This document discusses standing waves on strings. It defines standing waves as occurring from the interference of two waves moving in opposite directions with identical properties. Standing waves form nodes and antinodes due to constructive and destructive interference. The frequency of standing waves can be decreased by making the string longer, using a thicker string, or decreasing the tension. The document works through multiple choice and multi-part problems applying the formulas for string frequency and wave speed to calculate values for a specific string's harmonics and speed.
Alternating current signal
AC means Alternating Current and DC means Direct Current. AC and DC are also used when referring to voltages and electrical signals which are not currents! For example: a 12V AC power supply has an alternating voltage (which will make an alternating current flow).
I am Martin J. I am a DSP System Assignment Expert at matlabassignmentexperts.com. I hold a Master's in Matlab, University of Maryland. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 10 years. I solve assignments related to the DSP System.
Visit matlabassignmentexperts.com or email info@matlabassignmentexperts.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with DSP System Assignment.
Alternating current signal
AC means Alternating Current and DC means Direct Current. AC and DC are also used when referring to voltages and electrical signals which are not currents! For example: a 12V AC power supply has an alternating voltage (which will make an alternating current flow).
I am Martin J. I am a DSP System Assignment Expert at matlabassignmentexperts.com. I hold a Master's in Matlab, University of Maryland. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 10 years. I solve assignments related to the DSP System.
Visit matlabassignmentexperts.com or email info@matlabassignmentexperts.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with DSP System Assignment.
Students will be able to understand about the various Amplifiers, its type and design. Students will be able to remember the working patterns and principles of different Amplifiers types. Students will be able to choose the right Amplifiers for speakers. Students will know about the characteristics of each Amplifiers.
To know that sound can be reflected, refracted, diffracted, and produces interference effects.
Know that sound is a wave because it can be reflected and refracted as with particles, diffraction and interference only occur with waves
The Basics of electronics can be studied also through the link http://bit.ly/2PPv0mv
A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to one or more circuits.
What is signal and systems?
Image result for intro to signal and system
Signals and Systems is an introduction to analog and digital signal processing, a topic that forms an integral part of engineering systems in many diverse areas, including seismic data processing,
Students will be able to understand about the various Amplifiers, its type and design. Students will be able to remember the working patterns and principles of different Amplifiers types. Students will be able to choose the right Amplifiers for speakers. Students will know about the characteristics of each Amplifiers.
To know that sound can be reflected, refracted, diffracted, and produces interference effects.
Know that sound is a wave because it can be reflected and refracted as with particles, diffraction and interference only occur with waves
The Basics of electronics can be studied also through the link http://bit.ly/2PPv0mv
A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to one or more circuits.
What is signal and systems?
Image result for intro to signal and system
Signals and Systems is an introduction to analog and digital signal processing, a topic that forms an integral part of engineering systems in many diverse areas, including seismic data processing,
Learning Object- Standing Waves on Stringskendrick24
This is my learning object about standing waves on a string. I talk about the harmonics, the equation for calculating the frequency for a wave on a string, and gave an example problem.
In this presentation, I explain what a standing wave on a string is, the difference between a standing wave and a travelling wave, and go over some practice problems.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. What are Standing Waves
Standing waves are produced by
repeated interference of 2 waves
with identical frequency,
wavelength, and amplitude while
moving in opposite directions.
3. Characteristics of Standing Waves
Nodes and anti-nodes are produced as a result of standing
waves.
Node: points on the string that have 0 amplitude and
remain at rest at all times. Nodes are caused by destructive
interference of the 2 waves
Anti-node: points that move with the maximum amplitude
(twice the original amplitude of each wave). Anti-nodes
are caused by constructive interference of the 2 waves
4. Patterns of Standing Waves
From the table, we can deduce some relationships between wavelength
and harmonic number; we can also find patterns of number of nodes and
anti-nodes and conclude how they are related to the harmonic number
6. Note that the harmonic
number m can only be
positive integers e.g.
1,2,3,4…
7. Multiple Choice 1
Now we have sufficient knowledge about standing waves, let us try
some questions. Start with some simple multiple choice questions
1. You can decrease the frequency of a standing wave on a string
by:
A. making the string longer
B. using a thicker string.
C. decreasing the tension.
D. all of the above.
8. Answer: D.All of the above
A. making the string longer - this works because as the
formula suggests: if length increases, frequency decreases
B. using a thicker string - this works because thicker
string means heavier mass, so linear mass density μ will
increase; as a result, frequency decreases
C. decreasing tension - works because if T decreases, as
the formula suggest, frequency will decrease
9. Multiple Choice 2
A guitar string has a length of 60 cm and a linear mass density of
0.01kg/m. If the string is put under tension of 60N. Determine the
frequency of the third harmonic generated in the guitar string in Hz.
A. 194Hz
B. 222Hz
C. 137 Hz
D. 245 Hz
E. 173 Hz
10. Answer: A. 194Hz
We are given the information that it is third harmonic, so
m= 3
String length L = 60cm = 0.60 m (remember to convert to
meters)
μ = 0.01 kg/m
T = 60 N; so plug in the formula
11. Now we have gained
some skills in solving
basic problems. Let us do
a more in-depth problem
12. Multi-Part Problem
A 100.0cm string is vibrating with both sides clamped. The string is
kept under the tension of 25.00N. The linear mass density is 0.650g/m
a) What is the lowest frequency standing wave possible on this string?
b) What are the frequencies of the second and third harmonics
c) Can a standing wave of frequency 1.5 times the frequency
calculated in part a) be generated on this string without changing the
length / tension?
d) What is the wave speed of the string?
13. a) What is the lowest frequency standing wave possible on this string?
In order to approach this problem, the formulas needed are listed above.
For a) the question is asking for the lowest frequency. Looking at the formula,
since T ,L and µ are given and we cannot change their values, the only way to
manipulate the value of frequency is by changing the harmonic number m. So the
lowest frequency is achieved when m =1
μ = 0.650g/m = 0.00065kg/m (remember to convert to the standard unit)
L = 100.0cm = 1.000m and T = 25.00N
Plug these numbers into the first formula, we obtain the following result
Solution to a)
14. b) What are the frequencies of the second and third harmonics
For the second harmonics, only the harmonic number changes to 2, so plug
the numbers into formula 1, we get
For the third harmonics, the harmonic number changes to 3, so plug numbers
into formula 1 we get
Solution to b)
15. c) Can a standing wave of frequency 1.5 times the
frequency calculated in part a) be generated on this
string without changing the length / tension?
The answer is NO. It is tempted to just jump into the
calculation and plug numbers into the formula.
However, since we know that harmonic numbers can
only be positive integers 1,2,3… it is impossible to
get a frequency 1.5 times the fundamental frequency.
Solution to c)
16. d) What is the wave speed of the string?
In order to figure out the speed, we need frequency and wavelength. We have
already obtained the fundamental frequency in the first question as 98.1Hz.
Now we need to figure out the wavelength corresponds to the harmonic wave
when m=1.
Solution to d)
17. Note that we do not have to use the fundamental frequency from
part a). We can use the frequency of the the second and third
harmonics as long as we use the correct wavelength corresponds
to the right harmonic number
E.g. For the second harmonic, we will use m = 2 in the equation to
figure out the wavelength.
As a result, you would get the same result that v = 196m/s
Alternative Solution to d)
18. Sources
All of the equations are typed into a word
document and the screenshot is used since keynote
does not support equations
The chart is created by myself with images used
from http://physics.info/waves-standing/
