Caligus cinetica 2021.pdf

Aquaculture Research. 2021;00:1–5. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/are | 1
© 2021 John Wiley Sons Ltd.
The infectivity of Caligus rogercresseyi in natural reservoirs is linked
to a variety of environmental, biological and management factors,
influencing infestation development (Gonzalez Gomez et al., 2019;
Molinet et al., 2011). Temperature plays a major role in copepod
cycle development by affecting physiological processes speed and
viability (Bravo, 2010; Yatabe et al., 2011). Parasites develop at an
estimated minimum of 4.2° (Gonzáles Carvajal, 2003) since lower
temperatures decrease copepods’ oxygen and food consumption
(Fernández, 1978).
Several adult parasite control strategies exist, including physi-
cal barriers (Riquelme et al., 2017), physiochemical fish mucus al-
terations (Torrealba et al., 2011), medicated feed (St-
Hilaire et al.,
2019), vaccines (Carpio et al., 2011) and drugs, which are costly
and can cause environmental damage (Agusti-
Ridaura et al., 2018;
Horsberg, 2012; Tucca et al., 2017). However, these strategies have
not eradicated the parasite. There are also several bioassay types
aimed at studying infection phenotypes (Bethke et al., 2017; Lozano
et al., 2017) and observing their characteristics (Lozano et al., 2017),
clinical studies (Whyte et al., 2014) and trials to observe infection
and mechanism of infection (Mordue Birkett, 2009), but these
strategies have also failed to control the disease (Mancilla-
Schulz
et al., 2019). In current conditions, all studies are made in vivo, using
special hatchlings with high cost and long test times. Therefore, this
study aimed to design a low-
cost system to evaluate the effects of
non-
lethal doses of different compounds on the swimming function
of Caligus planktonic forms, thereby reducing Caligus reinfection
Received: 8 January 2021 | Revised: 20 May 2021 | Accepted: 21 May 2021
DOI: 10.1111/are.15447
S H O R T C O M M U N I C AT I O N
A low-
cost screening system for kinetic analysis of Caligus
rogercresseyi: New focus on pharmacological study of
caligidosis disease
Jorge Parodi1
| Klaudia Hernandez2
| Maria-
Isabel Pizarro3
|
Pamela Olivares-Ferreti4,5
| Rodrigo Sanchez6
1
Tonalli ltda, Temuco, Chile
2
MOHANA Environmental solutions,
Bergen, Norway
3
Laboratorio de Caligus, Fundacion Chile,
Puerto Montt, Chile
4
Center of Excellence in Translational
Medicine (CEMT-
BIOREN), Preclinical
Sciences Department, Faculty of
Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera,
Temuco, Chile
5
Doctoral Program in Sciences, Major in
Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology,
Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
6
Vitapro S. A, Castro, Región de Los Lagos,
Chiloe, Chile
Correspondence:
Jorge Parodi, Tonalli ltda, Temuco, Chile.
Email: jparodi2010@gmail.com
Funding information
Project IO, Grant/Award Number: 101340
and 101322
Abstract
The study of the parasite Caligus rogercresseyi (sea louse) and its effects on salmon
farms in Chile is a complex challenge. One of these problems concerns the cost for
testing potential treatments’ efficacy; the development of in vitro infection models is
expensive because of the biosecurity protocol in general and animal care required. Our
objective was to develop a low-
cost system to evaluate the effect of different drugs
on Caligus infestation. We previously used a low-
cost software (ImageJ) to observe
the kinetic parameters in Caligus sperm cells, which had been video recorded under an
inverted microscope. The same was carried out for Caligus at different lifecycle stages
(copepodites), where we used a modified protocol for ImageJ analysis (CASA) for ki-
netic parameter analysis. The Caligus were observed under both controlled (seawater
at 15°), or experimental conditions (tap water dilution 0.1 at 100 V/V). Our results
suggest that we can use the ImageJ plugin (CASA) as a low-
cost system for screening
potential drug compounds that have the potential to alter the physiology of Caligus
rogercresseyi, as well as compare the pharmacological effects of a new drug before
conducting an in vitro or in vivo study.
K E Y W O R D S
Caligus, control, ImageJ, kinetic, pharmacology

2 | PARODI et al.
in salmon farms. We used Caligus rogercresseyi from SalmoFood.
Pregnant females (C. rogercresseyi) came in collaboration with
Fundacion Chile (FCh) who provided the female samples from an in-
ternal Caligus culture, developed at FCh with samples for different
parts of Chilean farm culture. Adult parasite forms were kept in the
laboratory, after which the eggs were hatched in sea water, from
adult female Caligus rogercresseyi. Planktonic forms were left in nat-
ural aerated seawater at 11° using a pump (ABS Slida). Samples were
taken from the seawater with copepods in the solution every 48 h
until their death in the five days after hatching. As there was no host
to allow any further development, they died after five days, ending
the experimental observation series.
All the samples are collected in Planktonic Caligus rogercresseyi
forms, taken from aerated seawater and immediately placed in
clean 24-
well culture plates with 0.5 ml of seawater cooled to 11°,
with three specimens used for plates and the condition. Plates
were placed under a Nikon SMZ 800N stereo microscope and re-
corded with a digital camera attached to a C 55x tube. The cam-
era was a C-
MOS, 516CU 5. OM connected to a computer with
Micrometrics LE (ACCU-
Scope) software. Recordings took the
form of 20-to 60-
s videos of three planktonic form specimens.
Once recorded, all specimens were discarded. The protocol was
modified (change the basis parameter, like the previous publication)
for CASA analysis (Parodi et al., 2015). Videos were processed
using a previously published protocol described for sperm kinetic
analysis. Free source ImageJ and CASA software were used to
analyse the videos. Image analysis was carried out by leaving them
as an 8-
bit image to establish an arbitrary threshold. CASA param-
eters were modified according to this threshold to analyse Caligus
rogercresseyi planktonic form movements, estimating the total
movement of each sample, percentage of velocity, and changes
in planktonic forms’ kinetics (Parodi et al., 2015). We built a phar-
macological test, with decay graphs generated for several drug
compounds. These compounds were taurine, glutamate, GABA
and iodine (all from Simga-
Aldricht). To make the decay graphs, a
stock solution was used, which was diluted directly in the exper-
imental recording well to reach a final volume of 0.5 ml (Cornejo
et al., 2014). Changes in planktonic forms’ motility were observed
when non-
lethal doses of the different compounds were utilized.
Activity was measured at zero, two, five, 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes
of incubation, using the percentage of motility change compared
with time zero as a control value. Unless indicated otherwise, re-
sults are presented as the average ±SEM, including image analysis.
Statistical comparisons were performed using the Student t-test
or ANOVA. A probability level (p) 0.05 was considered statis-
tically significant. We explored some molecules and their effect
over the samples. Taurine is used as an antioxidant and biological
stimulant in Atlantic salmon (Espe et al., 2012). However, previ-
ous reports indicate that taurine is also a modulator of GABA re-
ceptors important for some insects’ function (Palmer Harvey,
2014). Different receptors are present in Caligus rogercresseyi;
however, there is no description of the effects of taurine on the
parasite. The graph in Figure 1 shows the effect of the presence
and absence of taurine on Caligus rogercresseyi motility. The dot-
ted line in Figure 1 represents the effect of taurine (100 ppm) on
motility, showing an increase at the start of recording and a signif-
icant reduction at the end of incubation. Taurine mediated mod-
ulation of other receptors, like the inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA. This type of parasite is known to exhibit neurotransmitter
receptors similar to mammals (Cornejo et al., 2014). We investi-
gated the effect of a classic neurotransmitter, glutamate, and an
inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, on Caligus mobility. Figure 2A
represents the decay graph for both compounds, with Figure 2B
representing the glutamate curve, and Figure 2C representing the
GABA curve. However, compounds used to prevent infection are
ionic samples, like iodine. Iodine is used to generate fish mucus
quality changes (Concha et al., 2017) and treat some salmonid
problems (Mustafa MacKinnon, 2011). The molecule also has
broad effects on ion channels and receptors and may have a role
in interacting with GABA (Abel et al., 1989). Figure 3A shows an
example of copepods in different conditions. Figure 4B demon-
strates the effect of increasing iodine concentrations on copepod
motility, with IC50 of 6 gr/lt. We used this concentration to ob-
serve time effects (see Figure 4C), and observed that this iodine
concentration significantly reduces copepod motility. Our result
shows effects on motility, but can affect viability. The above data
suggest diverse copepod motility effects among various mole-
cules, which was also influenced by exposure time for each com-
pound. We explored the relationship between these effects by
investigating chronic effects, washing away the compound and
parasite viability. Figure 4A shows copepod motility percentage
after 24 h exposure to various compounds, indicating that gluta-
mate does not affect copepod motility. Figure 4B shows that after
acute application at sublethal compound doses, the effects could
be washed away less when they were treated with iodine, showing
that motility is not achieved from an acute application. Figure 4C
FI G U R E 1 Effect of taurine on copepod motility. A dot
graph showing the change in copepod motility when exposed to
100 ppm of taurine along a time scale (0 to 60 min). The graph
insert shows kinetic parameters when the copepods are exposed
to either control conditions, or taurine at 100 ppm. Both graphs
are expressed as a percentage change in copepod motility against
control conditions (seawater). The dots represent mean ± SEM and
represent 9 independent experiments

| 3
PARODI et al.
shows this correlation by observing that viability after acute appli-
cation is significantly lower in iodine-
exposed samples, signaling
that decreased motility indicates increased mortality. Table 1 sum-
marizes different compounds’ effects on Caligus parasite motility,
including the effect of acute taurine application that increased
straight copepod motion. In the end, our protocol has been shown
to effectively measure the effects of known compounds used in
controlling Caligus infestation by measuring parasite planktonic
form motility changes, which may be responsible for reinfection
cases in salmon farms. Several bioassay protocols are described
for studying this parasite (Aaen et al., 2015; Espedal et al., 2013;
Guo Woo, 2009). The bioassays are used but with different
approaches, for example with sea lice, for observed resistance,
chemical screening (Marin, Mancilla, et al., 2018; Whyte et al.,
2016) and observed change in the infection ratio (Gonzalez et al.,
2016). Recently, the sea lice conference showed a standardization
of the different protocols presented in the handbook (Marin et al.,
2018; Marin, Mancilla, et al., 2018). Our data suggest that the pro-
tocol can be used for pharmacological studies of different drugs
used to treat Caligus infections, as well as observing at which
doses changes in planktonic motility can be observed using non-
lethal doses of these drugs. We can observe that molecules such
as taurine and iodine affect motility (Figure 4A), but a different
mechanism is suggested, where iodine seems to be more toxic on
copepods (Figure 4C). The protocol we present stands as a low-
cost, efficient alternative to explore new drug solutions or even
advance the knowledge of current ones used today in the industry,
prior to final testing in an in vivo study.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Jorge Parodi receives support from Project IO 101340 and 101322
of Universidad Mayor.
FI G U R E 2 Effect of neurotransmitters
on copepod motility. (a) represents
changes in copepod motility under
different conditions. (b) shows a dot
graph of copepod motility when exposed
to 100 µM of glutamate along a time
scale (0 to 60 min). (c) shows a dot graph
of changes in copepod motility when
exposed to 50 µM of GABA along a
time scale (0 to 60 min). Both graphs
are expressed as a percentage change
in copepod motility against control
conditions (seawater). The dots represent
mean ± SEM and represent 9 independent
experiments
FI G U R E 3 Effect of iodide on
copepod motility. (a) represents changes
in copepod motility under different
conditions. (b) shows a dot graph of
copepod motility when exposed to iodide
at different concentrations (0 to 100 gr/
lt). (c) shows a dot graph of motility when
copepods are exposed to 10gr/lt of GABA
along a time scale (0 to 60 min). Both
graphs are expressed as a percentage
change in copepod motility against control
conditions (seawater). The dots represent
mean ± SEM and represent 9 independent
experiments

4 | PARODI et al.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
ETHICS STATEMENT
The authors declared no animals were used in the experiment, and that
the protocol carried out was in vitro so did not need ethical approval.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The authors elect not to share data from the protocol to future ser-
vice in industry.
ORCID
Jorge Parodi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9117-5433
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different compounds. Bar graphs are expressed as a percentage change in copepod motility against control conditions (seawater). The dots
represent mean ± SEM and represent 9 independent experiments. The asterisk indicates p 0.05 (ANOVA)
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(a) (b) (c)
TA B LE 1 A summary of the copepod kinetic parameters under
different conditions, VSL (straight-
line velocity) VAP (average path
velocity) and VCL (curvilinear velocity). The table shows values as
means ± SEM and represents 9 independent experiments
Condition VSL VAP VCL
%
motility
Control 0,96 200 153 89
Taurine acute 1,5*
125*
189*
95*
Taurine chronic 0,3*
120*
102*
23*
GABA 0,2*
104*
98*
12*
Glutamate 0,96 204 152 87
Iodide organic 0,01*
21*
12*
8*
*p 0.05 (ANOVA).

| 5
PARODI et al.
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How to cite this article: Parodi, J., Hernandez, K., Pizarro,
M.-
I., Olivares-
Ferreti, P., Sanchez, R. (2021). A low-
cost
screening system for kinetic analysis of Caligus rogercresseyi:
New focus on pharmacological study of caligidosis disease.
Aquaculture Research, 00, 1–
5. https://doi.org/10.1111/
are.15447

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