AIILSG BOOK 1 CHAPTER 3 Book 1 Chapter 3 Physics Chemistry & Mathematics A detailed power point presentation on this chapter is provided

1. Physics,
Chemistry &
Mathematics
Dr. Chhavi Bajaj
AIILSG

2. PHYSICS
► DENSITY- MASS DIVIDED BY VOLUME
► IT IS DEFINED BY NUMBER OF PARTICLES IN A PLACE IN
RELATION TO ITS AREA
► DENSITY= MASS/VOLUME , S.I. UNIT IS KG/M3
► S.I. UNIT INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS IS A SPECIFIC
METHOD OF EXPRESSING THE MAGNITUDE OF A
QUANTITY, FOR EXAMPLE, METER IS THE SI UNIT OF
DISPLACEMENT (NOT CENTIMETER NEITHER INCHES)

4. BUOYANCY
Buoyancy is an upward force exerted by a fluid that
opposes the weight of an immersed object
Types
● Positive- buoyancy force is greater
● Neutral- b=g
● Negative- gravitational force is greater

5. Hydrometer
● It is an instrument used for measuring
the specific density of a fluid.
● It is based on buoyancy
● A type of hydrometer used to test the
purity of milk is called as Lactometer
● Specific gravity of milk is 1.028- 1.030

6. Thermometers
A thermometer measures the temperature or a temperature gradient
It has two elements- Temperature sensor and Measuring scale
Types
● Ordinary thermometer
● Dry and wet thermometer
● Maximum and minimum thermometer
● Clinicians thermometer
Terrestrial- Records ground heat
Solar- Radiant heat
Global- Radiant heat in factories
Kata- Cooling power of the air (Alcohol based)

7. Calorie, a unit of energy or heat variously defined. The calorie was originally
defined as the amount of heat required at a pressure of 1 standard atmosphere to
raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1° Celsius.
°F = (°C * 9/5) + 32 °C
The basic unit of temperature in the International System of Units (SI) is the
Kelvin. It has the symbol K. For everyday applications, it is often convenient to
use the Celsius scale
Temperature is the degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or object

8. Latent Heat- When a material
in liquid state is given energy,
it changes its phase from
liquid to vapour the energy
absorbed in this process is
called heat of vaporization.
Which means temperature of
boiling water and hot steam
remains same whereas the
conversion from water to
vapour requires more heat
and this occurs because that
heat is absorbed in the
process of conversion of state

9. Humidity
● Humidity is a quantity representing the amount of
water vapour in the atmosphere or in a gas.
● Absolute humidity is the measure of water vapour
(moisture) in the air, regardless of temperature
● Relative humidity is the ratio of the absolute humidity
to the saturation point for a given temperature and
pressure. It is expressed as a percentage
R.H. = Absolute humidity/saturated vapour pressure x100

10. Pressure
● Pressure is the force applied perpendicular to
the surface of an object per unit area over
which that force is distributed
● It is expressed as force per unit area: P=F/A
● It is measured by the instrument called
barometer

11. Cyclonic Wind
When the wind swirls counterclockwise in the
northern hemisphere or clockwise in the southern
hemisphere, it is called cyclonic flow. An example
of cyclonic flow is the flow around a low pressure
area while an example of anticyclonic flow is the
flow around a high pressure area.

12. Sound
● Vibrations that travel through the air or another medium
and can be heard when they reach a person's or animal's ear
● Travels in the form of waves
● Requires a medium to travel
● (no sound in vacuum)
● Human ears can hear 20-20,000 Hz of sound
● Speed of sound is 340 m/s

13. Light
● Light is a transverse, electromagnetic wave that can
be seen by the typical human eye
● Ultraviolet and infrared waves cannot be seen by
human eyes

14. Reflection
● Reflection of light is when light bounces off an object. If the surface is smooth and shiny, like glass,
water or polished metal, the light will reflect at the same angle as it hit the surface.

15. Refraction
● Refraction is the bending of light (it also happens with sound, water and other waves)
as it passes from one transparent substance into another

16. Eye defects
The vision becomes blurred due to the refractive defects of
the eye. There are mainly three common
refractive defects of vision. These are
Myopia or nearsightedness
Hypermetropia or far-sightedness
Presbyopia. These defects can be corrected by the
use of suitable spherical lenses

18. Microscope
Simple microscope
Compound microscope

19. Real Image
Virtual Image

20. Chemistry
HARD WATER IS WATER THAT HAS HIGH MINERAL CONTENT HARD WATER IS FORMED
WHEN WATER GOES THROUGH DEPOSITS OF LIMESTONE, CHALK OR GYPSUM[1]
WHICH ARE
LARGELY MADE UP
OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM CARBONATES, BICARBONATES AND SULFATES

21. Organic and inorganic compounds
Organic matter, organic material, or natural organic matter refers to the large source
of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial and aquatic
environments. It is matter composed of organic compounds that have come from the remains
of organisms such as plants and animals and their waste products in the environment
Organic matter can be disinfected with ozone-initiated radical reactions. The ozone (three
oxygens) has very strong oxidation characteristics. It can form hydroxyl radicals (OH) when it
decomposes, which will react with the organic matter to shut down the problem of biofouling
INORGANIC MATTER IS MATTER WHICH IS NOT DERIVED FROM LIVING ORGANISMS AND
CONTAINS NO ORGANICALLY PRODUCED CARBON. IT INCLUDES ROCKS, MINERALS AND
METAL

22. OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
WHEN ANY ELEMENT COMBINES WITH OXYGEN (THE GAS WHICH WE BREATH) THE PROCESS
IS OXIDATION
OXIDATION AND REDUCTION IN TERMS OF OXYGEN TRANSFER
DEFINITIONS
• OXIDATION IS GAIN OF OXYGEN.
• REDUCTION IS LOSS OF OXYGEN
SOME EXAMPLES
MAGNESIUM RIBBON BURNS IN AIR DUE TO OXIDATION
IRON IN PRESENCE OF MOISTURE UNDERGOES CORROSION (RUST)
A LAYER OF OXIDE FORMED ON ALUMINUM PROTECTS IT FROM CORROSION
ON BURNING (OXIDATION) ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, CARBON DIOXIDE IS RELEASED ALONG WITH
HEAT

23. Common compounds
CRESOL IN DISINFECTION, TO KILL
GERMS
ALUM PURIFICATION OF DRINKING WATER
CHLORINE GAS TO KILL GERMS IN WATER
SODIUM ARSENIC TO BAIT HOUSEFLY
FORMALIN TO BAIT FLY AND TO KILL GERMS
COPPER SULPHATE USED TO KILL ALGAE
PHOSPHORUS CARBONATE TO KILL ALGAE
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE TO WASH VEGETABLES

24. CALCIUM SALTS
TO PREVENT RICKETS AND OSTEOMALACIA
CLOTTING OF BLOOD
IN NERVE IMPULSE
SULPHUR OINTMENT
IN SCABIES
AS RODENTICIDE
AS A PRESERVATIVE OF WOODEN ARTICLES
D.D.T. INSECTICIDE
Pyrethrum is also an insecticide
Iodine prevents goiter
CYANOGAS TO KILL RATS
BARIUM CARBONATE TO KILL RATS

25. MATHEMATICS
● EASY CONVERSIONS
Kilometers to miles- multiply by 5 and divide by 8
Miles to kilometers- multiply by 8 and divide by 5
Gallons into liters- multiply by 9 and divide by 2
Kilograms into pounds- divide by 9 and multiply by 20
Pounds into kilograms- divided by 20 and multiply by 9

26. Calculations
1. Volume of cylinder (round well)= πr2
h
Radius of the well, height of the well
To find volume in Liter multiply by 1000
2. Fahrenheit into Celsius
T(°F)
= T(°C)
× 9/5 + 32
The temperature T in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) is the temperature T in
degrees Celsius (°C) times 9/5 plus 32
3.Relative humidity
R.H.= Absolute humidity/saturated vapor pressure x100
4. Bleaching water as disinfectant
2.5 grams of bleaching powder in 1000 liters of water

27. chhavibajaj.cb@gmail.com
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