Physiological and histopathological effects of Bisphenol A .Bisphenol A is less soluble in water. For that reason, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a medium to obtain proper distribution in the test solution (Chen, J., et al, 2015). Working solution of commercial grade Bisphenol A (97% pure) was prepared by dilution of stock solution double distilled water immediately prior to experimental use. Serial dilutions of the stock solution were prepared using previously aerated, copper free and stored tap water. The water was continuously aerated. This was prepared by dissolving BPA (50mg) in 100ml of DMSO and the desired concentrations of BPA in tap water were prepared by adding appropriate volumes of this stock solution into test aquarium. A static non-renewable bioassay was conducted in triplicate for each concentration with four animals in each tub. No water exchange was done and the fishes were not fed during the period of the experiment. Percentage mortality was recorded at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h interval. Control group was subjected to acetone at the maximum acetone volume used in the dilution of the dose concentrations. The range of LC50 for H.fossilis (mean wt. 36.78 g) under given conditions was determined to lie between 5 and 10 mg/L for BPA. Hence, for the definitive test, concentrations such as 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 mg/L of BPA concentration were selected. The test was conducted in triplicate for each concentration with 10 fishes in each tank. At the end of 96 h, the fishes that had survived were anesthetized with clove oil at 100 mg/L, sampled for blood, and processed for hematological analysis. The data obtained from the experiment was processed by probit analysis using a Microsoft Excel computer program.
Toxic Effect of Glyphosate-Pesticide on Lipid Peroxidation Superoxide Dismuta...Scientific Review SR
The oxidative stress indices lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in juvenile Clarias gariepinus (average weight 200.15 g) exposed to sub - lethal dose 2.40mg/L and 4.98mg/L of glyphosate was investigated over a period of days 1,5,10 and 15 in three replicates. The colorimetric analysis showed increase in lipid peroxidation from 4.55 ±2.14a1 to 12.12± 10.00a1at 2.40mg/L but remain the same at 4.98mg/L (4.55±2.14a1) compared with control (3.03±0.01a1 to 1.51±2.14b1) from day 1 to 15. The SOD activity decreased significantly with time and concentration compared with control. The Catalase activity at day 15 decreased to 0.17±0.05a1 in 2.40mg/L but further increased to 0.28±0.05b1 in 4.98mg/L compared to 0.28±0.02a1 catalase activity as control. The result suggests that glyphosate induce oxidative stress that may overwhelm the antioxidant system in juvenile catfish especially at higher concentrations with long exposure.
Toxic Effect of Glyphosate-Pesticide on Lipid Peroxidation Superoxide Dismuta...Scientific Review SR
The oxidative stress indices lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in juvenile Clarias gariepinus (average weight 200.15 g) exposed to sub - lethal dose 2.40mg/L and 4.98mg/L of glyphosate was investigated over a period of days 1,5,10 and 15 in three replicates. The colorimetric analysis showed increase in lipid peroxidation from 4.55 ±2.14a1 to 12.12± 10.00a1at 2.40mg/L but remain the same at 4.98mg/L (4.55±2.14a1) compared with control (3.03±0.01a1 to 1.51±2.14b1) from day 1 to 15. The SOD activity decreased significantly with time and concentration compared with control. The Catalase activity at day 15 decreased to 0.17±0.05a1 in 2.40mg/L but further increased to 0.28±0.05b1 in 4.98mg/L compared to 0.28±0.02a1 catalase activity as control. The result suggests that glyphosate induce oxidative stress that may overwhelm the antioxidant system in juvenile catfish especially at higher concentrations with long exposure.
Protective Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid (α -LA) Against Lead Neuro-Toxicity i...inventionjournals
Aim of the work: The present study was conducted to elucidate the possible protective effect of alpha lipoic acid (α-LA) against the deleterious effect perturbation induced in rat brain exposed to lead acetate. Methods: 32 Wistar male rats (weighing 130 ± 10 g) were divided into four groups (n=8): (1) normal control group (C); (2) Initiation group (Pb as lead acetate 20 mg/kg.b.wt, i.p. for 2 wks); (3) treatment group (α-LA 20 mg/kg.b.wt, i.p. for 3 wks); (4) post-initiation treatment group (Pb for 2 wks then followed by α-LA for 3 wks). Levels of monoamines (norepinephrine NE and dopamine DA), the level of Ache activity and finally adenosine triphosphate (ATP), were estimated in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, in addition, a Morris water maze and the histological study were performed after completion of the experiments. Results: The results of the present work demonstrated that Pb inhibited neurotransmitters releases and decrease the level of Ache activity, as well as it inhibited energy production ATP. Pb impaired performance on Morris Water Maze of rats and histological degeneration. However, treatment with α-LA significantly attenuated the behavioral impairment and biochemical parameters in rat treated with Pb. And amelioration of histological changes. Conclusion: As a conclusion, treatment with α-LA can improve the Pb-induced toxicity via antioxidant activity.
Renal Toxicity Studies of Albino Rats Exposed to Common Emulsion Paint SolutionPremier Publishers
Emulsion paint solutions (EPS) are constantly used to decorate and protect different materials in the environment. The occupational exposure of professional painters and paint factory workers to EPS may predispose them to systemic toxicity. This work investigated the effects of EPS exposure on renal function indices in albino rats to assess potential renal toxicity. Twenty male albino rats weighing between 120-140g were collected and divided into four groups. Two groups were exposed to periodic intraperitoneal administration of 2.5mg/kg body weight (bw) of the EPS for 14days while the other two groups received the same dose of distilled water and served as control. The rats were sacrificed after 7and14days respectively, and their blood collected and analyzed for heavy metals, urea, creatinine and electrolytes, using standard methods. The rat kidneys were also excised, weighed and analyzed for total protein and histopathology. Results showed that bw, kidney weight, serum creatinine, urea and electrolytes decreased significantly(p<0.05) in the exposed groups compared to control. However, urea and Na+ increased significantly(p<0.05) after the initial 7days exposure. Kidney total protein increased by 20.83% and Pb, Ni, and Cd were detected in the exposed rats. Results of kidney histopathology showed intact renal tubules and glomeruli. These results suggest that exposure of albino rats to EPS caused significant alterations in the steady-state levels of renal function biomarkers. Therefore, prolonged exposure may exert deleterious effects on renal function.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Biomarkers are the promising tool used to measure the Contaminant's exposure and its effect on living organism. This presentation deal with the concepts, approaches, development of novel biomarker, application in the aquatic environment and current status of research in India etc.
Determination of acute toxicity and the effects of sub-acute concentrations o...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Copper oxidenanoparticles have different industrial applications so it is inevitable that nanoparticulate products finally find their way into aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless there is little information available about their effects on some of edible fish. The present study aims to determine the acute toxicity and evaluate the effect of two sub-acute concentrations (50 and 70% 96 h LC50) of CuO-NPs on some hematological and biochemical parameters of R. rutilus.
Materials and Methods:
225 healthy specimen of R. rutilus (mean weight 5.52±1.2 g; mean length 6.20±0.2 cm) were transported to the laboratory. In order to prepare the stock solution, CuO-NPs was dispersed in pure water with ultrasonication (50-60 kHz) for 15 min every day before dosing. At first, R. rutilus was exposed to CuO-NPs to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) value. Following acute test, fish were treated with sub-acute concentrations of CuO-NPs (50 and 70% 96 h-LC50 at) with one control group (no CuO-NPs) for a week to determine the changes in the level of some plasma hematological and biochemical parameters.
Results:
The 96 h-LC50 values of CuO-NPs was 2.19±0.003 mg/l. R. rutilus exhibited significantly lower RBC count, Hb and Hct values and a significant increase in the WBC numbers, MCH, MCHC and MCV indices (p<0.05).><0.05).
Conclusion:
These alterations indicate R. rutilus sensitivity to CuO-NPs and changes in blood parameters would be a useful tool for measurement early exposure to CuO nanoparticles.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.13
ABSTRACT- The present investigation was carried out to the effect of Fenvalerate on haematological parameters in
freshwater fish Channa marulius using standard methods. Fish was exposed to (1/4th LC50) sub lethal concentration of
Fenvalerate (0.086ppm) for 96h.The blood sample were obtained from both, control and experimental fish and assayed
haematological parameters (Total Erythrocytes count, TEC; Total Leucocytes count, TLC; Haemoglobin, Hb; Packed cell
volume, PCV; Mean corpuscular volume, MCV; Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin
Concentration; MCHC). The result revealed that TEC, Hb percentage, PCV and MCHC counts were significantly
decreased, whereas TLC, MCV and MCH increased slightly in experimental fish. The study has thus indicated marked
changes in blood of Channa marulius after exposure to Fenvalerate.
Key-words- Fenvalerate, Hematology, Channa marulius, Haemoglobin, Sub lethal
Neuro-genotoxicity assessment of sublethal exposure of carbosulfan to freshwa...Open Access Research Paper
Carbosulfan, a carbamate pesticide extensively employed in rural communities, enters the aquatic environment by the proximity of agricultural lands to water bodies or through direct application in such environments. The study’s goal was to investigate the neurotoxic effects of carbosulfan using ACh and AChE levels in brain tissue, and genotoxic effects using Micronucleus (MN) assay in blood cells and Comet assay in gill cells of Cyprinus carpio. The fish was exposed to 1/5th & 1/10th sublethal concentrations of 96 h LC50 for 7, 14, and 21 days. There were significant (P<0.05) alterations in ACh and AChE content and carbosulfan was induced to show MN formation and DNA damage in concentration and time-dependent manner. The reduced ionic composition in C.carpio brain tissue may explain the inhibition of AChE and the rise of ACh concentration. The significant increase in MN and DNA damage observed in carbosulfan-exposed fishes in the current study indicates the mutagenic/genotoxic potential of carbosulfan in the freshwater fish C.carpio, as well as the potential value of the Common carp for assessing pesticide pollution of freshwater bodies. Changes in these characteristics may provide an early warning signal for determining pesticide toxicity and its impact on aquatic species. As a result, it is necessary to monitor the aquatic system and forecast the hazardous effect of carbosulfan on fish; precautions should be taken while using even low concentrations of carbosulfan, and prohibiting or restricting carbosulfan usage is preferable.
Feeding rate requirements for Schilbe intermedius (Rüppel, 1832) fingerlings ...Innspub Net
The control of the breeding of Schilbe intermedius in captivity, passes by the determination of its nutritional requirements. The present study aims therefore to determine the optimal feed ration of the fingerlings of S. intermedius. The experiment was carried out in circular basins during 28 days. After their capture in natural environment, their transfer in controlled area and their acclimatization to the artificial food used (coppens: protein 45%.), the fingerlings used (average weight: 3.12±0.83g) were subjected to four feed rations (2, 5, 8 and
11% of the biomass) tested in triplicate each one. Thus, the lowest rate of survival (64.00±1.15%) was recorded for
the fingerlings’lot subjected to the ration of 8% where the pH is more acid (5.29).The final average weight (4.63±0.00g), the specific growth rate (1.19±0.08%/day) and the food effectiveness (0.53±0.00) obtained with the ration of 11% were the highest. These values are significantly different (P< 0.05) than those obtained with the ration of 2%.The best consumption index was registered with the ration of 2%. According to the model of Brett, the maximum and optimal daily rations of S. intermedius fingerlings were estimated to 4.6 % and 8.5 % respectively. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
Effects of Fungicides for Non Target Fungi Alternaria cassiaeIJEAB
The fungicides are used to control of pathogenic fungi in several tilth but they can affect negatively the microorganisms diversity of soil. The aim of this research was to evaluate the toxicity and environmental risk of tebuconazoles: captan, tebuconazole and the mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride for fungi Alternaria cassiae. Each fungicide were performed three experiments in completely randomized design with three repetitions and the growth was evaluated daily. Inhibition concentration (IC50;7d) of tebuconazole was 3.49 mg L-1, the captan was 47.36 mg L-1 and of mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride, 64.04 mg L-1. Tebuconazole is classified as moderately toxic and sensitivity, captan, low toxicity and sensitivity and the mixture, non toxic and insensitive but only captan showed possibility of adverse effect for A. cassiae.`
Water pollution is a threat to aquatic organisms, including fish, and is a global concern for aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. This study evaluates the effect of waterborne pollutants on Gangetic Mystus (Mystus cavasius) collected from Chambal River at Nagda, Ujjain. Mystus appeared to be a useful biomarker to assess the impact of toxicity of water pollution.
Zooplankton are the animal component of the plankton community. They are heterotrophic, meaning they can't make their own food and must eat other organisms. In particular, they eat phytoplankton, which are generally smaller than zooplankton.11 species of zooplankton were found in the Shivna River. The most abundant species were copepods Oithona similis, Paracalanus sp., and Calanus sinicus.The species composition of zooplankton varies by season. The highest number of species were found in winter, followed by autumn, summer, and spring. The highest abundance of zooplankton was found in summer, and the lowest in post-monsoon.
More Related Content
Similar to Physiological and histopathological effects of Bisphenol A.pptx
Protective Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid (α -LA) Against Lead Neuro-Toxicity i...inventionjournals
Aim of the work: The present study was conducted to elucidate the possible protective effect of alpha lipoic acid (α-LA) against the deleterious effect perturbation induced in rat brain exposed to lead acetate. Methods: 32 Wistar male rats (weighing 130 ± 10 g) were divided into four groups (n=8): (1) normal control group (C); (2) Initiation group (Pb as lead acetate 20 mg/kg.b.wt, i.p. for 2 wks); (3) treatment group (α-LA 20 mg/kg.b.wt, i.p. for 3 wks); (4) post-initiation treatment group (Pb for 2 wks then followed by α-LA for 3 wks). Levels of monoamines (norepinephrine NE and dopamine DA), the level of Ache activity and finally adenosine triphosphate (ATP), were estimated in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, in addition, a Morris water maze and the histological study were performed after completion of the experiments. Results: The results of the present work demonstrated that Pb inhibited neurotransmitters releases and decrease the level of Ache activity, as well as it inhibited energy production ATP. Pb impaired performance on Morris Water Maze of rats and histological degeneration. However, treatment with α-LA significantly attenuated the behavioral impairment and biochemical parameters in rat treated with Pb. And amelioration of histological changes. Conclusion: As a conclusion, treatment with α-LA can improve the Pb-induced toxicity via antioxidant activity.
Renal Toxicity Studies of Albino Rats Exposed to Common Emulsion Paint SolutionPremier Publishers
Emulsion paint solutions (EPS) are constantly used to decorate and protect different materials in the environment. The occupational exposure of professional painters and paint factory workers to EPS may predispose them to systemic toxicity. This work investigated the effects of EPS exposure on renal function indices in albino rats to assess potential renal toxicity. Twenty male albino rats weighing between 120-140g were collected and divided into four groups. Two groups were exposed to periodic intraperitoneal administration of 2.5mg/kg body weight (bw) of the EPS for 14days while the other two groups received the same dose of distilled water and served as control. The rats were sacrificed after 7and14days respectively, and their blood collected and analyzed for heavy metals, urea, creatinine and electrolytes, using standard methods. The rat kidneys were also excised, weighed and analyzed for total protein and histopathology. Results showed that bw, kidney weight, serum creatinine, urea and electrolytes decreased significantly(p<0.05) in the exposed groups compared to control. However, urea and Na+ increased significantly(p<0.05) after the initial 7days exposure. Kidney total protein increased by 20.83% and Pb, Ni, and Cd were detected in the exposed rats. Results of kidney histopathology showed intact renal tubules and glomeruli. These results suggest that exposure of albino rats to EPS caused significant alterations in the steady-state levels of renal function biomarkers. Therefore, prolonged exposure may exert deleterious effects on renal function.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Biomarkers are the promising tool used to measure the Contaminant's exposure and its effect on living organism. This presentation deal with the concepts, approaches, development of novel biomarker, application in the aquatic environment and current status of research in India etc.
Determination of acute toxicity and the effects of sub-acute concentrations o...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Copper oxidenanoparticles have different industrial applications so it is inevitable that nanoparticulate products finally find their way into aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless there is little information available about their effects on some of edible fish. The present study aims to determine the acute toxicity and evaluate the effect of two sub-acute concentrations (50 and 70% 96 h LC50) of CuO-NPs on some hematological and biochemical parameters of R. rutilus.
Materials and Methods:
225 healthy specimen of R. rutilus (mean weight 5.52±1.2 g; mean length 6.20±0.2 cm) were transported to the laboratory. In order to prepare the stock solution, CuO-NPs was dispersed in pure water with ultrasonication (50-60 kHz) for 15 min every day before dosing. At first, R. rutilus was exposed to CuO-NPs to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) value. Following acute test, fish were treated with sub-acute concentrations of CuO-NPs (50 and 70% 96 h-LC50 at) with one control group (no CuO-NPs) for a week to determine the changes in the level of some plasma hematological and biochemical parameters.
Results:
The 96 h-LC50 values of CuO-NPs was 2.19±0.003 mg/l. R. rutilus exhibited significantly lower RBC count, Hb and Hct values and a significant increase in the WBC numbers, MCH, MCHC and MCV indices (p<0.05).><0.05).
Conclusion:
These alterations indicate R. rutilus sensitivity to CuO-NPs and changes in blood parameters would be a useful tool for measurement early exposure to CuO nanoparticles.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.13
ABSTRACT- The present investigation was carried out to the effect of Fenvalerate on haematological parameters in
freshwater fish Channa marulius using standard methods. Fish was exposed to (1/4th LC50) sub lethal concentration of
Fenvalerate (0.086ppm) for 96h.The blood sample were obtained from both, control and experimental fish and assayed
haematological parameters (Total Erythrocytes count, TEC; Total Leucocytes count, TLC; Haemoglobin, Hb; Packed cell
volume, PCV; Mean corpuscular volume, MCV; Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin
Concentration; MCHC). The result revealed that TEC, Hb percentage, PCV and MCHC counts were significantly
decreased, whereas TLC, MCV and MCH increased slightly in experimental fish. The study has thus indicated marked
changes in blood of Channa marulius after exposure to Fenvalerate.
Key-words- Fenvalerate, Hematology, Channa marulius, Haemoglobin, Sub lethal
Neuro-genotoxicity assessment of sublethal exposure of carbosulfan to freshwa...Open Access Research Paper
Carbosulfan, a carbamate pesticide extensively employed in rural communities, enters the aquatic environment by the proximity of agricultural lands to water bodies or through direct application in such environments. The study’s goal was to investigate the neurotoxic effects of carbosulfan using ACh and AChE levels in brain tissue, and genotoxic effects using Micronucleus (MN) assay in blood cells and Comet assay in gill cells of Cyprinus carpio. The fish was exposed to 1/5th & 1/10th sublethal concentrations of 96 h LC50 for 7, 14, and 21 days. There were significant (P<0.05) alterations in ACh and AChE content and carbosulfan was induced to show MN formation and DNA damage in concentration and time-dependent manner. The reduced ionic composition in C.carpio brain tissue may explain the inhibition of AChE and the rise of ACh concentration. The significant increase in MN and DNA damage observed in carbosulfan-exposed fishes in the current study indicates the mutagenic/genotoxic potential of carbosulfan in the freshwater fish C.carpio, as well as the potential value of the Common carp for assessing pesticide pollution of freshwater bodies. Changes in these characteristics may provide an early warning signal for determining pesticide toxicity and its impact on aquatic species. As a result, it is necessary to monitor the aquatic system and forecast the hazardous effect of carbosulfan on fish; precautions should be taken while using even low concentrations of carbosulfan, and prohibiting or restricting carbosulfan usage is preferable.
Feeding rate requirements for Schilbe intermedius (Rüppel, 1832) fingerlings ...Innspub Net
The control of the breeding of Schilbe intermedius in captivity, passes by the determination of its nutritional requirements. The present study aims therefore to determine the optimal feed ration of the fingerlings of S. intermedius. The experiment was carried out in circular basins during 28 days. After their capture in natural environment, their transfer in controlled area and their acclimatization to the artificial food used (coppens: protein 45%.), the fingerlings used (average weight: 3.12±0.83g) were subjected to four feed rations (2, 5, 8 and
11% of the biomass) tested in triplicate each one. Thus, the lowest rate of survival (64.00±1.15%) was recorded for
the fingerlings’lot subjected to the ration of 8% where the pH is more acid (5.29).The final average weight (4.63±0.00g), the specific growth rate (1.19±0.08%/day) and the food effectiveness (0.53±0.00) obtained with the ration of 11% were the highest. These values are significantly different (P< 0.05) than those obtained with the ration of 2%.The best consumption index was registered with the ration of 2%. According to the model of Brett, the maximum and optimal daily rations of S. intermedius fingerlings were estimated to 4.6 % and 8.5 % respectively. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
Effects of Fungicides for Non Target Fungi Alternaria cassiaeIJEAB
The fungicides are used to control of pathogenic fungi in several tilth but they can affect negatively the microorganisms diversity of soil. The aim of this research was to evaluate the toxicity and environmental risk of tebuconazoles: captan, tebuconazole and the mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride for fungi Alternaria cassiae. Each fungicide were performed three experiments in completely randomized design with three repetitions and the growth was evaluated daily. Inhibition concentration (IC50;7d) of tebuconazole was 3.49 mg L-1, the captan was 47.36 mg L-1 and of mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride, 64.04 mg L-1. Tebuconazole is classified as moderately toxic and sensitivity, captan, low toxicity and sensitivity and the mixture, non toxic and insensitive but only captan showed possibility of adverse effect for A. cassiae.`
Similar to Physiological and histopathological effects of Bisphenol A.pptx (20)
Water pollution is a threat to aquatic organisms, including fish, and is a global concern for aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. This study evaluates the effect of waterborne pollutants on Gangetic Mystus (Mystus cavasius) collected from Chambal River at Nagda, Ujjain. Mystus appeared to be a useful biomarker to assess the impact of toxicity of water pollution.
Zooplankton are the animal component of the plankton community. They are heterotrophic, meaning they can't make their own food and must eat other organisms. In particular, they eat phytoplankton, which are generally smaller than zooplankton.11 species of zooplankton were found in the Shivna River. The most abundant species were copepods Oithona similis, Paracalanus sp., and Calanus sinicus.The species composition of zooplankton varies by season. The highest number of species were found in winter, followed by autumn, summer, and spring. The highest abundance of zooplankton was found in summer, and the lowest in post-monsoon.
This presentation explores how climate change alters the pursuit of economic development: the transformation of poor economies and their people into prosperous ones.
This is hardly the first attempt to reconcile the climate agenda with that of economic development. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals are significant for defining a dual agenda where development targets for people and planet sit alongside each other in a unifying framework.1 Much commentary focuses on the compatibility of the two agendas. A radical and specious view pits progress on climate change and economic development as strict substitutes and calls for no less than the unravelling of economic development to save the planet.2 Cooler heads point instead to their complementarity: the critical role of economic development in supporting adaptation and the recognition that investments in the green transition will propel economies rather than sacrifice living standards.3
In contrast, this essay takes as its starting point that the goals and salience of economic development are immutable. The question posed here is how the quest for economic development changes in a world gripped by a changing climate. The essay argues that climate change will force three major changes: a reappraisal of the causes of and prospects for development, the rebirth of the economics of transition, and a reformulation of the problem development is trying to solve. In a final section, it asks what these changes could mean for international security and for the community of national and global actors who set policy and strategy in this field.
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Such shifts can be natural, due to changes in the sun’s activity or large volcanic eruptions. But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
Burning fossil fuels generates greenhouse gas emissions that act like a blanket wrapped around the Earth, trapping the sun’s heat and raising temperatures.
The main greenhouse gases that are causing climate change include carbon dioxide and methane. These come from using gasoline for driving a car or coal for heating a building, for example. Clearing land and cutting down forests can also release carbon dioxide. Agriculture, oil and gas operations are major sources of methane emissions. Energy, industry, transport, buildings, agriculture and land use are among the main sectors causing greenhouse gases.
In India, bacteria that cause common infections, such as urinary tract and bloodstream infections, are becoming resistant to nearly all antibiotics. This resistance is due to a combination of factors: uncontrolled access to antibiotics, gaps in infection prevention and control (IPC) practices, and high rates of communicable diseases. Antibiotic resistance, or AR, is a serious problem throughout the country, and threatens to reduce the usefulness of antibiotics both in India and around the world.
Because of this emerging threat, India is committed to slowing the spread of AR. Two institutions within India’s Ministry of Health – the Indian Council of Medical Research and National Centre for Disease Control – each developed national networks of public and private hospitals to measure AR trends, prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), and enhance appropriate use of antibiotics. The All India Institute of Medical Sciences is coordinating HAI measurement and prevention efforts in both networks. In addition, efforts in the state of Tamil Nadu focus on building district-level IPC capacity to prevent HAIs, focusing on maternal and neonatal patients.
The Indian Governamnet is is working closely with partners at the national and state level to:
Detect AR pathogens, including novel strains, by developing lab networks and lab expertise.
Use standardized surveillance to monitor and track AR infections in healthcare to learn how often these infections occur and to help develop strategies to prevent them.
Implement focused IPC activities and training.
Optimize use and reduce misuse of critical antibiotics through antibiotic stewardship programs.
When pollutants are discharged from a specific location such as a drain pipe carrying industrial effluents discharged directly into a water body it represents point source pollution.
In contrast, non-point sources include discharge of pollutants from diffused sources or from a larger area such as runoff from agricultural fields, grazing lands, construction sites, abandoned mines and pits, etc.
Targets of Sustainable Development Goal 3
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control; support research, development and universal access to affordable vaccines and medicines; increase health financing and support health workforce in developing countries
INTRODUCTION
Toxicology is the science of the poisons. It also studies the nature, effects, detection, assessment and treatment of their effects on biological material.
Toxicology is a multidisciplinary science. The ultimate objective of the combined research is to determine how an organism is affected by exposure to an agent.
This includes an understanding of:
How the agent moves and interact with living cells and tissues of the organism;
What parts of the organism are affected by its presence and health outcomes of this exposure.
Evaluation of the toxicity of substances whose biological effects may not have been well characterized.
The influence of chemical toxicity is mainly
determined by the dosage, duration of exposure,
route of exposure, species, age, sex, and environment.
The goal of toxicology is to contribute to the
general knowledge and harmful actions of
chemical substances.
2. to study their mechanisms of action,
3. and to estimate their possible risks to humans
HISTORY
Dioscorides, a Greek physician in the court of the Roman emperor Nero, made the first attempt to classify plants according to their toxic and therapeutic effect. Poisonous plants and animals were recognized and their extracts used for hunting or in warfare.
In 1500 BC people used hemlock, opium, arrow poisons, and certain metals to poison enemies or for state executions.
Theophrastus Phillipus Auroleus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493–1541) (also referred to as Paracelsus, a Roman physician from the first century) is considered "the father" of toxicology.
He stated that "All things are poisonous and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not poisonous.“
Mathieu Orfila (1813) is considered the modern father of toxicology.
In 1850, Jean Stas became the first person to successfully isolate plant poisons from human tissue.
Hippolyte Visart de Bocarmé used nicotine to kill his brother-in-law. He extracted nicotine from tobacco leaves.
The 20th and 21st Centuries have marked by great advancements in the level of understanding of toxicology. DNA and various biochemicals that maintain body functions have been discovered. Our level of knowledge of toxic effects on organs and cells has expanded to the molecular level.
Introduction
Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. (gnathos= "jaw" + (stoma)="mouth".
It comprises roughly 60,000 species. (99% of all living vertebrates).
Living gnathostomes have teeth, and paired appendages.
A horizontal semicircular canal is present in the inner ear.
Myelin sheaths is present on the neurons.
Adaptive immune system uses V(D) J recombination ( it is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation. VDJ recombination is the process by which T cells and B cells randomly assemble different gene segments – known as variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes – in order to generate unique receptors (known as antigen receptors) that can collectively recognize many different types of molecule. While Agnatha (petromyzon and hagfish) use genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene.
It is now assumed that Gnathostomata evolved from ancestors that already possessed a pair of both pectoral and pelvic fins.
In addition to this, some placoderms were shown to have a third pair of paired appendages, that had been modified to claspers in males and basal plates in females—a pattern not seen in any other vertebrate group.
It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively – the buccal pump mechanism.
Presence of Calcified, bony skull and vertebra are the characteristic features of Gnathostomata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals).
Pelvic fins are situated just in front of the anus.
Interventrals and basiventrals present in the backbone. These are the elements of the backbone which lie under the notochord, and match the basidorsals and interdorsals respectively.
Gill arches which lie internally to the gills and branchial blood vessels, contrary to the gill arches of all jawless craniates, which are external to the gills and blood vessels.
A horizontal semicircular canal in the inner ear.
Paired nasal sacs which are independent from the hypophysial tube.
There are numerous other characteristics of the soft anatomy and physiology (e.g. myelinated nerve fibres, sperms passing through urinary ducts, etc.), which are unique to the gnathostomes among extant craniates, but cannot by observed in fossils.
Introduction
Ostracoderms (shell-skinned) are of several groups of extinct, primitive, jawless fishes that were covered in an armour of bony plates.
They appeared in the Cambrian, about 510 million years ago, and became extinct towards the end of the Devonian, about 377 million years ago. They were quite abundant during the upper Silurian and Devonian periods. Most of fossils of Ostracodermi were preserved in the bottom sediments of freshwater streams.
However, the opinion is sharply divided as to whether their habitat was freshwater or marine.
The first fossil fishes that were discovered were ostracoderms.
The Swiss anatomist Louis Agassiz received some fossils of bony armored fish from Scotland in the 1830s.
The ostracoderms resembled the present day cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfishes) in many respects and together with them constitute a special group of jawless vertebrates, the Agnatha.
Characteristics: They use gills exclusively for respiration but not for feeding . Earlier chordates with gills used them for both respiration and feeding. Ostracoderms had separate pharyngeal gill pouches along the side of the head, which were permanently open with no protective operculum. mostly small to medium-sized fishes, protected by a heavy, bony dermal (derived from skin) armor. bottom-dwellers; filter-feeders or grazers. no paired fins, but many with stabilizing paired flaps on either side of head.
(1) Ostracoderms were the first vertebrates.
(2) They were popularly called armoured fishes.
(4) They lived in freshwater.
(5) They were bottom dwellers.
(6) Their body was fish-like and did not exceed 30 cm in size.
(7) Paired fins were absent.
(8) Median and caudal fins were present.
(9) The caudal fin was of heterocercal type.
(10) The head and thorax were covered by heavy armour of bones. It protected ostracoderms from the giant scorpion like arthropods, eurypterids.
(11) Bony skull was well developed.
(12) Mouth was mostly present on the ventral side.
(13) They were having large number of gill slits.
(14) The nervous system had 10 pairs of cranial nerves.
(15) The head had a pair of lateral eyes, and a median pineal eye.
(16) They were filter feeders, feeding like a vacuum cleaner.
(17) The endoskeleton was either bony or cartilaginous.
Introduction:
Adaptation to environment is one of the basic characteristics of the living organisms. Living organisms are plastic and posses the inherent properties to respond to a particular environment.
It is a facet of evolution and involve structural diversities amongst living organisms that are heritable. Organisms exhibit numerous structural and functional adaptations that help them to survive as species and to overcome the tremendous competition in nature.
All classes of vertebrates have their representatives leading to partial or total aquatic life.
Water is a homogenous medium for animals.
As a medium, it is heavy in concentration than air.
Stable gaseous and osmotic concentration in a specific region.
Temperature fluctuation is minimum for a particular region.
Water bodies generally have very rich food resources.
Characters of an Aquatic Animal:
An aquatic animal should have the ability to swim to overcome the resistance of the surrounding medium.
Therefore, it should have a streamlined body with an organ or ability to float.
The animal should also have to overcome the problem of osmoregulation.
There are two types of animals living in the present day water, which have undergone aquatic adaptation.
According to their origin, they are primary and secondary aquatic animals.
Adaptations to water habitat are of two types:
Primary aquatic adaptations which includes primitive gill-breathing vertebrates (fishes); Those animals, whose ancestors and themselves are living in the water from the very beginning of their evolution, are called primary aquatic animals. In other words, primary aquatic animals never had a terrestrial ancestry. They exhibit perfect aquatic adaptations. All fishes are primary aquatic animals.
Secondary aquatic adaptations which are acquired as in reptiles, birds and mammals. Those animals whose ancestors were lung breathing land animals, migrated to the water for some reason and ultimately got adapted to live in aquatic habitat, are called secondary aquatic animals. Some of them live partially while others live totally in the water. All aquatic reptiles, aves and mammals are representatives of secondary aquatic animals. Amphibians are in a transitional form between primary and secondary aquatic life.
Sensory adaptations like, electroreception for electrolocation and electro communication, olfaction (vomeronasal system), balance (spatial orientation, movement perception), vision (cornea curvature, retinal topography), and hearing (acoustics, ear anatomy) under the underwater sound reception mechanisms in various aquatic amniotes are well developed.
Origin of the Lateral Line System
Lateral line is a canal along the side of a fish containing pores that open into tubes supplied with sense organs sensitive to low vibrations.
Robert H. Denison explained the origin of the lateral line system. He explained that early vertebrates had a pore-canal system in the dermis which functioned as a primitive sensory system in detecting water movement.
Through the evidences from fossils, embryology and comparative anatomy, Denison (1966) established that the inner ear is closely related to the lateral line system. He found a distinct relationship between the pore canal system and the lateral line in Osteotraci.
The inner ear and the lateral line are developed from ectodermal thickenings, called dorso-lateral placodes. These have a number of similarities, including receptors with sensory hairs, and are both innervated by fibers in the acoustico-lateral area of the brain.
The pore canal system is present and developed in Osteostraci (ostracoderm).
It is also present in Heterostraci which is another group of ostracoderms and includes early vertebrates such as lungfishes and crossopterygians.
As its presence is extensive, it is reasonable to suggest that the pore canal system was a primitive character in early vertebrates .
In transverse sections also , it is very difficult to differentiate the pore canal system from a lateral line canal.
Structure of the Lateral Line System
Epidermal structures called neuromasts form the peripheral area of the lateral line.
Neuromasts consist of two types of cells, hair cells and supporting cells.
Hair cells have an epidermal origin and each hair cell has one high kynocyle (5-10 μm) and 30 to 150 short stereocilia (2-3 μm).
The number of hair cells in each neuromast depends on its size, and they can range from dozens to thousands.
Hair cells can be oriented in two opposite directions with each hair cell surrounded by supporting cells.
At the basal part of each hair cell, there are synaptic contacts with afferent and efferent nerve fibers. Afferent fibers, transmit signals to the neural centres of the lateral line and expand at the neuromast base. The regulation of hair cells is achieved by the action of efferent fibers.
Stereocilia and kinocilium of hair cells are immersed into a cupula and are located above the surface of the sensory epithelium.
The cupula is created by a gel-like media, which is secreted by non-receptor cells of the neuromast.
Central nervous system: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain plays a central role in the control of most bodily functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech, and memory. Some reflex movements can occur via spinal cord pathways without the participation of brain structures. The spinal cord is connected to a section of the brain called the brainstem and runs through the spinal canal.
Peripheral Nervous System: Nerve fibers that exit the brainstem and spinal cord become part of the peripheral nervous system. Cranial nerves exit the brainstem and function as peripheral nervous system mediators of many functions, including eye movements, facial strength and sensation, hearing, and taste.
The autonomic nervous system: The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
The autonomic nervous system comprises two antagonistic sets of nerves, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The hypothalamus is the key brain site for central control of the autonomic nervous system, and the paraventricular nucleus is the key hypothalamic site for this control.
Divisions of Nervous System:
The vertebrate nervous system has three divisions:
(i) A central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord. Its function is to receive the stimulus from the receptors and transmit its response to the effectors. Thus, it coordinates all the functions of the body.
(ii) A peripheral nervous system consisting of cranial and spinal nerves arising from the brain and spinal cord respectively. It forms a connecting link between the receptors, central nervous system (CNS) and effectors.
(iii) An autonomic nervous system made of two ganglionated sympathetic nerves, ganglia in the head and viscera, and their connecting nerves. The autonomic nervous system is often regarded as a part of the peripheral nervous system because the two are connected. But all the three divisions of the nervous system are connected intimately both structurally and functionally.
The vertebrate brain
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system,
In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs.
Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment.
The brain of an adult human weights about 1300–1400 grams .
In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same.
At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective.
In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive.
In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex.
Three principles
The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
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Physiological and histopathological effects of Bisphenol A.pptx
1. Physiological and histopathological effects of
Bisphenol A on male and female reproductive
function of H.fossilis (Bloch, 1974).
Dr.Reddy. P.B
Govt.PG College. Ratlam
6. Aims and Objectives
To determine lethal concentration (LC5o) of BPA in Heteropneustes fossilis.
To study the effects of the sub-lethal concentration of BPA on histopathology of
reproductive organs of both male and female, blood profile, enzymes and and hormone
analysis.
To convey a framework for identifying research needs related to the health and ecological
effects of BPA.
To understand the behavior of BPA in surface and subsurface environments, enabling
prediction of their fate and transport in support of long-term environmental management
and development of new science-based remediation strategies.
Common indicators used for the prediction of the adverse effects of BPA on human health
and the environment as well as their reliability and accuracy in the risk assessment of those
adverse effects
Expected outcome
It generates indispensable facts and information for policymakers.
It supports the scientific knowledge on xenobiotics and endocrine disrupting chemicals
(EDCs).
This investigation will facilitate to incorporate information from various scientific authorities
and can apply these models to solve complex environmental problems.
The study will help to identify and solve the complex relationships between scientific
approaches to environmental issues and political, social, economic, and ethical perspectives
on the environment.
This study will be useful to formulate a framework for identifying research needs related to
the health and ecological effects of plastics.
7. H.fossilis is a remarkably tough and long-lived species, and can unquestionably live for 20
years or more. It can inhale atmospheric air to a certain extent by swim bladder,
permitting it to live in some antagonistic circumstances. It also secretes a mucous that
supports to delay the dehydration of the skin, and can cover its gills completely.
Lives in freshwater, rarely found in brackish waters. This is chiefly a fish of ponds,
trenches, wetlands and swamplands, but it is occasionally found in muddy rivers. It is
capable to tolerate marginally brackish water. Its air-breathing apparatus permits the fish
to survive in almost any type of water.
Morphological identification of the fish was done based on descriptions of Talwar and
Jhingaran (1991), Froese, and Pauly (2012). We selected both mature females and males
fishes of total length bigger than 12cm and males with total length larger than 5.5 cm.
The sexes were identified by peripheral inspection of the urogenital papilla in females
(Hoar, W.S.,et al, 1984) and by macroscopic observation of the gonads.
8. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic synthetic compound with the chemical formula
(CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2 belonging to the group of diphenylmethane derivatives and bisphenols,
with two hydroxyphenyl groups. It is a colorless solid that is soluble in organic solvents, but
poorly soluble in water (0.344 wt % at 83 °C).
Chemical formula: C15H16O2
Structural chemical formula and molecule model.
9. Determination of Lethal Concentration (LC) 50 value:
Bisphenol A is less soluble in water. For that reason dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was
used as a medium to obtain proper distribution in the test solution. A group of 10
healthy fishes were exposed to diverse concentrations of the Bisphenol A to
calculate the medium lethal concentration LC50 value using probit analysis method
(Finney, D. J, 1952). A semi-static system was used to expose the fish (average
weight of 36.78 g) to the test chemical. 20-L glass aquaria were filled with tap water
(copper free).
At the start, a range finding test was performed to decide the range to be followed
in the decisive test. In this test, the fish were exposed to a range of concentration in
logarithmic scale such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 g/L.
The range of LC50 for H.fossilis (mean wt. 36.78 g) under given conditions was
determined to lie between 5 and 10 mg/L for BPA. Hence, for the conclusive test,
concentrations such as 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 mg/L of BPA concentration were
carefully chosen. Experiment was conducted in triplicate for BPA and for each
concentration with 10 fishes in each tank.
Microsoft excel computer program. LC50 values of BPA for H.fossilis were finally
determined by using an online tool (www.aatbio.com/tools/lc50). The LC50 values of
BPA for H.fossilis were found to be 7.1443 mg/L.
10. Experimental design:
Fishes were exposed to different sublethal concentrations i.e. to 0.714 mg/L
(1/10),
1.148 mg/L (1/20) and 2.142mg/L (1/30%) (Group II, III and IV) for 45 days
using ten fishes in each aquarium.
At the end of experiment (45days), blood from the control and BPA treated
fishes was accomplished by puncture of caudal peduncle using a sterile
disposable plastic syringe . We studied following parameters in both control
and experimental fishes
Effects of BPA on swimming behavior
Histopathology of testes and ovary
Hematological Analysis: RBC,WBC,Ht, MCV, MCH, MCHC,
Total plasma protein
Plasma AST (SGOT) and ALT (SGPT)
Testosterone (17β-Hydroxy-4-androstene-3-one) and Estradiol (E2 or 17β-
estradiol) assay.
11.
12.
13. Parameter Values Parameter
Temperature 0C 20.01± 0.2 Temperature 0C
Electrical conductivity (umho/cm) 1392.1±.15.1 Electrical conductivity (umho/cm)
pH 7.1± 0.11 pH
Alkalinity (mg/L) 96.02 ± 5.1 Alkalinity (mg/L)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 7.1± 0.2 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Total dissolved substances (mg/L) 119.1± 3.3 Total dissolved substances (mg/L)
Total Hardness (mg/L) 54± 0.9 Total Hardness (mg/L)
Nitrate (mg/L) 35.2± 2.1 Nitrate (mg/L)
Chloride (mg/L) 128.1± 3.1 Chloride (mg/L)
Table 6.Physicochemical parameters of the water used for experimental purposes (Drinking water specification:
(Drinking Water Standards of BIS (IS 10500: 1991).
The results of test water parameters revealed that the water conditions were most
suitable for fish and were functional for laboratory measures. The experimental
mediums did not exhibit any significant differences among various parameters.
14. Dose Mg/l Log of
concentration
Total
individuals
Mortality Mortality % Probit kill
0 0 10 0 0 0
2 0.3010 10 2 20 4.16
4 0.6020 10 3 30 4.48
6 0.7791 10 4 40 4.75
8 0.9031 10 7 70 5.52
10 1 10 8 80 5.84
12 1.0792 10 10 100 7.37
14 1.1461 10 10 100 7.37
16 1.2041 10 10 100 7.37
18 1.2552 10 10 100 7.37
20 1.3010 10 10 100 7.37
Table 7: Relation between the concentration of BPA and the percentage mortality of the fish
y = 5.2424x + 3.8182
R² = 0.9557
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 5 10 15 20
%
mortality
BPA concentration in mg/L
Fig. 4. Determination of Lethal Concentration (LC) 50 of BPA
for H.fossilis
%
Mortality
Linear
(%
Mortality
)
%
m
ort
ali
ty
BPA mg/L
mg/L
Fig. Determination of LC50 value of Bisphenol A for
Heteropneustes fossilis (http://www.ic50.tk/).
15. Group II Group III Group IV
Irritation, Gulping air at the
surface, Surface movement, erratic
swimming
Slow movement, hyper active in
the beginning but later become
inactive, stop feeding.
Fast opercular movements,
effortless predation, loss of balance
by upright hanging, Move towards
surface,
Mucus secretion, slow movement,
hyper active in the beginning but
later become inactive,
Loss of equilibrium, swimming at
the water surface, spiralling,
convulsions, Heavy mucous
secretion, increased rate of
opercular movement. forwarded
pectoral fin
Table 8. Behavioral changes in H.fossilis in response to exposure to sublethal concentrations of Bisphenol A.
16.
17.
18. Parameter Control (Group I) Group II Group III
RBC (million/cu mm) 1.72 ± 0.058 1.9 ± 0.104 1.44 ± 0.024
19. Parameter Control (Group I) Group II Group III
WBC (1000/cu mm) 25.17 ± 0.748 43.02 ± 0.299 42.06 ± 0.624
20. Parameter Control (Group I) Group II Group III
Haemoglobin (g/dl) 8.45± 0.32 7.81 ± 0.39 6.44 ± 0.11
21. Parameter Control (Group I) Group II Group III
Hematocrit (%) 17.46 ± 0.722 13.14 ± 0.201 10.84 ± 0.515
22. Parameter Control (Group I) Group II Group III
MCV(fL) femtoliters 106.81±3.1 95.14±1.4 83.61±1.7
25. Parameter Control (Group I) Group II Group III Group III
Plasma protein(µg/ml) 9.77±0.95 8.34±0.24 6.56±0.63 4.58±0.61
26. Parameter Control (Group I) Group II Group III Group III
INR (sec) 11.2 ± 0.33 21.3 ± 0.51 38.7 ± 1.09 75.8 ± 2.1
27. Parameter Control (Group I) Group II Group III Group III
AST (SGOT) (U/L) 60.61± 0.78 71.23± 1.13 88.94± 2.3 124.22± 3.4
ALT (SGPT) (U/L) 29.8± 0.31 34.8± 0.41 41.2 ± 0.51 49.6± 0.75
28. Experimental Group 17-estradiol (E2) (ng/ml
Male Female
Group I (Control) 0.52 2.4
Group I (1/10% BPA) 0.49 2.7
Group I (1/20% BPA) 1.8 4.9
Group I (1/30% BPA) 2.3 6.1
Table.6 Plasma levels of 17-estradiol (E2) in H.fossilis after 45 days of exposure to BPA.
Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 3 samples).*
29. Experimental Group testosterone (T) (ng/ml
Male Female
Group I (Control) 1.42 0.81
Group I (1/10% BPA) 1.94 0.74
Group I (1/20% BPA) 1.97 0.98
Group I (1/30% BPA) 0.54 1.56
Table.6 Plasma levels of testosterone (T) in H.fossilis after 45 days of exposure to BPA.
Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 3 samples).
30. DISCUSSIONS
Bisphenol A (BPA) has been the topic of extensive scientific study and evaluation due its
commercial use in wide range of products since 70years.
Bisphenol A is an endocrine disruptor (EDC) that mimics the structure and function of
estradiol hormone by binding and stimulating the oestrogen receptor as the natural
hormone.
The overall outcome of this research work is as follows:
The 96-hr LC50 of BPA for the fish, H.fossilis was found to be 7.14 mg/l.
The fish exposed to different graded concentrations of Bisphenol A (BPA) revealed
symptoms of many abnormalities in their behavioural reactions.
The sub lethal treatment of BPA caused morphological abnormalities like discoloration,
cracks and necrosis of fins, eye deformities, lower lip extension and excess mucus
secretion all over the body of H.fossilis. The percentage of these abnormalities was
higher at higher concentration.
Results clearly revealed that the gonads of catfish H.fossilis treated with sublethal
concentrations of BPA shown irregular variations in dose dependent manner.
The major effects of sub lethal concentration of BPA on histopathology of testis of
Heteropneustes fossilis include necrosis, nuclear hypertrophy, reduced lumen,
degeneration, presence of melano-macrophage centres, atrophy, germ cell syncytia,
hypertrophy and pyknosis and vacuolated germ cells.
The major effects of sublethal concentration of BPA on histopathology of ovary of
Heteropneustes fossilis includes atretic oocytes, ruptured zona radiata and karyoplasmic
clumping, necrosis and nuclear hyper trophy, cellular degeneration, egg debris, broken
zona radiata and fibrosis.
31. The effects of sublethal concentration of BPA on haematology recorded an initial
increase in the values of all blood parameters like RBC, WBC and Hct contents in
Group II. However, a significant decrease in all haematological parameters was
observed in Group III and IV exposed with the higher dose.
BPA caused a significant decrease in plasma total protein (TP) and significant and
gradual increase in all experimental groups. AST (SGOT) and ALT (SGPT) in dose
dependent manner.
BPA in fish, H.fossilis caused significant increase plasma 17β-estradiol
concentrations in all experimental fishes of both sexes .
The values of testosterone (T) (ng/ml) in both male and female were significantly
increased in all experimental fishes.
In conclusion, the exposure of sexually immature H.fossilis to bisphenol-A (BPA)
triggered reproductive dysfunction by altering sex steroid homeostasis and gonad
development.
The present research confirms that sub lethal concentrations of BPA induced
various behavioural, histopathological, haematological, metabolic and
reproductive anomalies in H.fossilis.
32. Conclusions:
Overall, it is evident that BPA affected major disruption to reproduction by affecting
haematology, enzymes, biochemical parameters and plasma steroids in H.fossilis
exposed to sub lethal concentrations of BPA, likely via estrogenic mechanisms.
Further recommendations:
The current scientific investigation has proven that BPA have adverse effects on H
fossilis. However, additional research is required to validate the molecular
mechanism of BPA action. An improved understanding is wanted to identify the
occurrence and mobilization of BPA during different stages of life cycle of animals
and more broad databases are essential on the working and activity of this
chemical. The present data is preliminary and additional work is wanted,
principally to expand extra knowledge on the methylation pattern of the genes
involved in reproduction.
The path displayed in this thesis may deliver the basic need and serve as a
framework for forthcoming studies in this direction. Better perceptions and its
effects to this chemical is possible only by improved methodology, developing
profound bioassays and identifying reliable biomarkers.