9. Normal range :
In male : 5 - 6 millions/cmm of blood
In female :4 – 5 millions/cmm of blood
Decrease in Hemoglobin concentration
Normal range :
In male : 15 -18 gm/100ml of blood
In female : 12 – 15 gm/100ml of blood
10. Introduction
In its broadest sense, anemia is a functional
inability of the blood to supply the tissue with
adequate O2 for proper metabolic function.
Anemia is not a disease, but rather the
expression of an underlying disorder or
disease.
12. Magnitude of Problem
Globally, is about 30 %
In developing countries &
India, incidence is around
40 – 90%.
Responsible for 40% of
maternal deaths in third world
countries.
Important cause of direct and
indirect maternal deaths
- Vitere FE Adv Exp Med Biol 1994;352:127
13.
Anemia is a common condition.
It occurs in all age groups and all racial and ethnic groups.
Both men and women can have anemia, but women of
childbearing age are at higher risk for the condition.
This is because women in this age range lose blood from
menstruation.
Researchers continue to study how anemia affects older adults.
More than 10 percent of older adults have mild forms of anemia.
Many of these people have other medical conditions as well.
14. Definition
Anemia - insufficient Hb to carry out O2 requirement
by tissues.
WHO definition : Hb conc.
11 gm %
For developing countries : cut off level suggested is
10 gm %
- WHO technical report Series no. 405, Geneva 1968
Centre for disease control, MMWR 1989;38:400-4
22. ANEMIA
Pathophysiologic classification
I RBC loss
1. blood loss
2. ↑ RBC destruction
a. intrinsic abnormality
b. extrinsic abnormality
II ↓RBC production
1. stem cell abnormality
2. erythroblast abnormality
3. unknown/multiple mechanism
31. The Three Causes of Anemia
Decreased red blood cell
production
Increased red blood cell
destruction
Red blood cell loss
32. Decreased RBC production
Lack of iron, B12, folate
Marrow is dysfunctional from myelodysplasia, tumor
infiltration, aplastic anemia, etc.
Bone marrow is suppressed by chemotherapy or
radiation
Low levels of erythropoeitin, thyroid hormone, or
androgens
33. Increased RBC destruction
RBCs live about 100 days
Acquired: autoimmune hemolytic anemia, TTP-HUS,
DIC, malaria
Inherited: spherocytosis, sickle cell, thalassemia
39. ASSESSMENT
– Patient history
– Patient physical exam
– Signs and symptoms exhibited by the patient
– Hematologic lab findings
Identification of the cause of anemia is
important so that appropriate therapy is
used to treat the anemia.
40. Before making a diagnosis of anemia,
one must consider:
Age
Sex
Geographic location
Presence or absence of lung disease
41. DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA
How does one make a clinical diagnosis
of anemia?
Patient history
– Dietary habits
– Medication
– Possible exposure to chemicals and/or toxins
– Description and duration of symptoms
42. DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA
• Tiredness
• Muscle fatigue and weakness
• Headache and vertigo (dizziness)
• Dyspnia (difficult or labored breathing) from
exertion
• G I problems
• Overt signs of blood loss such as hematuria
(blood in urine) or black stools
43. Physical examination
–General findings might include
• Hepato or splenomegaly
• Heart abnormalities
• Skin pallor
–Specific findings may help to establish
the underlying cause:
• In vitamin B12 deficiency there may be signs
of malnutrition and neurological changes
• In iron deficiency there may be severe pallor,
a smooth tongue, and esophageal webs
• In hemolytic anemias there may be jaundice
due to the increased levels of bilirubin from
increased RBC destruction
44. Laboratory investigation
A complete blood count, CBC, will
include:
–An RBC count:
• At birth the normal range is 3.9-5.9 x 106/ul
(1012/L)
• The normal range for males is 4.5-5.9 x 106/ul
• The normal range for females is 3.8-5.2 x
106/ul
• Note that the normal ranges may vary slightly
depending upon the patient population.
45. DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA
–Hematocrit (Hct) or packed cell volume in
% or (L/L)
• At birth the normal range is 42-60% (.42.60)
• The normal range for males is 41-53%
(.41-.53)
• The normal range for females is 38-46%
(.38-.46)
• Note that the normal ranges may vary slightly
depending upon the patient population.
46. DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA
–Hemoglobin concentration in
grams/deciliter - the RBCs are lysed and
the hemoglobin is measured
spectrophotometrically
• At birth the normal range is 13.5-20 g/dl
• The normal range for males is 13.5-17.5 g/dl
• The normal range for females is 12-16 g/dl
• Note that the normal ranges may vary slightly
depending upon the patient population.
–RBC indices – these utilize results of the
RBC count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin
to calculate 4 parameters:
47. DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA
• Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) – is the
average volume/RBC in femtoliters (10-15 L)
• Hct (in %)/RBC (x 1012/L) x 10
• At birth the normal range is 98-123
• In adults the normal range is 80-100
• The MCV is used to classify RBCs as:
• Normocytic (80-100)
• Microcytic (<80)
• Macrocytic (>100)
48. DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA
•Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration (MCHC) – is the
average concentration of
hemoglobin in g/dl (or %)
• Hgb (in g/dl)/Hct (in %) x 100
• At birth the normal range is 30-36
• In adults the normal range is 31-37
• The MVHC is used to classify RBCs as:
• Normochromic (31-37)
• Hypochromic (<31)
• Some RBCs are called hyperchromic
49. DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA
• Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) –
is the average weight of
hemoglobin/cell in picograms (pg= 1012 g)
• Hgb (in g/dl)/RBC(x 1012/L) x 10
• At birth the normal range is 31-37
• In adults the normal range is 26-34
• This is not used much anymore because it
does not take into account the size of the
cell.
50. DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA
• Red cell distribution width (RDW) – is
a measurement of the variation in RBC
cell size
• Standard deviation/mean MCV x 100
• The range for normal values is 11.5-14.5%
• A value > 14.5 means that there is
increased variation in cell size above the
normal amount (anisocytosis)
• A value < 11.5 means that the RBC
population is more uniform in size than
normal.
52. DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA
–Reticulocyte count gives an
indication of the level of the bone
marrow activity.
• Done by staining a peripheral blood
smear with new methylene blue to help
visualize remaining ribosomes and ER.
The number of reticulocytes/1000 RBC
is counted and reported as a %.
53. DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA
• At birth the normal range is 1.8-8%
• The normal range in an adult (i.e. in
an individual with no anemia) is .51.5%. Note that this % is not normal
for anemia where the bone marrow
should be working harder and
throwing out more reticulocytes per
day. In anemia the reticulocyte
count should be elevated above the
normal values.
55. DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA
–Blood smear examination . The
smear should be evaluated for the
following:
• Poikilocytosis – describes a variation
in the shape of the RBCs. It is normal
to have some variation in shape, but
some shapes are characteristic of a
hematologic disorder or malignancy.
58. DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA
•Erythrocyte inclusions – the RBCs in the
peripheral smear should also be examined
for the presence of inclusions or a variation
in erythrocyte distribution :
59.
60. DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA
•A variation in size should be
noted (anisocytosis) and cells
should be classified as
•Normocytic
•Microcytic
•Macrocytic
•A variation in hemoglobin
concentration (color) should be
noted and the cells should be
62. DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA
•The peripheral smear should also
be examined for abnormalities in
leukocytes or platlets.
•Some nutritional deficiencies,
stem cell disorders, and bone
marrow abnormalities will also
effect production, function,
and/or morphology of platlets
and/or granulocytes.
•Finding abnormalities in the
63. •In a bone marrow sample, the
following things should be noted:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Maturation of RBC and WBC series
Ratio of myeloid to erythroid series
Abundance of iron stores (ringed sideroblasts)
Presence or absence of granulomas or tumor cells
Red to yellow ratio
Presence of megakaryocytes
– Hemoglobin electrophoresis – can be used to identify the
presence of an abnormal hemoglobin (called
hemoglobinopathies). Different hgbs will move to
different regions of the gel and the type of hemoglobin
may be identified by its position on the gel after
electrophoresis.
64. DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA
– Evaluation of RBC enzymes and metabolic pathways –
enzyme deficiencies in carbohydrate metabolic pathways
are usually associated with a hemolytic anemia.
– Evaluation of erythropoietin levels – is used to determine
if a proper bone marrow response is occurring.
•Low levels of RBCs could be due
to a bone marrow problem or to a
lack of erythropoietin production.
– Serum iron, iron binding capacity and % saturation –
used to diagnose iron deficiency anemias (more on this
later)
– Bone marrow cultures – used to determine the viability of
stem cells.
65. Management Options
Pre – pregnancy :
Treat the cause before conception
Pre-pregnancy balanced diet, education
and health support.
Build up iron stores during adolescent
phase
67. Oral Iron Therapy
Ideal dose – 100mg per day (prophylactic)
Ferrous gluconate, ferrous fumarate, ferrous
succinate, ferrous sulphate, ferrous ascorbate citrate
Rise in Hb – 0.8 gm / dl / week
Side effects -G I upset most common
Pt. compliance not guaranteed
Ineffective in pts with worm infestations
Inconclusive evidence on benefit of controlled release
Iron preparation
68. Absorption of Ferrous Salts
Uncontrolled Passive Absorption
Iron salts are dissociated into bivalent or trivalent iron salts
Diffuses as free iron ions through the upper part of the
gastrointestinal mucosa
Taken up by transferrin and incorporated into ferritin.
For binding to ferritin and transferrin ferrous iron has to be
converted into ferric iron by oxidation
Highly reactive free radicals are produced during this process
All ionic iron including carbonyl iron are absorbed similarly
•
Borbolla JR. Cicero RE, Dibilox MM, Sotres RD et al.. Rev Mex Pediatr 2000; 67(2): 63-67
•
Heubers KA, Brittenham GM, Csiba E, Finch CA. J Lab Clin Med 1986 ; 108 ; 473-8.
69. Parenteral Therapy :
Traditional Indications
Intolerance to oral iron
Poor compliance to oral iron
Gastrointestinal disorders
Malabsorption syndromes
Rapid blood loss
70. Parenteral Therapy :
Traditional Indications
Inability to maintain iron balance
(haemodialysis)
Patient donating large amount of blood
for auto-transfusion programme
? Pregnant women with severe IDA,
presenting late in pregnancy
72. PREVENTION
Some common forms of anemia are most easily prevented by eating a healthy diet
and limiting alcohol use. All types of anemia are best avoided by seeing a doctor regularly
and when problems arise. In the elderly, routine blood work ordered by the doctor, even if
there are no symptoms, may detect anemia and prompt the doctor to look for the underlying
causes.
73.
74. SUMMARY
Preventing anemia and having the correct number of red blood
cells requires cooperation among the kidneys, the bone marrow, and
nutrients within the body. If the kidneys or bone marrow are not
functioning, or the body is poorly nourished, then normal red blood cell
count and function may be difficult to maintain.
Anemia is actually a sign of a disease process rather than a
disease itself. It is usually classified as either chronic or acute. Chronic
anemia occurs over a long period of time. Acute anemia occurs quickly.
Determining whether anemia has been present for a long time or whether
it is something new, assists doctors in finding the cause. This also helps
predict how severe the symptoms of anemia may be.
75. Take Home Message
Anaemia although preventable is a global problem
Anaemia still is the commonest cause of maternal mortality
and morbidity in spite of easy diagnosis and treatment
Anaemia can be due to a number of causes,
including certain diseases or a shortage of iron, folic
acid or Vitamin B12.
The most common cause of anemia in pregnancy is
iron deficiency.
Iron therapy is best given orally
76. Take Home Message
The youth need to be educated about diet,
sanitation and personal hygiene
Hookworm infestation should be treated
Pregnant women should be given Iron and
folate supplements