The study of water sources used by the population of Ndian for drinking with the exception of the Ekondo Titi beach was carried out by investigating 51 water sources. Due to the lack of pipe borne water in this area, the population is compelled to consume water from unprotected shallow aquifers and surface water sources, there by exposing the population to infections form of water borne diseases. In this perspective, the present study was aimed to check the suitability of these water sources for drinking. The bacteriological quality of the water sources was performed using the Most Probable Number MPN technique. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity EC and total dissolved solids TDS were also determined. The pH values reflect slightly acidic, neutral and basic water sources. Sixty percent 60 of the ground water samples where slightly acidic 5.5 6.4 and out of the WHO 2011 guideline limit 6.5 8.5 for drinking water. This situation puts the inhabitants at risk to stomach ulcer. The electrical conductivity values 3.00 274 us cm for groundwater sources represents water experiencing slight mineralization. Based on the total coliform bacteria, 96 of water sources were polluted to grossly polluted 75 2400 MPN 100 ml and 4 excellent following the acceptable maximum limits prescribed by the World Health Organization Standards which exposes the population to water borne diseases such as typhoid, cholera and dysentery. The bacteria contamination of the water sources may result from the waste of pit toilets that intersect the water tables of shallow unconfined aquifers and also from poor sanitation practices carried out along stream channels and springs. Proper water treatment at household levels is highly recommended. Engome R. Wotany | Samuel N. Ayonghe | Mengnjo J. Wirmvem | Wilson Y. Fantong "Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Quality of Water Sources in the Coast of Ndian, South West Region, Cameroon: Health Implications" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26626.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/geology/26626/physico-chemical-and-bacteriological-quality-of-water-sources-in-the-coast-of-ndian-south-west-region-cameroon-health-implications/engome-r-wotany
Environmental conditions and zooplankton community structure in five ponds in...Innspub Net
The degradation of surface water quality in Cameroon is linked to the absence of a functional waste management strategy. For such a strategy to be efficient, a general understanding of aquatic ecosystems will be of importance, these management strategies are particularly lacking in the eastern part of the country. To better understand and appreciate the ecosystems in the town of Bertoua, five ponds where chosen for the physicochemical and zooplankton communities analysis. Sampling on these ponds was conducted from March 2016 to April 2017 on a monthly basis. Samples for physicochemical analysis were collected at 20cm below water surface at the middle of each pond and measured were done following the recommendations of Rodier and Alpha. Biological samples were collected by filtering 50 liters of water through a 64µm mesh opening sieve. Identification was done using standard methods and identification keys. One-way ANOVA analysis was conducted to assess the potential differences between the different ponds base monthly observations. Although they are all hypereutrophic, with regard to the values of the physicochemical parameters, the five ponds showed no significant difference between them but, the structure of the zooplankton community remains very diverse. 118 zooplankton species have been identified in the five ponds. The distribution of zooplankton in these hydrosystems was mainly governed by the presence of organic matter. This study sheds light on the status and biological diversity of ponds in eastern Cameroon, data on which to rely to develop management strategies.
Specific physicochemical parameters influence on the plankton structure in ag...Innspub Net
The continuous discharge of effluents into Warri River, impacts on its water quality parameters as well as plankton species which requires commensurate surveillance. This study focuses on its physicochemical characteristics and their influence on plankton composition and abundance. The surface water samples and plankton collected monthly from June to November 2014 were analyzed using standard methods. The physicochemical parameters showed variations among the stations. The ANOVA results revealed that water temperature, transparency, turbidity, TDS, conductivity, pH, acidity, Dissolved Oxygen and phosphate were significantly different (P <0.05) among the studied sites. A total of 849 plankton species identified; 814 species were phytoplankton consisting of four groups (Bacillariophyta> Chlorophyta> Euglenophyta> Cyanophyta, arranged in order of dominance. While zooplankton had 35 species grouped into 5 groups; Rotifera> Copepoda> Protozoa> Cladocera> Arachnida, in order of dominance. Pearson correlation revealed a significant correlation between different Plankton species population and some parameters (p<0.05). The principal component analysis labelled acidity, organic load, mineralization, nutrient, and organic pollution as influential factors governing plankton abundance in the studied area. These factors identify with materials from industries and human activities along the river, which results in the alteration of plankton composition, particularly Melosira granulata (Ehrenberg) Ralfs,1861. Inferred biological indicator of the water body. Diversity indices ranged from 0.28 to 1.39; Station 2 had the highest (1.39) and Station 1 the lowest species richness, a highly polluted river.
Impact of Locating Boreholes Near Septic Tanks Pit Latrines on Drinking Water...ijtsrd
Water is one of the most indispensible elements of life. One of the major uses of water by man is for drinking, hence drinking water quality has become a major concern in this regard because poor quality water can cause outbreak of major epidemics and death. In this study, impact of locating boreholes near septic tanks pit latrines on drinking water quality in Uyo metropolis, Akwa Ibom State was investigated. The water samples were collected from thirty 30 locations and categorized into i water from boreholes near W near and ii far from septic tanks pit latrines W far . Some physicochemical parameters analyzed were temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen DO , biochemical oxygen demand BOD5 , salinity i.e. sulphate, carbonate, nitrate, phosphate and chloride ions , total hardness TH , total dissolved solids TDS , total suspended solids TSS and total alkalinity. Pairwise comparison between quality of W near and W far revealed that only BOD 5, TH and TDS had significant mean difference MD at 5 level of probability while their comparison with World Health Organization permissible limit P WHO showed higher significant MD. All the values of parameters were within P WHO, except that of temperature and pH. Based on the results, the water chemistry is tolerable and may not cause any critical damage to the water distribution system as well as utility components. However, treatment is still suggested and boreholes should be drilled some reasonable distances far away from septic tanks pit latrine to guarantee safe drinking water. Akpan, Samuel A | Eze, Bassey E | Assian, Ubong E "Impact of Locating Boreholes Near Septic Tanks/ Pit Latrines on Drinking Water Quality in Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33314.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/33314/impact-of-locating-boreholes-near-septic-tanks-pit-latrines-on-drinking-water-quality-in-uyo-metropolis-akwa-ibom-state/akpan-samuel-a
Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Ilorin, North Central NigeriaAZOJETE UNIMAID
This study assessed the quality of groundwater samples collected from eight open wells in Ilorin, Nigeria between 2014-2015. Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses were performed on the water samples. The results found that temperature, pH, turbidity and total solids of most samples met national and international guidelines. However, two samples exceeded the turbidity limit. Additionally, all water sources showed total bacterial and coliform counts above recommended limits, indicating contamination with pathogens like E. coli and their unsuitability for human consumption. In general, the study found evidence of groundwater pollution in the area from anthropogenic activities that threatens the water resources and public health.
Many people in Africa depend on water from
rivers and borehole, but purity of the drinking water from these
sources remains questionable. Mudzira River being the longest
River in a village called Vimtim located in Mubi North Local
government area in Adamawa State was studied in the months of
September to December, 2012 to ascertain the suitability of the
water for human consumption and other related uses. Five study
point: inlet (A, B), middle (C) and out let (D, E) were adopted for
monitoring the physico-chemical parameters using standard
procedures. The mean total temperature values were A (25.000C),
B (24.500C), C (25.500C), D (24.000C) and E (24.000C. Average P
H
values were A (8.00), B (7.87), C (8.20) D (8.37) and E (8.13). The
average conductivity values were A (73.90
1 cms
), B
(73.11
1 cms
), D (74.00
1 cms
) and E (73. 80
1 cms
). The
average total dissolves solid value of each sample were A (17.10),
B (17.10), C (20.00) D (21.64) and E (21.60.). The average
turbidity value of sample were A (47.00), B (47.00), C (50.00) D
(53.00) and E (50.00). Average total hardness value are A
(20.00mg/l), B (20.00mg/L) C (24.00mg/L), D (20.00mg/L) and E
(20.00mg/L). The average chloride content were A (12mg/L), B
(16mg/L), C (12 mg/L) D (16mg/L) and E (16mg/L). The average
calcium content were A (0.3mg/L) B (0.4mg/L), C (0.3mg/L), D
(0.3mg/L) and E (0.2mg/L). The average content of magnesium
were A (12mg/L), B (16mg/L), C (16Mg/L), D (12mg/L), E
(12mg/L). The lead content of River Mudzira water was
negligible. The mean coliform count were A (4), B (3), C (6), D
(7), and E (4).The values of the parameters studied were within
the WHO/NAFDAC recommended standards, excepts for total
coliform levels. In conclusion Vimtim residents consuming
untreated water from River Mudzira are potentially exposed to
possible acute, sub chronic or even chronic water borne diseases
like typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhea etc.
Prediction of groundwater quality in Selected Locations in Imo StateIJMER
The prediction of groundwater quality in selected locations was carried out in Owerri-West
L.G.A. of Imo State. The Physical, chemical and biological parameters of groundwater samples from
Nekede (Ward A), Ihiagwa (Ward B), Eziobodo (Ward C), Obinze (Ward D) and Avu (Ward E) were
analysed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). A total of three replicates of fifteen
different borehole water samples were collected based on distances from closest potential sources of
contamination. All parameters were detected up to 61m from pollution source and most of them
increased in concentration during the periods, pointing to infiltrations from storm water. The results
for Iron, pH and TVC decreased as distance increases while for nitrate and BOD increased as distance
increases. Results also showed that most of the boreholes were polluted and not suitable for human
consumption without adequate treatment, Regular monitoring of groundwater quality, abolishment of
unhealthy waste disposal practices and introduction of modern techniques are recommended.
Water Quality Assessment of El-Salam Canal (Egypt) Based on Physico-Chemical ...Premier Publishers
Water quality of El-Salam Canal was assessed using physico-chemical and certain biological characteristics. Downstream increase of total soluble inorganic nitrogen (TSIN) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) indicated increasing downstream eutrophication. The significant (P ≤ 0.01) downstream increase of chloride indicated elevated pollution. Water quality index (WQI) down (53) and up-stream (48) stations indicated bad to moderate condition, respectively. The increase of N, P, heavy metals and WQI may be attributed to excessive input of wastewater from El-Serw and Hadous drains. The highest concentrations of Fe (0.138 mg/l), Mn (0.116), Zn (0.057), Cu (0.019), Pb (0.278) and Cd (0.016) were recorded at downstream stations. Accumulation of these metals by hydrophytes followed the order: Fe ˃ Mn ˃ Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Pb ˃ Cd. Fifteen different hydrophytes were recorded with marked decline in species richness during winter and at downstream stations. The epiphytic microalgae were represented by 50 different taxa, belonging to six phylla including Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Bacillariophyta, Euglenophyta and Rhodophyta. Thespecies composition and richness of the epiphytic microalgae was largely influenced by the plant species, as the highest number of species (42 taxa) was recorded for Ceratophyllum demersum and the lowest one (31 taxa) for Phragmites australis.
Environmental conditions and zooplankton community structure in five ponds in...Innspub Net
The degradation of surface water quality in Cameroon is linked to the absence of a functional waste management strategy. For such a strategy to be efficient, a general understanding of aquatic ecosystems will be of importance, these management strategies are particularly lacking in the eastern part of the country. To better understand and appreciate the ecosystems in the town of Bertoua, five ponds where chosen for the physicochemical and zooplankton communities analysis. Sampling on these ponds was conducted from March 2016 to April 2017 on a monthly basis. Samples for physicochemical analysis were collected at 20cm below water surface at the middle of each pond and measured were done following the recommendations of Rodier and Alpha. Biological samples were collected by filtering 50 liters of water through a 64µm mesh opening sieve. Identification was done using standard methods and identification keys. One-way ANOVA analysis was conducted to assess the potential differences between the different ponds base monthly observations. Although they are all hypereutrophic, with regard to the values of the physicochemical parameters, the five ponds showed no significant difference between them but, the structure of the zooplankton community remains very diverse. 118 zooplankton species have been identified in the five ponds. The distribution of zooplankton in these hydrosystems was mainly governed by the presence of organic matter. This study sheds light on the status and biological diversity of ponds in eastern Cameroon, data on which to rely to develop management strategies.
Specific physicochemical parameters influence on the plankton structure in ag...Innspub Net
The continuous discharge of effluents into Warri River, impacts on its water quality parameters as well as plankton species which requires commensurate surveillance. This study focuses on its physicochemical characteristics and their influence on plankton composition and abundance. The surface water samples and plankton collected monthly from June to November 2014 were analyzed using standard methods. The physicochemical parameters showed variations among the stations. The ANOVA results revealed that water temperature, transparency, turbidity, TDS, conductivity, pH, acidity, Dissolved Oxygen and phosphate were significantly different (P <0.05) among the studied sites. A total of 849 plankton species identified; 814 species were phytoplankton consisting of four groups (Bacillariophyta> Chlorophyta> Euglenophyta> Cyanophyta, arranged in order of dominance. While zooplankton had 35 species grouped into 5 groups; Rotifera> Copepoda> Protozoa> Cladocera> Arachnida, in order of dominance. Pearson correlation revealed a significant correlation between different Plankton species population and some parameters (p<0.05). The principal component analysis labelled acidity, organic load, mineralization, nutrient, and organic pollution as influential factors governing plankton abundance in the studied area. These factors identify with materials from industries and human activities along the river, which results in the alteration of plankton composition, particularly Melosira granulata (Ehrenberg) Ralfs,1861. Inferred biological indicator of the water body. Diversity indices ranged from 0.28 to 1.39; Station 2 had the highest (1.39) and Station 1 the lowest species richness, a highly polluted river.
Impact of Locating Boreholes Near Septic Tanks Pit Latrines on Drinking Water...ijtsrd
Water is one of the most indispensible elements of life. One of the major uses of water by man is for drinking, hence drinking water quality has become a major concern in this regard because poor quality water can cause outbreak of major epidemics and death. In this study, impact of locating boreholes near septic tanks pit latrines on drinking water quality in Uyo metropolis, Akwa Ibom State was investigated. The water samples were collected from thirty 30 locations and categorized into i water from boreholes near W near and ii far from septic tanks pit latrines W far . Some physicochemical parameters analyzed were temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen DO , biochemical oxygen demand BOD5 , salinity i.e. sulphate, carbonate, nitrate, phosphate and chloride ions , total hardness TH , total dissolved solids TDS , total suspended solids TSS and total alkalinity. Pairwise comparison between quality of W near and W far revealed that only BOD 5, TH and TDS had significant mean difference MD at 5 level of probability while their comparison with World Health Organization permissible limit P WHO showed higher significant MD. All the values of parameters were within P WHO, except that of temperature and pH. Based on the results, the water chemistry is tolerable and may not cause any critical damage to the water distribution system as well as utility components. However, treatment is still suggested and boreholes should be drilled some reasonable distances far away from septic tanks pit latrine to guarantee safe drinking water. Akpan, Samuel A | Eze, Bassey E | Assian, Ubong E "Impact of Locating Boreholes Near Septic Tanks/ Pit Latrines on Drinking Water Quality in Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33314.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/33314/impact-of-locating-boreholes-near-septic-tanks-pit-latrines-on-drinking-water-quality-in-uyo-metropolis-akwa-ibom-state/akpan-samuel-a
Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Ilorin, North Central NigeriaAZOJETE UNIMAID
This study assessed the quality of groundwater samples collected from eight open wells in Ilorin, Nigeria between 2014-2015. Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses were performed on the water samples. The results found that temperature, pH, turbidity and total solids of most samples met national and international guidelines. However, two samples exceeded the turbidity limit. Additionally, all water sources showed total bacterial and coliform counts above recommended limits, indicating contamination with pathogens like E. coli and their unsuitability for human consumption. In general, the study found evidence of groundwater pollution in the area from anthropogenic activities that threatens the water resources and public health.
Many people in Africa depend on water from
rivers and borehole, but purity of the drinking water from these
sources remains questionable. Mudzira River being the longest
River in a village called Vimtim located in Mubi North Local
government area in Adamawa State was studied in the months of
September to December, 2012 to ascertain the suitability of the
water for human consumption and other related uses. Five study
point: inlet (A, B), middle (C) and out let (D, E) were adopted for
monitoring the physico-chemical parameters using standard
procedures. The mean total temperature values were A (25.000C),
B (24.500C), C (25.500C), D (24.000C) and E (24.000C. Average P
H
values were A (8.00), B (7.87), C (8.20) D (8.37) and E (8.13). The
average conductivity values were A (73.90
1 cms
), B
(73.11
1 cms
), D (74.00
1 cms
) and E (73. 80
1 cms
). The
average total dissolves solid value of each sample were A (17.10),
B (17.10), C (20.00) D (21.64) and E (21.60.). The average
turbidity value of sample were A (47.00), B (47.00), C (50.00) D
(53.00) and E (50.00). Average total hardness value are A
(20.00mg/l), B (20.00mg/L) C (24.00mg/L), D (20.00mg/L) and E
(20.00mg/L). The average chloride content were A (12mg/L), B
(16mg/L), C (12 mg/L) D (16mg/L) and E (16mg/L). The average
calcium content were A (0.3mg/L) B (0.4mg/L), C (0.3mg/L), D
(0.3mg/L) and E (0.2mg/L). The average content of magnesium
were A (12mg/L), B (16mg/L), C (16Mg/L), D (12mg/L), E
(12mg/L). The lead content of River Mudzira water was
negligible. The mean coliform count were A (4), B (3), C (6), D
(7), and E (4).The values of the parameters studied were within
the WHO/NAFDAC recommended standards, excepts for total
coliform levels. In conclusion Vimtim residents consuming
untreated water from River Mudzira are potentially exposed to
possible acute, sub chronic or even chronic water borne diseases
like typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhea etc.
Prediction of groundwater quality in Selected Locations in Imo StateIJMER
The prediction of groundwater quality in selected locations was carried out in Owerri-West
L.G.A. of Imo State. The Physical, chemical and biological parameters of groundwater samples from
Nekede (Ward A), Ihiagwa (Ward B), Eziobodo (Ward C), Obinze (Ward D) and Avu (Ward E) were
analysed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). A total of three replicates of fifteen
different borehole water samples were collected based on distances from closest potential sources of
contamination. All parameters were detected up to 61m from pollution source and most of them
increased in concentration during the periods, pointing to infiltrations from storm water. The results
for Iron, pH and TVC decreased as distance increases while for nitrate and BOD increased as distance
increases. Results also showed that most of the boreholes were polluted and not suitable for human
consumption without adequate treatment, Regular monitoring of groundwater quality, abolishment of
unhealthy waste disposal practices and introduction of modern techniques are recommended.
Water Quality Assessment of El-Salam Canal (Egypt) Based on Physico-Chemical ...Premier Publishers
Water quality of El-Salam Canal was assessed using physico-chemical and certain biological characteristics. Downstream increase of total soluble inorganic nitrogen (TSIN) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) indicated increasing downstream eutrophication. The significant (P ≤ 0.01) downstream increase of chloride indicated elevated pollution. Water quality index (WQI) down (53) and up-stream (48) stations indicated bad to moderate condition, respectively. The increase of N, P, heavy metals and WQI may be attributed to excessive input of wastewater from El-Serw and Hadous drains. The highest concentrations of Fe (0.138 mg/l), Mn (0.116), Zn (0.057), Cu (0.019), Pb (0.278) and Cd (0.016) were recorded at downstream stations. Accumulation of these metals by hydrophytes followed the order: Fe ˃ Mn ˃ Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Pb ˃ Cd. Fifteen different hydrophytes were recorded with marked decline in species richness during winter and at downstream stations. The epiphytic microalgae were represented by 50 different taxa, belonging to six phylla including Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Bacillariophyta, Euglenophyta and Rhodophyta. Thespecies composition and richness of the epiphytic microalgae was largely influenced by the plant species, as the highest number of species (42 taxa) was recorded for Ceratophyllum demersum and the lowest one (31 taxa) for Phragmites australis.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment Systemijtsrd
This paper emphasized on "Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment System". KanDawGyi Lake is used for wastewater collection. It is situated in ChanMyaThaZi Township, Mandalay and near the AyeYarWaddy river. Residential, commercial and industrial area are existed surrounding the KanDawGyi Lake. Water from human activities such as cooking, bathing, washing and septic tanks effluent is discharged into drains by gravity flow without treatment. Average six million gallons of wastewater discharged from Mandalay City area flow into KanDawGyi Lake passing through ThinGaZar creek daily. So, lake water has been contaminated by domestic wastewater. This has resulted detrimental effects on the ecosystem. Water in recreation center should be aesthetically pleasing and essentially free of toxicants and pathogenic organisms. Seven collection points such as entrance, east of north side, south east of north side, south of north side, water fountains, PyiGyiMon barge and exit of KanDawGyi Lake are chosen to collect the wastewater sample. The water quality of KanDawGyi Lake is evaluated by various parameters such as temperature, turbidity, suspended solids, dissolved solids, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, total solids and bacteria. According to test results, alkalinity, chlorides, dissolved solids, suspended solids, and total solids are uncertified. Therefore, in this paper wetland design of natural treatment system is used at the entrance of the lake to control the water pollution. Moh Moh | San San Myint "Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25323.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25323/water-pollution-control-for-mandalay-kandawgyi-lake-by-natural-treatment-system/moh-moh
Trophic state indices and Phytoplankton quotients for the Kisumu Bay, Lake Vi...Douglas Anyona
This study aimed to estimate phytoplankton quotients and trophic state indices for Kisumu Bay in Lake Victoria to determine the bay's eutrophic level. Water and phytoplankton samples were collected from 5 stations in the bay from 2009-2010. Cyanophyceae was the most dominant phytoplankton group at 57%. The mean phytoplankton quotient was estimated to be 4.1, indicating a high eutrophic state. Nutrient levels were also high, with total phosphorus at 289.6 μg/L and total nitrogen at 1518.5 μg/L. The elevated eutrophic state was attributed to high nutrient loads from anthropogenic activities, industrial and
Potentially harmful algae along the kenyan coast a norm or threat.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study of potentially harmful algal species along the Kenyan coast from 2009-2010. A total of 39 potentially harmful algal taxa were observed over the study period. The taxa with the highest abundances were Chaetoceros sp., Nitzschia sp., Coscinodiscus sp., Pseudo-nitzschia sp., Rhizosolenia sp., Anabaena sp., Protoperidinium sp., Oscillatoria sp. and Trichodesnium sp. whereas the lowest abundances were Fibrocapsa sp., Chrysochromulina sp., Umezakia sp., Dinophysis sp. and Aphanizomenom sp. The
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Abstract— This research focuses primarily on the causes, consequences and ways of mitigating the ongoing fresh water pollution problems among Akure communities. Surface water quality of River Ala, which cut across the town of Akure was assessed and three locations (3) were chosen spatially to reflect a consideration of all possible human activities capable of changing the quality of river water. Water samples were analyzed for physio-chemical parameters and it was observed that variations exists in the quality of the sampled waters and impaired to different degrees using WHO drinking water standards for the selected parameters. Leo road (Ala 3) has the highest dissolved solids, which shows that the dumping of waste to the water bodies might have caused the higher occurrence; the PH was low in Ala 3 and high in Ala 1 (Oke-Ijebu) with 6.9 and 7.4 respectively. The water is coloured, total alkalinity total hardness, iron and turbidity were found to be above the WHO standard, therefore not suitable for domestic use.
3 ijfaf jul-2017-1-evaluation of the ichthyofaunalAI Publications
Fish constitute more than half of the total number of all the aquatic vertebrates in the world; thus, a study was carried out for six months from January-June, 2016 to investigate the physico-chemical parameters, composition, abundance and diversity of ichthyofauna present in some sections of Omambala, Ezu and Ahommiri Rivers in Anambra state, Nigeria. Water samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis and fish samples were also collected with the assistance of artisanal fishermen using different types of traditional fishing gears namely - gill nets, cast nets, hook and line, local traps (baited) and bag nets to evaluate fish species composition and abundance. The result of the physico-chemical analysis showed uniform values for temperature (25±0.16oC-30±0.48oC), dissolved oxygen (3.65±0.78-5.65±0.11mg/l) and biochemical oxygen demand (13±0.03-16±0.08mg/l) which favoured the distribution of fishes present in different sections of the three Rivers. A total catch of 11,031 fishes were recorded from the three Rivers which comprised 11 orders, 29 families, 43 genera and 69 species. Umuoba-Anam section had 9691 catches, Ebenebe section (702) and Awa section (638). Monthly composition showed highest in March (1,909) and June (2,294) for dry and rainy seasons respectively. Seasonal composition showed highest during the rainy season with a total number of 5922 fishes while 5109 fishes was recorded for the dry season. The diversity indices of the three Rivers indicated diverse communities with ten common species variety and Shannon Weiner (H’) diversity index of 2.755-3.682. Tilapia zilli (22.2%) was the most common and abundant species followed by Clarias anguillaris (21.4%), Malapterus electricus (18.9%), Heterobranchus bidorsalis (15.4%), Xenomystis nigri (14.6%), Heterotis niloticus (13.0%), Auchenoglanis monkei (11.0%), Tilapia dageti (10.2%), Hepsetus odoe (8.1%) and Bagrus filamentosus (7.2%). The study revealed that taxa richness and species diversity increase with increased water level and uniform physico-chemical changes. Further survey of fish species diversity and abundance should be carried out continuously for a longer period on a larger scale for a thorough assessment of the water bodies and their fishery potentials.
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
Fluctuation of NO3-N and PO4 Elements in The Traditional Pond Area at TidesIJAEMSJORNAL
Traditional pond technology depends on nature in management, such as filling and disposal of pond water utilizing the time of low and high tides. The food for traditional pond technology comes from nature. The availability of nutrients such as N and P greatly determines the productivity of pond. The study was aimed to determine the fluctuations of N and P elements in traditional pond areas at tides. This research was conducted with purposive sampling method and laboratory analysis for several water parameters. The results showed that pH ranged from 7 to 8 both at low tide and high tide. The average value of nitrate (NO3) from five locations was extended from 0.106 to 1.495 mg/l. The value of silica (Si) ranged from 5,287 to 10,876 mg/l in low tide. Orthophosphate at low tide ranged from 0.027 to 0.090 mg/l, the highest value was in the coast station and the lowest was in the sea station. Whereas the value of nitrate (NO3) and orthophosphate in high tide ranged from 0.830 to 1.495 mg/l and 0.039 to 0.090 mg/l. Nutrients were abundant enough to support the growth and development of primary producers. So, the waters in this region include fertile waters.
In Aleg, Mauritania, especially in the rural areas where there is no supply of
treated water for drinking and other domestic uses, natural surface water is the only
source. The objective was to assess the water quality of natural sources of water in
the rural areas of the BRAKNA region (in the south-west of the country) using a water
quality index (WQI) for different seasons. A total of 40 samples, that is, 20 in winter
and 20 in summer were collected from different sources for physicochemical analysis,
and a WQI was calculated. Twenty-seven parameters were evaluated (Rrgaonkar and
V. Deshpande et al. 2007).
Follow-up and physicochemical analyzes made it possible to determine the WQI
index. The results obtained show that raw water from Lake Aleg is classified in the
category "Unsuitable" (undesirable).
The overall quality of the waters is strongly influenced by the alternation of
seasons of the year. Correlation analysis showed a perfect correlation between WQI
and water turbidity (r = 0.999). This made it possible to specify the turbidity as a
factor of deterioration in the quality of the lake water
Length-weight models and condition factors of fishes from Okpara Stream, Ouem...AI Publications
Length frequency distributions, length-weight models and condition factors of 21 dominant fish species of the Okpara stream (Oueme River) were examined in Northern-Benin in order to evaluate the well-being of these fish taxa. Samplings were made monthly from December 2015 to May 2017 with seines, gill nets hawks and a total of 9,302 individuals were collected. Fish abundance ranged from 53 individuals for Mormyrus rume to 2,818 for Hemichromis fasciatus. Standard length (SL) varied from 1.2 cm (Coptodon guineensis) to 51.8 cm (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus). Length-weight regressions equations showed significant (p < 0.05) correlation coefficients (r) ranging between 0.4664 and 0.9949 with slopes (b) between 2.2262 and 3.7703 corresponding to isometric, positive allometric and negative allometric growths displayed by 4, 8 and 9 species, respectively. Condition factors K varied between 0.17 - 29.38 and species with higher well-being were Oreochromis niloticus with K=29.38, Hyperopisius bebe (K=20.14), Coptodon zillii (K=19.25), Mormyrus rume (K=17.13) and Sarotherodon galilaeus multifasciatus (K=16.16). A sustainable exploitation of these fishes requires an ecosystem restoration scheme including habitat protection, species conservation and an ecological follow-up of the Okpara stream.
A study on the biodiversity of snake island in South Andaman - JBESInnspub Net
Snake Island is an uninhabited small rocky islet off Carbyn’s Cove in Port Blair, Andaman. The biodiversity of this rocky island is its distinctive feature as it becomes a small habitat for various organisms close to the open sea. During this present study a total no. of 217 species were recorded out of which 205 has been identified. Pisces was the dominant group, followed by cnidarians, molluscs, arthropods etc. The island is highly influenced by sea water as during high tides nearly 75 % of the island is submerged by seawater. This is the reason of dominance of marine organisms (94 %) over terrestrial organisms (6 %) in the island. Another characteristic feature of the island is the formation of numerous rocky and sandy water channels and the presence of a ‘coral pool’ at the end of one such channel on the north-eastern part of the island. During high tide these channels are filled with water and exchange of seawater takes place in the coral pool, where highest diversity of species was observed. Lack of intertidal species in the island is evident due to the high action of waves from the open sea and lack of hiding areas other than rocky crevices. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE TRANSPORT OF E.COLI IN A NAT...IAEME Publication
Development of mathematical model to predict the rate of microbial depositions (E.coli) in a natural pond has been carried out. The models were developed to monitor the rate of concentration at different periods, with respect to the length of the pond at various sample station. Results of the theoretical values were compared with the experimental analysis. The analysis was thoroughly done to determine the physiochemical parameters of the pond. Microbial traces were found from the experimental analysis at different periods up to hundred days. The developed model compared favourably well with the experimental values. The values explain the rate of microbial growth and level of lag phase condition. The growth rate of the microbes were found to be higher because there is high deposition of substrate for growth and energy, while at some periods it degrades showing that the substrates have reduced in concentration including the inhibition from the pH. In some cases when the microbes developed lag phase condition it may be as a result of other environmental factors. Finally, the growth rates are between fifty and hundred days, showing that there is constant regeneration of the microbes including other environmental factors.
Seasonal diversity of diving birds in the Periyakulam Lake, Tiruchirappalli, ...cormorantmohanraj
S. Mohanraj and J. Pandiyan*
PG Research Department of Zoology and Wildlife Biology, AVC College Mannampandal, Mayiladuthuari - 609 305.
Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
Wetlands are the major feeding habitats for water birds. The water birds were estimated weekly by using total count
method during 06.00 am to 06.00 pm. Totally seven species of diving birds were observed from Junuary-2011 to December2012. The overall diving bird density was recorded maximum during the monsoon period of Year I and Year II i.e.
261.33±41.345/ha and 428.72±49.388/ha respectively. The density, diversity and species richness varied significantly
between the years and among the seasons (P<0.05). The present study proves the Periyakulam lake is one of the viable
habitats for the diving bird population.
Interface change of seawater and freshwater on Asam – Asam Watersheds, South ...Innspub Net
Temporal change of seawater and fresh water interface in the watershed area needs scientific study on dynamics of ecosystem parameters in different seasons and analysis of satellite imagery. This research aims to assess the change of interface seawater and freshwater from the temporal estuary upstream. The study used four methods: (1) Interviews with local community respondents; determined with snowball method. (2) Secondary data obtained from the Report of Environmental Monitoring Result of Power Plant Operations of Asam – Asam in 2014 (3) Observed parameters include pH, salinity, electrical conductivity in the dry season (August), transition (October) and rainy season (December). (4) Temporal observations with the use of satellite imagery analysis with Nipah (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) as indicator. According to the respondent, seawater intrusion has occurred extremely from the estuary of Asam-Asam river to the upstream. Secondary data shows significant differences in the intake value of DHL Asam-Asam power plant (546 μ mhos/cm) with upstream intake (231 μ mhos/cm) which means the intrusion of sea water is moderate to high level. Field observations show the dry season (August 2013) interface was 12.86 miles from the estuary, whereas in transitional season (October 2013) was 12.53 miles from estuary, and rainy season (December 2013) is 5.24 km from the estuary. Satellite imagery showed the interface in 1991 was 8.13 miles from the estuary and increase upstream from 0.03 to 1.86 per year. In 2014, the interface becomes 12.88 miles from the estuary. This shows that the sea water increasingly moving toward the river. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on Microbial and Nutrient Levels Along ...Douglas Anyona
1. The study assessed the influence of anthropogenic activities on nutrient and microbial levels along two tributaries (Amala and Nyangores) of the Mara River in Kenya.
2. Higher levels of total phosphorus were found along the Nyangores tributary compared to the Amala tributary. Sites within urban areas and with human/livestock contact had significantly higher nutrient and microbial levels.
3. The findings imply that the health of local communities relying on this water source for domestic use may be compromised. Regular monitoring, enforcement of environmental laws, public education and proper sewage disposal are recommended.
The document summarizes a study that monitored water quality and benthic ecosystems around fish farms in Igoumenitsa Bay, Greece between 2011-2012. Water samples found increased nutrients like phosphorus near the fish farms, especially in summer, indicating localized eutrophication. A dispersion model showed waste from the farms could spread over 120 meters, mostly towards the coast. The benthic ecosystem was not significantly disturbed, though a biotic index found potential ecological risk in summer. Increased feeding and fish metabolism in summer, combined with seasonal currents, contributed to the localized nutrient increase near the farms.
Suitability of tube wells water for drinking at lalpur upazila in natore dist...Khulna University
The aim of the study was to observe the suitability of tube-wells water consumed by people of Lalpur upazila in Natore district for drinking purpose in comparison to standard of World Health Organization (WHO) and the standard of Bangladesh. In this study, it was tried to find out the physical and chemical conditions of the drinkable tube-wells water used in the studied region and to observe the presence or absence of total coliform & Escherichia coli bacteria.
This study assessed the water quality of Gahar Lake in Iran using macroinvertebrate-based biotic indexes. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled from four stations in the lake over three seasons. A total of 10 families across 6 orders were identified. The Hilsenhoff Family Biotic Index was used to calculate a biotic index of 1.75, indicating the lake water quality was excellent with no apparent organic pollution. Chironomidae and Simulidae families had the highest abundances while Agrionidae and Perlidae had the lowest. Spring season had the highest diversity and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates.
A comparative assessment of the quality of harvested rainwater, underground w...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed and compared the quality of harvested rainwater, underground water, and surface water in Ughelli, Southern Nigeria for domestic use. Water samples were collected from these three sources and analyzed in the laboratory according to WHO standards for drinking water quality. The study found variations in physico-chemical parameters between the different water sources, but parameters like pH, temperature, TDS, sulphate and zinc met WHO standards. The study concluded domestic water sources need protection and monitoring to safeguard human health and ensure sustainable water quality supply.
This study highlighted the pernicious elements present in the sediment and water of Aba River.Upstream and downstream sediment and water samples were collected at four different sampling points along Aba River. The samples were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. Microbiological analyses were carried out using the spread plate method and bacterial and fungal isolates identified using standard methods. Analyses were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties using standard methods. Results obtained showed the presence of heavy metals in sediment physicochemical parameters in the ranges of turbidity (11.00-15.00NTU), conductivity (1.80-3.09µS/cm), BOD5 (2.10-5.05mg/g), COD (19.50-25.60mg/g), TDS (610-840mg/g), pH (7.20-7.55), temperature (29.00-30.10°C), K (7.16-9.15mg/g), Na (3.53-4.85mg/g), Mg (4.30-5.40 mg/g), Cr (0.04-0.20mg/g), Zn (0.21-0.35mg/g), Fe (3.75-4.42mg/g), Al (1.05-1.25 mg/g), SO42- (11.75-13.11mg/g), PO42- (0.30-1.1 1mg/g), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/g). Water physicochemical parameters were in the ranges of turbidity (3.30-9.00mg/l), conductivity (0.63-1.80mg/l), BOD5 (1.72-2. 50mg/l), COD (14.39-22.40mg/l), DO (2.95-5.6mg/l), TDS (245-556mg/l), pH (6.90-7.50), temperature (28.50-30.50°C), K (0.001-6.55mg/l), Na (1.25-3.55mg/l), Mg (1.50-4.60mg/l), Cr (0.00-0.15mg/l), Zn (0.01-0.13mg/l), Fe (1.15-3.95mg/l), Al (0.001-1.12mg/l), SO42- (11.75-13.30mg/l), PO42- (0.30-1.11mg/l), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/l). The mean bacterial counts recorded for the different sampling points were higher in the wet season for sediment samples (0.97-6.00 x 106 cfu/g) than in the dry season (2.15-5.85 x 106 cfu/g), also the mean bacterial counts recorded for water samples were higher in the wet season (1.41-2.95 x 106 cfu/ml) than in the dry season (1.31-2.39 x 106 cfu/ml). The diversity of microorganisms isolated and identified were; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentariea,, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia mercences, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Fusarium poae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor sp. The distribution of these organisms varied between samples, distance and season. The high level of both microorganisms and heavy metals suggest that the anthropogenic activities in the River could cause health menace to users and therefore should be put to check regularly.
Qualitative Evaluation and Hydrogeochemical Attributes of Groundwater in Ower...iosrjce
The qualitative evaluation and hydrogeochemical attributes of groundwater in Owerri Capital
Territory Owerri was investigated to assess the quality for human consumption and agricultural purposes. A
total of sixteen (16) groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and biological
properties. The range of temperature (oC), colour (Hz), and turbidity of groundwater in the study area are
between: 20-28.3, 5-15, and 1-50 respectively. The average of pH , conductivity (us/cm),TDS (mg/l), and
hardness (mg/l) are: 7.66, 0.135, 34.64, and 7.94 respectively. The result also reveals that the concentration of
Na+
(mg/l), K+
(mg/l), Ca2+(mg/l), Mg2+(mg/l), Fe+
(mg/l), Pb2+(mg/l),Cd2+(mg/l), Cu+
(mg/l),and Zn2+ (mg/l)
range between: 3.33-7.6, 0.2-6.8, 2.4-8.3,1.02-3.44, 0.001-0.59, 0.001-0.01, 0-0.16, 0.06-2.88 and 0.01-2.18
respectively. Water Classification result of the groundwater samples show the predominance of alkali
bicarbonate water type (Na+ + K+
) - HCO3
-
that is largely soft and therefore, mostly of acceptable quality for
household uses. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) of the groundwater samples in the study area showed that the
samples fall below 1.4meq/l, indicating predominance of excellent water for irrigation purposes in accordance
with recommended standard. This study recommends among other things that groundwater resources
development in the area requires elaborate qualitative assessment, to ensure that any necessary pre-use
treatment is effected.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment Systemijtsrd
This paper emphasized on "Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment System". KanDawGyi Lake is used for wastewater collection. It is situated in ChanMyaThaZi Township, Mandalay and near the AyeYarWaddy river. Residential, commercial and industrial area are existed surrounding the KanDawGyi Lake. Water from human activities such as cooking, bathing, washing and septic tanks effluent is discharged into drains by gravity flow without treatment. Average six million gallons of wastewater discharged from Mandalay City area flow into KanDawGyi Lake passing through ThinGaZar creek daily. So, lake water has been contaminated by domestic wastewater. This has resulted detrimental effects on the ecosystem. Water in recreation center should be aesthetically pleasing and essentially free of toxicants and pathogenic organisms. Seven collection points such as entrance, east of north side, south east of north side, south of north side, water fountains, PyiGyiMon barge and exit of KanDawGyi Lake are chosen to collect the wastewater sample. The water quality of KanDawGyi Lake is evaluated by various parameters such as temperature, turbidity, suspended solids, dissolved solids, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, total solids and bacteria. According to test results, alkalinity, chlorides, dissolved solids, suspended solids, and total solids are uncertified. Therefore, in this paper wetland design of natural treatment system is used at the entrance of the lake to control the water pollution. Moh Moh | San San Myint "Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25323.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25323/water-pollution-control-for-mandalay-kandawgyi-lake-by-natural-treatment-system/moh-moh
Trophic state indices and Phytoplankton quotients for the Kisumu Bay, Lake Vi...Douglas Anyona
This study aimed to estimate phytoplankton quotients and trophic state indices for Kisumu Bay in Lake Victoria to determine the bay's eutrophic level. Water and phytoplankton samples were collected from 5 stations in the bay from 2009-2010. Cyanophyceae was the most dominant phytoplankton group at 57%. The mean phytoplankton quotient was estimated to be 4.1, indicating a high eutrophic state. Nutrient levels were also high, with total phosphorus at 289.6 μg/L and total nitrogen at 1518.5 μg/L. The elevated eutrophic state was attributed to high nutrient loads from anthropogenic activities, industrial and
Potentially harmful algae along the kenyan coast a norm or threat.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study of potentially harmful algal species along the Kenyan coast from 2009-2010. A total of 39 potentially harmful algal taxa were observed over the study period. The taxa with the highest abundances were Chaetoceros sp., Nitzschia sp., Coscinodiscus sp., Pseudo-nitzschia sp., Rhizosolenia sp., Anabaena sp., Protoperidinium sp., Oscillatoria sp. and Trichodesnium sp. whereas the lowest abundances were Fibrocapsa sp., Chrysochromulina sp., Umezakia sp., Dinophysis sp. and Aphanizomenom sp. The
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Abstract— This research focuses primarily on the causes, consequences and ways of mitigating the ongoing fresh water pollution problems among Akure communities. Surface water quality of River Ala, which cut across the town of Akure was assessed and three locations (3) were chosen spatially to reflect a consideration of all possible human activities capable of changing the quality of river water. Water samples were analyzed for physio-chemical parameters and it was observed that variations exists in the quality of the sampled waters and impaired to different degrees using WHO drinking water standards for the selected parameters. Leo road (Ala 3) has the highest dissolved solids, which shows that the dumping of waste to the water bodies might have caused the higher occurrence; the PH was low in Ala 3 and high in Ala 1 (Oke-Ijebu) with 6.9 and 7.4 respectively. The water is coloured, total alkalinity total hardness, iron and turbidity were found to be above the WHO standard, therefore not suitable for domestic use.
3 ijfaf jul-2017-1-evaluation of the ichthyofaunalAI Publications
Fish constitute more than half of the total number of all the aquatic vertebrates in the world; thus, a study was carried out for six months from January-June, 2016 to investigate the physico-chemical parameters, composition, abundance and diversity of ichthyofauna present in some sections of Omambala, Ezu and Ahommiri Rivers in Anambra state, Nigeria. Water samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis and fish samples were also collected with the assistance of artisanal fishermen using different types of traditional fishing gears namely - gill nets, cast nets, hook and line, local traps (baited) and bag nets to evaluate fish species composition and abundance. The result of the physico-chemical analysis showed uniform values for temperature (25±0.16oC-30±0.48oC), dissolved oxygen (3.65±0.78-5.65±0.11mg/l) and biochemical oxygen demand (13±0.03-16±0.08mg/l) which favoured the distribution of fishes present in different sections of the three Rivers. A total catch of 11,031 fishes were recorded from the three Rivers which comprised 11 orders, 29 families, 43 genera and 69 species. Umuoba-Anam section had 9691 catches, Ebenebe section (702) and Awa section (638). Monthly composition showed highest in March (1,909) and June (2,294) for dry and rainy seasons respectively. Seasonal composition showed highest during the rainy season with a total number of 5922 fishes while 5109 fishes was recorded for the dry season. The diversity indices of the three Rivers indicated diverse communities with ten common species variety and Shannon Weiner (H’) diversity index of 2.755-3.682. Tilapia zilli (22.2%) was the most common and abundant species followed by Clarias anguillaris (21.4%), Malapterus electricus (18.9%), Heterobranchus bidorsalis (15.4%), Xenomystis nigri (14.6%), Heterotis niloticus (13.0%), Auchenoglanis monkei (11.0%), Tilapia dageti (10.2%), Hepsetus odoe (8.1%) and Bagrus filamentosus (7.2%). The study revealed that taxa richness and species diversity increase with increased water level and uniform physico-chemical changes. Further survey of fish species diversity and abundance should be carried out continuously for a longer period on a larger scale for a thorough assessment of the water bodies and their fishery potentials.
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
Fluctuation of NO3-N and PO4 Elements in The Traditional Pond Area at TidesIJAEMSJORNAL
Traditional pond technology depends on nature in management, such as filling and disposal of pond water utilizing the time of low and high tides. The food for traditional pond technology comes from nature. The availability of nutrients such as N and P greatly determines the productivity of pond. The study was aimed to determine the fluctuations of N and P elements in traditional pond areas at tides. This research was conducted with purposive sampling method and laboratory analysis for several water parameters. The results showed that pH ranged from 7 to 8 both at low tide and high tide. The average value of nitrate (NO3) from five locations was extended from 0.106 to 1.495 mg/l. The value of silica (Si) ranged from 5,287 to 10,876 mg/l in low tide. Orthophosphate at low tide ranged from 0.027 to 0.090 mg/l, the highest value was in the coast station and the lowest was in the sea station. Whereas the value of nitrate (NO3) and orthophosphate in high tide ranged from 0.830 to 1.495 mg/l and 0.039 to 0.090 mg/l. Nutrients were abundant enough to support the growth and development of primary producers. So, the waters in this region include fertile waters.
In Aleg, Mauritania, especially in the rural areas where there is no supply of
treated water for drinking and other domestic uses, natural surface water is the only
source. The objective was to assess the water quality of natural sources of water in
the rural areas of the BRAKNA region (in the south-west of the country) using a water
quality index (WQI) for different seasons. A total of 40 samples, that is, 20 in winter
and 20 in summer were collected from different sources for physicochemical analysis,
and a WQI was calculated. Twenty-seven parameters were evaluated (Rrgaonkar and
V. Deshpande et al. 2007).
Follow-up and physicochemical analyzes made it possible to determine the WQI
index. The results obtained show that raw water from Lake Aleg is classified in the
category "Unsuitable" (undesirable).
The overall quality of the waters is strongly influenced by the alternation of
seasons of the year. Correlation analysis showed a perfect correlation between WQI
and water turbidity (r = 0.999). This made it possible to specify the turbidity as a
factor of deterioration in the quality of the lake water
Length-weight models and condition factors of fishes from Okpara Stream, Ouem...AI Publications
Length frequency distributions, length-weight models and condition factors of 21 dominant fish species of the Okpara stream (Oueme River) were examined in Northern-Benin in order to evaluate the well-being of these fish taxa. Samplings were made monthly from December 2015 to May 2017 with seines, gill nets hawks and a total of 9,302 individuals were collected. Fish abundance ranged from 53 individuals for Mormyrus rume to 2,818 for Hemichromis fasciatus. Standard length (SL) varied from 1.2 cm (Coptodon guineensis) to 51.8 cm (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus). Length-weight regressions equations showed significant (p < 0.05) correlation coefficients (r) ranging between 0.4664 and 0.9949 with slopes (b) between 2.2262 and 3.7703 corresponding to isometric, positive allometric and negative allometric growths displayed by 4, 8 and 9 species, respectively. Condition factors K varied between 0.17 - 29.38 and species with higher well-being were Oreochromis niloticus with K=29.38, Hyperopisius bebe (K=20.14), Coptodon zillii (K=19.25), Mormyrus rume (K=17.13) and Sarotherodon galilaeus multifasciatus (K=16.16). A sustainable exploitation of these fishes requires an ecosystem restoration scheme including habitat protection, species conservation and an ecological follow-up of the Okpara stream.
A study on the biodiversity of snake island in South Andaman - JBESInnspub Net
Snake Island is an uninhabited small rocky islet off Carbyn’s Cove in Port Blair, Andaman. The biodiversity of this rocky island is its distinctive feature as it becomes a small habitat for various organisms close to the open sea. During this present study a total no. of 217 species were recorded out of which 205 has been identified. Pisces was the dominant group, followed by cnidarians, molluscs, arthropods etc. The island is highly influenced by sea water as during high tides nearly 75 % of the island is submerged by seawater. This is the reason of dominance of marine organisms (94 %) over terrestrial organisms (6 %) in the island. Another characteristic feature of the island is the formation of numerous rocky and sandy water channels and the presence of a ‘coral pool’ at the end of one such channel on the north-eastern part of the island. During high tide these channels are filled with water and exchange of seawater takes place in the coral pool, where highest diversity of species was observed. Lack of intertidal species in the island is evident due to the high action of waves from the open sea and lack of hiding areas other than rocky crevices. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE TRANSPORT OF E.COLI IN A NAT...IAEME Publication
Development of mathematical model to predict the rate of microbial depositions (E.coli) in a natural pond has been carried out. The models were developed to monitor the rate of concentration at different periods, with respect to the length of the pond at various sample station. Results of the theoretical values were compared with the experimental analysis. The analysis was thoroughly done to determine the physiochemical parameters of the pond. Microbial traces were found from the experimental analysis at different periods up to hundred days. The developed model compared favourably well with the experimental values. The values explain the rate of microbial growth and level of lag phase condition. The growth rate of the microbes were found to be higher because there is high deposition of substrate for growth and energy, while at some periods it degrades showing that the substrates have reduced in concentration including the inhibition from the pH. In some cases when the microbes developed lag phase condition it may be as a result of other environmental factors. Finally, the growth rates are between fifty and hundred days, showing that there is constant regeneration of the microbes including other environmental factors.
Seasonal diversity of diving birds in the Periyakulam Lake, Tiruchirappalli, ...cormorantmohanraj
S. Mohanraj and J. Pandiyan*
PG Research Department of Zoology and Wildlife Biology, AVC College Mannampandal, Mayiladuthuari - 609 305.
Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
Wetlands are the major feeding habitats for water birds. The water birds were estimated weekly by using total count
method during 06.00 am to 06.00 pm. Totally seven species of diving birds were observed from Junuary-2011 to December2012. The overall diving bird density was recorded maximum during the monsoon period of Year I and Year II i.e.
261.33±41.345/ha and 428.72±49.388/ha respectively. The density, diversity and species richness varied significantly
between the years and among the seasons (P<0.05). The present study proves the Periyakulam lake is one of the viable
habitats for the diving bird population.
Interface change of seawater and freshwater on Asam – Asam Watersheds, South ...Innspub Net
Temporal change of seawater and fresh water interface in the watershed area needs scientific study on dynamics of ecosystem parameters in different seasons and analysis of satellite imagery. This research aims to assess the change of interface seawater and freshwater from the temporal estuary upstream. The study used four methods: (1) Interviews with local community respondents; determined with snowball method. (2) Secondary data obtained from the Report of Environmental Monitoring Result of Power Plant Operations of Asam – Asam in 2014 (3) Observed parameters include pH, salinity, electrical conductivity in the dry season (August), transition (October) and rainy season (December). (4) Temporal observations with the use of satellite imagery analysis with Nipah (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) as indicator. According to the respondent, seawater intrusion has occurred extremely from the estuary of Asam-Asam river to the upstream. Secondary data shows significant differences in the intake value of DHL Asam-Asam power plant (546 μ mhos/cm) with upstream intake (231 μ mhos/cm) which means the intrusion of sea water is moderate to high level. Field observations show the dry season (August 2013) interface was 12.86 miles from the estuary, whereas in transitional season (October 2013) was 12.53 miles from estuary, and rainy season (December 2013) is 5.24 km from the estuary. Satellite imagery showed the interface in 1991 was 8.13 miles from the estuary and increase upstream from 0.03 to 1.86 per year. In 2014, the interface becomes 12.88 miles from the estuary. This shows that the sea water increasingly moving toward the river. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on Microbial and Nutrient Levels Along ...Douglas Anyona
1. The study assessed the influence of anthropogenic activities on nutrient and microbial levels along two tributaries (Amala and Nyangores) of the Mara River in Kenya.
2. Higher levels of total phosphorus were found along the Nyangores tributary compared to the Amala tributary. Sites within urban areas and with human/livestock contact had significantly higher nutrient and microbial levels.
3. The findings imply that the health of local communities relying on this water source for domestic use may be compromised. Regular monitoring, enforcement of environmental laws, public education and proper sewage disposal are recommended.
The document summarizes a study that monitored water quality and benthic ecosystems around fish farms in Igoumenitsa Bay, Greece between 2011-2012. Water samples found increased nutrients like phosphorus near the fish farms, especially in summer, indicating localized eutrophication. A dispersion model showed waste from the farms could spread over 120 meters, mostly towards the coast. The benthic ecosystem was not significantly disturbed, though a biotic index found potential ecological risk in summer. Increased feeding and fish metabolism in summer, combined with seasonal currents, contributed to the localized nutrient increase near the farms.
Suitability of tube wells water for drinking at lalpur upazila in natore dist...Khulna University
The aim of the study was to observe the suitability of tube-wells water consumed by people of Lalpur upazila in Natore district for drinking purpose in comparison to standard of World Health Organization (WHO) and the standard of Bangladesh. In this study, it was tried to find out the physical and chemical conditions of the drinkable tube-wells water used in the studied region and to observe the presence or absence of total coliform & Escherichia coli bacteria.
This study assessed the water quality of Gahar Lake in Iran using macroinvertebrate-based biotic indexes. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled from four stations in the lake over three seasons. A total of 10 families across 6 orders were identified. The Hilsenhoff Family Biotic Index was used to calculate a biotic index of 1.75, indicating the lake water quality was excellent with no apparent organic pollution. Chironomidae and Simulidae families had the highest abundances while Agrionidae and Perlidae had the lowest. Spring season had the highest diversity and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates.
A comparative assessment of the quality of harvested rainwater, underground w...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed and compared the quality of harvested rainwater, underground water, and surface water in Ughelli, Southern Nigeria for domestic use. Water samples were collected from these three sources and analyzed in the laboratory according to WHO standards for drinking water quality. The study found variations in physico-chemical parameters between the different water sources, but parameters like pH, temperature, TDS, sulphate and zinc met WHO standards. The study concluded domestic water sources need protection and monitoring to safeguard human health and ensure sustainable water quality supply.
This study highlighted the pernicious elements present in the sediment and water of Aba River.Upstream and downstream sediment and water samples were collected at four different sampling points along Aba River. The samples were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. Microbiological analyses were carried out using the spread plate method and bacterial and fungal isolates identified using standard methods. Analyses were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties using standard methods. Results obtained showed the presence of heavy metals in sediment physicochemical parameters in the ranges of turbidity (11.00-15.00NTU), conductivity (1.80-3.09µS/cm), BOD5 (2.10-5.05mg/g), COD (19.50-25.60mg/g), TDS (610-840mg/g), pH (7.20-7.55), temperature (29.00-30.10°C), K (7.16-9.15mg/g), Na (3.53-4.85mg/g), Mg (4.30-5.40 mg/g), Cr (0.04-0.20mg/g), Zn (0.21-0.35mg/g), Fe (3.75-4.42mg/g), Al (1.05-1.25 mg/g), SO42- (11.75-13.11mg/g), PO42- (0.30-1.1 1mg/g), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/g). Water physicochemical parameters were in the ranges of turbidity (3.30-9.00mg/l), conductivity (0.63-1.80mg/l), BOD5 (1.72-2. 50mg/l), COD (14.39-22.40mg/l), DO (2.95-5.6mg/l), TDS (245-556mg/l), pH (6.90-7.50), temperature (28.50-30.50°C), K (0.001-6.55mg/l), Na (1.25-3.55mg/l), Mg (1.50-4.60mg/l), Cr (0.00-0.15mg/l), Zn (0.01-0.13mg/l), Fe (1.15-3.95mg/l), Al (0.001-1.12mg/l), SO42- (11.75-13.30mg/l), PO42- (0.30-1.11mg/l), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/l). The mean bacterial counts recorded for the different sampling points were higher in the wet season for sediment samples (0.97-6.00 x 106 cfu/g) than in the dry season (2.15-5.85 x 106 cfu/g), also the mean bacterial counts recorded for water samples were higher in the wet season (1.41-2.95 x 106 cfu/ml) than in the dry season (1.31-2.39 x 106 cfu/ml). The diversity of microorganisms isolated and identified were; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentariea,, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia mercences, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Fusarium poae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor sp. The distribution of these organisms varied between samples, distance and season. The high level of both microorganisms and heavy metals suggest that the anthropogenic activities in the River could cause health menace to users and therefore should be put to check regularly.
Qualitative Evaluation and Hydrogeochemical Attributes of Groundwater in Ower...iosrjce
The qualitative evaluation and hydrogeochemical attributes of groundwater in Owerri Capital
Territory Owerri was investigated to assess the quality for human consumption and agricultural purposes. A
total of sixteen (16) groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and biological
properties. The range of temperature (oC), colour (Hz), and turbidity of groundwater in the study area are
between: 20-28.3, 5-15, and 1-50 respectively. The average of pH , conductivity (us/cm),TDS (mg/l), and
hardness (mg/l) are: 7.66, 0.135, 34.64, and 7.94 respectively. The result also reveals that the concentration of
Na+
(mg/l), K+
(mg/l), Ca2+(mg/l), Mg2+(mg/l), Fe+
(mg/l), Pb2+(mg/l),Cd2+(mg/l), Cu+
(mg/l),and Zn2+ (mg/l)
range between: 3.33-7.6, 0.2-6.8, 2.4-8.3,1.02-3.44, 0.001-0.59, 0.001-0.01, 0-0.16, 0.06-2.88 and 0.01-2.18
respectively. Water Classification result of the groundwater samples show the predominance of alkali
bicarbonate water type (Na+ + K+
) - HCO3
-
that is largely soft and therefore, mostly of acceptable quality for
household uses. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) of the groundwater samples in the study area showed that the
samples fall below 1.4meq/l, indicating predominance of excellent water for irrigation purposes in accordance
with recommended standard. This study recommends among other things that groundwater resources
development in the area requires elaborate qualitative assessment, to ensure that any necessary pre-use
treatment is effected.
Biometric Assessment of Bacteriological Profile of Borehole Water in Relation...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study that assessed the bacteriological profile of borehole water from nine student hostels in relation to sewage disposal units. Water samples were tested for total bacteria counts and fecal coliform counts. Higher counts were found in samples from hostels closer to sewage units and from older boreholes. Bacteria isolated included E. coli, Klebsiella, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, and Vibrio cholerae. Total bacteria counts correlated with fecal coliform counts and negatively correlated with distance from sewage units. The study concludes that boreholes should be farther from sewage units and older boreholes require treatment to improve water quality.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation Issues: A Survey of a Semi-Urban Settin...IJRES Journal
An assessment on the drinking water quality from major source (borehole) and household in a semi-urban setting in Nigeria was carried out. Structured questionnaire was administered to randomly selected households in seven zones of the municipality to determine the common method of collection and transportation, storage, and sanitation practices. Water samples collected were subjected to laboratory analyses for physico-chemical and microbial properties. The result of the physico-chemical analysis when compared against the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) drinking water quality benchmark revealed that the water samples were within standards for consumable water except for the presence of feacal contamination. The result revealed that before water can be totally considered safe for drinking, further treatment is required at the household level due to fecal contamination, and water safety concerns are also highlighted. The result translates to the fact that compliance assessment with standards and impact assessment studies in determining the fate of pollutants is necessary at all levels.
Physicochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality from Hand Dug Wells and Bor...IJAEMSJORNAL
The document summarizes a study that assessed the physicochemical quality of groundwater from hand-dug wells and boreholes in Mokola-Eleyele, Ibadan, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 21 points and analyzed for pH, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium. The results were within Nigerian drinking water quality standards for all parameters. Statistical analysis found significant correlations between chemical contents at confidence levels of 90%, 95%, and 99%, indicating relationships between the parameters. The study concluded that the water quality from both well types was suitable for human consumption based on meeting regulatory standards.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document analyzes water quality parameters of the Vaigai River in Tamil Nadu, India. Samples were collected from three locations along the river on a monthly basis and tested for total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and magnesium. The results found that two of the sampling locations had water quality issues like high dissolved solids and magnesium that require treatment for drinking. Water quality was generally better during monsoon seasons with more rainfall. The study aims to evaluate the river's water resources and classify them for different uses.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Present (2014) geochemical and microbial trends of underground water affecte...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Determinants of household water quality in the tamale metropolis, ghanaAlexander Decker
This study assessed factors influencing household water quality in Tamale, Ghana. Water samples were collected from 250 households and tested for contaminants. The results showed that 83% of samples tested positive for E. coli, and the majority had feacal coliform bacteria present. Water source, distance to source, and water storage practices were found to impact household water quality. Those fetching water from outside sources like public standpipes were less likely to have quality water compared to those with in-home sources. On-site water treatment is needed to ensure water safety for domestic use in Tamale.
The Growth of Oreochromis niloticus (2.6g initial average size) was studied in 100m2 earthen ponds for 180 days under tropical field environment. Varying fertilizing regimes consisting of Pennisetum purpureum (PP) and Musa sapientum (MS), two locally available weedy grasses were applied in duplicates in the experimental ponds, at the rate of 0.1-0.2 kg dry matter per m2 per day. Water quality parameters were monitored bimonthly between 8:00am-9:00am . Final average fish weight varied significantly (p<0.05) as follows: 43.85g, 35.5g, 59.5g, 24.9g and 50g, 2 respectively for PP, MS, MS+PP, T0 and T1. Corresponding daily growth were 2.2g/d, 0.1g/d, 0.3g/d, 0.1g/d and 0.2g/d. Survival rate equally varied significantly as follow: 60 %, 67 %, and 98 %, 70 % and 97 % respectively. During the study period, the results indicated the water quality were permissibole limits and can be used for livestock of Oreochromis niloticus .
Municipal Waste: Effect on the Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Parameter...IIJSRJournal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of water samples from Otamiri River in Owerri, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from five locations along the river, with one location serving as a control site upstream of waste inputs. The study found that many of the physicochemical parameters exceeded normal levels at some locations downstream of municipal waste dumping, mechanical workshops, and other human activities. Microbiological analysis showed high bacterial counts in the river water, which was attributed to leachate from human waste dumping along the riverbanks. Statistical analysis found several physicochemical parameters, such as turbidity, phosphates, and nitrates, were positively correlated with increased microbial levels in the river
This document summarizes a study that assessed pollutant levels in Lake Tadie in Mampong Ashanti, Ghana. Water samples were collected from 5 points around the lake and analyzed for physicochemical and biological parameters in a laboratory. The results found that temperature, total dissolved solids, and levels of sulfate, nitrate and phosphate were within recommended limits. However, pH levels and concentrations of iron, lead and fecal coliform bacteria exceeded guidelines. The acidic pH is likely due to runoff of fertilizers and waste from surrounding agricultural and residential areas entering the lake. Overall, the lake water quality has been impacted by human activities in the area.
Solar Desalination Plant for South African industryLungisani Miya
South Africa faces water scarcity issues due to uneven freshwater distribution and a growing population. Desalination is a potential solution to produce fresh water from saline sources, but conventional desalination technologies require large amounts of energy not available in many rural areas. The document describes the development of a prototype solar desalination plant that uses renewable solar energy. The system is a low-cost, sustainable solar-assisted distillation design that mimics the natural water cycle to produce potable water from brackish sources for rural communities lacking access to clean water or electricity. Initial tests found the prototype's flow rate compares favorably to other small-scale solar desalination systems developed locally.
The document summarizes a study that was conducted to determine sources of water pollution in Appiakrom community, Ghana. The study examined a dam, pond, and two boreholes used by the community. Laboratory analysis of water samples found that the dam, which supplies water to the district, had been polluted by anthropogenic activities. The rusty nature of one borehole was attributed to underground parent materials. The pond interfaced with the dam, and pollution could flow between the two sources. The authors recommend blocking channels between the pond and dam, and practicing zero-fertilizer farming near the dam to reduce pollution.
Shallow Well Water Quality in Akure Metrapolis .by Ojo MaryNSEAkure
This study analyzed water quality in shallow wells in Akure, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from wells and tested for physical, chemical, and bacteriological quality. The results found that 30% of samples exceeded the WHO limit for total dissolved solids. Additionally, 60% of samples tested positive for E. coli, indicating fecal contamination. While most samples met WHO standards for turbidity, taste, and metals, 90% fell outside the recommended pH range of 6.5-8.5. The study concluded water treatment like disinfection is needed for some wells due to contamination issues.
This study evaluated the microbiological and physicochemical quality of water from the Nzhelele River in South Africa, which is an important source of drinking water for rural communities. Membrane filtration and specialized equipment were used to analyze E. coli, enterococci, pH, conductivity, turbidity, and anion levels from January to June 2014. Results found high levels of fecal bacteria that exceeded limits for drinking water. However, measurements of pH, conductivity, and anions were within permissible limits. The study concludes that while chemical parameters of the river water meet guidelines, it is contaminated with fecal organisms and poses health risks if used for drinking without treatment.
Trace metals concentration determination in domestic waterAlexander Decker
This document analyzes trace metal concentrations in domestic water samples from Keana mine area in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from wells, boreholes, and streams in the area and analyzed for concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, strontium, lead, thorium, and zinc using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results found high levels of arsenic exceeding WHO guidelines in all samples. Strontium levels were close to the acceptable range. Lead and zinc concentrations were low. The high arsenic levels pose a health risk and suggest closer monitoring of water sources is needed to reduce risks to local inhabitants.
Similar to Physico Chemical and Bacteriological Quality of Water Sources in the Coast of Ndian, South West Region, Cameroon Health Implications (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26626 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 1092
absence of pipe-borne water. Poor citing of wells has led to
problems of shortages of potable water in some of the
communities especially during the dry season. These
communities therefore resort to doubtfulwaterqualityfrom
streams, rivers and the creeks for householduseduring such
periods. Therefore, understanding the quality of water in
this area of study is an important step for the sustainable
management and development of this resource. In this
circumstance, the present study was aimed to check the
suitability of the water sources for drinking purpose.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
LOCATION OF STUDY AREA
The study area is located in the South Western Coast of
Cameroon at the western end of the Gulf of Guinea (Figure
1). The area is an extension of the western margin of the
Niger Delta of Nigeria (Regnoult, 1986). Together with the
Douala and Kribi-Campo Basins, it was formed during the
Aptian-Albian times (Agyingi et al., 2006). It is bordered in
the west and northwest by the Niger Delta Basin, in the
south it is limited by the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean), in
the north by the Rumpi Hills and to the eastbytheCameroon
Volcanic Line which separates the basin from the Douala
Basin.
HYDROGEOLOGY
Water sources in the study area developed from three
geological ranges: superficial alluvial aquifers and
weathered/fractured crystalline rocks. Thesprings ooze out
from alluvium, jointed basalts to weathered and fractured
gneisses. Wells in the study area are characterized with
depths of ≥ 7 m made up of sand, gravel and clayey sand
(Wotany et al., 2014). Aquifers of the study area are similar
in geology to those of the Niger Delta (Okereke et al., 1998;
Edet, 2009). They are characterized by alternating layers of
gravels, sands, silts and clays thus giving rise to a multi-
aquifer system as in the Douala Basin in Cameroon
(Regnoult, 1986; Mafany et al., 2006). Borehole depths are
generally less than 100m (UNESCO-ISARM, 2011). Volcanic
aquifers in the study area are same as those in the Buem
formation in Ghana (Yidana, 2010). Gneisses constitute the
major rock types in the north and northeast of the area. The
fractured gneisses are of immense importance with regards
to water delivery in Mundemba town and environs.
In-situ physico-chemical measurements (pH, EC, TDS) and water
sampling
Water sampling involved the collection of 51 water samples
and the measurement of physical parameters (pH,
temperature, EC TDS) in situ. The physical parameters were
measured on-site due to their unstable nature to avoid
unpredictable changes in characteristics as per thestandard
procedures (APHA/AWWA, 1998).ThepH, temperatureand
totaldissolved solids (TDS) were measured usingtheHanna
98128 multi parameter type. Electrical conductivity (EC)
values were measured using the Model 3301 conductivity
meter. These meters were calibrated before and during
fieldwork using buffer solutions as prescribed by the
manufacturers.ThemethodprescribedbyAPHA(1992), was
used for collection of water samples for microbial analysis.
Fifty one different localities of Ndian (Fig.1) were selected
for collection of water samples. Samples were collected from
the areas where people are using ground and surface water
for drinking. At each sampling site, water from springs,
streams, beaches and rivers was collected into a plastic
bottle after thorough rinsing with distilled waterto clean the
bottles and the water to be sampled in order to prevent
contamination. Water from open wells was drawn using
buckets tied with ropes. Water from pumpwellwaspumped
for 5 to 10 minutes in order to purge any aquifer stagnant
water to acquire fresh aquifer samples.
Microbial analysis
The analysis of samples (51) was carried out at the
Microbiological Laboratory of the University of Buea,
Cameroon, within 24 hours of sampling to ensure proper
results. The samples were assessed for total coliforms (TC)
using the multiple fermentation tube method (APHA, 1992).
This method is used to determine if gas- producing lactose
fermenting- bacteria are present in a water sample and to
determine the most probable number (MPN) of coliform
count present per 100 ml of water (APHA, 1992; Benson,
2002). The set up test was made based on the fact that the
water samples were relatively clear and not turbid. The
culture media used was lactose broth, prepared in
accordance with the manufacturer instructions (Benson,
2002). Results are expressed in most probable number
(MPN) per100 ml of water sample. The materials used were
three tubes of Double Strength Lactose Broth (DSLB), six
tubes of Single Strength Lactose Broth (SSLB) (total of 9
tubes), 10 ml pipette and 1ml pipette. All glass wareused for
the study were thoroughly washed and rinsed with distilled
water. This was followed by sterilization in a hot oven at
160oC.Three tubes containing 10ml double strength lactose
broth (DSLB), 3 tubes containing 5ml of single strength
lactose broth (SSLB) and another set of 3 tubes of 5 ml SSLB
were prepared for each sample. An inverted Durham tube
was inserted into each tube to collect the gas produced. The
tubes were autoclaved at 121oC for 15 minutes and then
allowed to cool down. The sample to be tested was
vigorously shaken. To the tubes with DSLB was added 10ml
each of sample, 1.0ml to each of sample to the three tubes
containing 5ml of SSLB and 0.1ml to another set of three
tubes containing 5ml SSLB. The tubes were incubated at
37oC for 48 hours. All tubes showing acid production
(change in colour of medium from yellow to purple) and gas
production in the Durham tubes were recorded as positive.
The presence of 10% or more gas and acid in one or more of
the tubes in 24 hours, indicated water is polluted. The most
probable number (MPN) of coliform was determined as
described in Benson (2002).Thepresenceof gas and acid, for
example, in the first and second sets of 3 tubes, but none in
the last three tubes was read as 3-3-0. From the most
probable number (MPN) index (APHA, 1992; Benson,2002),
the most probable number (MPN) for this particular sample
of water would have approximately 240 organisms per 100
ml of water with 95% probabilityof it being between 36and
1300 organisms (APHA, 1992; Benson, 2002).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results of the bacteriological quality of the analyzed water
samples and physical parameters are presented in Table 1.
Total coliform counts were recorded in 96% of the water
sources (Table1; Fig.1) with the exception of thereservoir in
Mundemba and a spring in Ekombe Liongo with zero
coliform count per mil (0cfu/100ml). The hightotalcoliform
counts did not show any visiblerelationshipwith TDS,Water
temperature and pH (Fig.2abc).
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26626 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 1093
Table 1: Physico-chemical parameters and total coliform counts of water sources in the coast of Ndian
Locality Water
Source
Water
T°C
pH EC TDS av. TC Class Quality type
Bulu Camp, Mundemba Spring 28.5 7.4 9 5.85 2400 D Grossly polluted
Mission Camp, Mundemba Spring 26.6 6.1 24 15.6 7 B Polluted
Ikassa Camp, Mundemba Spring 29.3 7.1 17 11.05 2400 D Grossly polluted
Last Camp, Mundemba Spring 27 6.8 9 5.85 2400 D Grossly polluted
Ekondokondo I Spring 24.6 6.9 8 5.2 2400 D Grossly polluted
Ekondokondo I Spring 21.3 7.1 11 7.15 240 D Grossly polluted
Ekondokondo I Spring 24.8 7 7 4.55 1100 D Grossly polluted
Mekagolo Spring 25.5 6.7 20 13 2400 D Grossly polluted
Ekumbako Spring 27.5 6 7 4.55 21 C Unacceptable
Dibonda Spring 26.5 5.8 3 1.95 2400 D Grossly polluted
Funge Spring 28.2 7 13 8.45 210 D Grossly polluted
EkombeLiongo Spring 27.4 6.4 14 9.1 2400 D Grossly polluted
EkombeLiongo Spring 27 7.6 122 79.3 2400 D Grossly polluted
EkombeLiongo Spring 27.1 6.4 5 3.25 0 A Excellent
IdibaNyanga Spring 25.4 7 38 24.77 2400 D Grossly polluted
Njima Spring 26 7.6 74 48.23 2400 D Grossly polluted
Oron, Isangele Spring 25.1 6.2 11 7.35 2400 D Grossly polluted
Pamol Camp, Mundemba Spring 26.1 6.8 26 16.71 460 D Grossly polluted
Ilor Spring 25.5 7.1 14 8.97 240 D Grossly polluted
Loe Spring 25.9 6.2 16 10.34 93 D Grossly polluted
Mbengmong, Akwa II Spring 26.8 6.3 15 9.75 2400 D Grossly polluted
Gov't quarter, Isangele Spring 25.7 5.6 11 7.28 1100 D Grossly polluted
Ekwe Spring 24.4 7.6 50 32.5 1100 D Grossly polluted
Idibawase Spring 26.5 7 14 8.97 2400 D Grossly polluted
Besingi Spring 25.6 6.5 15 9.43 1100 D Grossly polluted
Ghana Quarter, Mundemba Spring 26.6 6.5 11 6.83 75 D Grossly polluted
Massore Open well 28 5.8 16 10.4 2400 D Grossly polluted
EkondoTiti Open well 27.7 6.4 27 17.55 2400 D Grossly polluted
EkondoTiti Open well 27.8 6.4 12 7.8 2400 D Grossly polluted
Bongongo I Open well 27.9 5.5 65 42.25 2400 D Grossly polluted
EkombeLiongo Open well 28 7.2 142 92.3 28 D Grossly polluted
Mbonge Open well 27.8 6.1 78 50.83 93 D Grossly polluted
Iloani Open well 26.3 5.9 19 12.16 150 D Grossly polluted
Bekora Open well 27.9 5.7 274 178.1 460 D Grossly polluted
Mbonge Pumpwell 28.8 6.1 7 4.55 2400 D Grossly polluted
Akwa, KomboAbedimo Pumpwell 26.9 5.9 45 29.25 4 B Polluted
Mosongesele Pumpwell 29 8 159 103.35 240 D Grossly polluted
EkombeMofako Pumpwell 26.6 7.2 172 111.48 93 D Grossly polluted
Mosongesele Beach 28.5 6.4 27 17.55 2400 D Grossly polluted
Beach, EkondoTiti Beach 30.6 7.3 2000 1300 2400 D Grossly polluted
Moko, Dibonda River 32.3 6.8 19 12.35 210 D Grossly polluted
Mbonge River 28.6 7.5 132 85.8 210 D Grossly polluted
EkombeLiongo River 28.7 7.4 155 100.75 2400 D Grossly polluted
Catchment, Mundemba Stream 25.1 6.5 3 1.95 1100 D Grossly polluted
Berenge Stream 28.8 8 67 43.29 2400 D Grossly polluted
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26626 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 1094
Ekondo Nene Stream 27.9 6.6 18 11.7 150 D Grossly polluted
Manja, Mundemba Stream 26 7.4 12 7.8 2400 D Grossly polluted
Lobe Estate Tap water 28.9 7.3 61 39.65 23 C Unacceptable
Mundemba Town Reservoir 26.8 6.8 7 4.55 0 A Excellent
Last Camp, Mundemba Rain 25.9 5.8 7 4.55 2400 D Grossly polluted
Mundemba Town Rain 22.8 6.7 19 12.03 2400 D Grossly polluted
T0C, temperature, EC, electrical conductivity (μS/cm), TDS, total dissolved solids (mg/l), av. TC, mean total coliform counts
(MPN/100 ml); bacteriological classification is based on WHO (2011)
Fig.1: Sample location and spatial variation of total coliform counts in groundwater and surface waters sources
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26626 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 1095
Fig.2: Relationship of total coliform counts with TDS (a), Water temperature (b) and pH(c) of studied water sources
Sources of microbial contamination in groundwater
Total coliforms comprise bacterial species of fecal origin as
fecal pollution. They are found in water that is contaminated
with fecal wastes of human and animal origin as well as
other bacterial groups commonly occurring in soil(Djuikom
et al, 2009; Kuitcha et al., 2010; Eneke et al, 2010). The
coliforms are indicative of general hygienic quality of the
water and potential risk of infectious diseases from water
(Ako et al., 2009; Djuikom et al., 2009; Kuitcha et al., 2010;
Eneke et al., 2010). The non visible relationship with TDS,
Water temperature and pH (Fig.2abc) is an indicative of
anthropogenic influence of point and nonpoint sources of
pollution within the environment .The bacteria
contamination of the water sources may result from the
waste of pit toilets that intersect the water tables of shallow
unconfined aquifers and also from poor sanitation practices
carried out along stream channels and springs. Similar
bacterial contamination in unprotected drinking water
sources have been reported in Douala (Ndjama et al, 2008;
Ako et al, 2010), Yaounde (Kuitcha et al, 2010) and Dschang
(Katte et al., 2003; Temgoua, 2011) due to defecation in and
close to water sources, and run offs from urban and
municipal sewage systems.
Suitability of groundwater for human consumption and
health effects
The pH values reflect slightly acidic, neutral and basic water
sources. This indicates that the dissolved carbonates are
predominantly in the form of HCO3 (Adams et al., 2001).
Slightly acidic nature of water sources are linked to the
formation and dissolution of minerals and are also
influenced by biochemical processes in solution (Freeze and
Cherry, 1979; Williams and Benson, 2010; Nduka and
Orisakwe, 2011; Wotany et al., 2013). Sixtypercent (60%) of
the ground water samples where slightly acidic (5.5 – 6.4)
and out of the WHO (2011) guideline limit (6.5-8.5) for
drinking water (Table 1). This situation puts the inhabitants
at risk to stomach ulcer. The electrical conductivity values
(3.00-274 us/cm) (Table 1) represents water experiencing
slight mineralization (Gnazou et al., 2011). According to
Freeze and Cherry (1979), TDS values<1000mg/lrepresent
fresh water. From Table 1, TDS values for groundwater
sources were below 248 mg/l, thus considered as fresh
water. Such low values have also been observed in Ndop
plain by Wirmvem et al. (2013). Colifom counts are used to
evaluate the hygienic status of water and the presence of
coliform in water suggests contact with sewage (Markosova
and Jezek, 1994). Based on WHO (2011) classification,86,6,
4, and 4%, (Table 2)provided grosslypolluted,unacceptable,
acceptable and excellent water quality respectively for
drinking purposes. The contamination of these water
sources by the high total coliform bacteria, exposes the
population to water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea,
dysentery and typhoid as observed in most urban and rural
communities in Cameroon (Kuitcha et al., 2008; Ndjama et
al., 2008; Eneke et al., 2010; Wirmvem et al., 2013).
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26626 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 1096
Table 2: Summary classification of water quality in the
coast of Ndian after WHO (2011)
Total coli
form
counts
(MPN/
100ml)
ranges
No.
of
sam
ples
Total
coli
form
counts
Percent
age of
water
sample
(%)
C
l
a
s
s
Type of
water
0 2 0 4 A Excellent
1-10 2 4-7 4 B Polluted
10-50 3 21-28 6 C
Unaccept
able
Above 50 44
75-
2400
86 D
Grossly
polluted
Total 51 100
Conclusion
The pH values reflect slightly acidic and basic water sources.
Sixty percent (60%) of the ground water samples where
slightly acidic (5.5 – 6.4) and out of the WHO (2011)
guideline limit (6.5-8.5) for drinking water. This situation
puts the inhabitants at risk to stomach ulcer. The electrical
conductivity values (3.00-274 us/cm) for groundwater
sources represents waterexperiencing slight mineralization.
Based on the total coliform counts as per the WHO (2011)
standard of 0MPN/100ml, 96% of the water sources are
polluted to grossly polluted and exposes the population to
water-borne diseases such as typhoid, cholera and
dysentery. This study suggests that: deep boreholes be
drilled to meet confined aquifers to avoid water shortages
and to provide good quality drinking water free from
anthropogenic influences: the connection of water supply
networks: improvement of garbage collection: construction
of pit latrines about 20m away from the shallow hand dug
wells in order to reduce the bacterialcontamination of water
sources and proper treatment of water before consumption.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are grateful to Mr. Mbaabe FelixAkumchaof the
Microbiology Laboratory of the University of Buea for
microbial analysis.
REFERENCES
[1] Adams, S., Titus, R., Petersen, K., Tredoux, G., Harris, C.
(2001). Hydrochemical characteristics of aquifers near
Sutherland in the western Karoo, South Africa Journal
of Hydrology 241, 91 – 103.
[2] Agyingi, C. M., Foba, J.F., Epanty, A.F., Zisuh, F.A.,
Ongbwa, A.Z. (2006).Carbonateresources of Cameroon
and potential applications. Int. J. Natl.Appl.Sci.2(2): 57
– 66.
[3] Ako, A.A., Nkeng, E.G., Takem, G.E.E. (2009). Water
quality and occurrence of water borne diseases in the
Douala 4th District, Cameroon. Water Sci. Technol.,
59(12):2321 – 2329.
[4] Ako, A.A., Shimada, J., Hosono, T., Ichiyanagi, K., Nkeng,
G.E., Fantong, W.Y., Eyong, G.E.T., Roger, N.N. (2011).
Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability
for dinking, domestic, and agricultural uses in the
Banana Plain (Mbanga, Njombe, Penja) of the
Cameroon Volcanic Line. Environ.Geochem. Health
33:559 – 575.
[5] APHA, (1992). Standard Methods for the Examination
of Water and Waste Water, 18th ed. Washington, D.C.:
American Public Health Association.
[6] APHA/AWWA (1998). Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Waste Water. 20th edition,
American Public Health Association, American Water
Works Association and WaterEnvironmentFederation
Publication, Washington D.C, USA.
[7] Benson, H.J. (2002). Microbiological Applications.
Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology; 8th
Edition; Mc. Graw Hill Companies, New York; 478 pp.
[8] Djuikom E, Jugnia LB, Nola M, Foto S and Sikati V
(2009). Physicochemical water quality of the Mfoundi
River watershed at Yaounde, Cameroon, and its
relevance to the distribution of bacterial indicators of
faecal contamination. Wat. Sci. Tech.60(11): 2841-
2849.
[9] Djuikom, E., Louis, B., Jugnia, Nola, M. (2011).
Assessment of the quality of water in wells at Bépanda
quarter, Douala-Cameroon, by use of the indicator
bacteria of faecal contamination. Journal of Applied
Biosciences 37, 2434 – 2440.
[10] Edet, A.E., (2008). The hydro geochemical
characteristics of coastal aquifers in the West Coast of
Africa: A review. Trans Boundary Aquifer Conference,
Tripoli, Libya.
[11] Edet, A.E. (2009). Characterization of groundwater
contamination using factor analysis in the Niger Delta
(Nigeria). J. Hydrol. Eng., 14(11): 1255 – 1261.
[12] Ejechi, B.O., Olobanyi, S.B., Ogban, F.E., Ugbe, E.C.
(2007). Physical and sanitary quality of hand-dug well
water from oil producing area of Nigeria. Environ
Monit. Assess. 128: 495 – 501.
[13] Eneke GT, Chandrasekharam D, Ayonghe S N,
Thambidurai P (2010). Pollution characteristics of
alluvial groundwater from springs and bore wells in
semi-urban informal settlements of Douala,Cameroon,
Western Africa. Environ. Earth Sci., 61: 287 - 298.
[14] Eneke, G. T., Ayonghe, S.N., Chandrasekharam, D.,
Ntchancho, R., Ako, A.A., Mouncherou, O.F.,
Thambidurai, P. (2011). Controls on groundwater
chemistry in a highly urbanised coastal area. Int. J.
Environ. Res. 5(2): 475 – 490.
[15] Freeze, R.A., Cherry, J.A. (1979). Groundwater. 2nd ed.
Prentice Hall, Eaglewood, Cliff, New Jersey, USA, pp.
604.
[16] Gnazou, M.D.T., Bawa, L.M., Banton, O., Djanéyé-
boundjou, G. (2011). Hydrogeochemical
characterization of the coastal Paleocene aquifer of
Togo (West Africa).Int. J. of Water Res. and Environ.
Eng. 3(1): 10 – 29.
[17] Hamer, D.H., Simon, J., Thea, D., Keusch, G.T. (1998).
Childhood diarrhea in Sub-Saharan Africa. ChildHealth
Research Project Report 2 (1).
[18] Katte, V.Y., Fonteh,M.F., Guemuh,G.N.(2003).Domestic
water quality in urban centers in Cameroon: A case
study of Dschang in the West Province.Afr. Water.J.pp.
43 – 54.
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26626 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 1097
[19] Kuitcha, D., Kamgang, K.B.V., Sigha, N.L., Lienou, G.,
Ekodeck, G.E. (2008). Water supply, sanitation and
health risks in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Afr. J. Envir. Sc.
Technol. 2(11): 379 – 386.
[20] Kuitcha, D., Ndjama, J., Tita, A.M., Lienou, G., Kamgang,
K.B.V., Ateba, B.H., Ekodeck, G.E. (2010). Bacterial
contamination of water points of the upper Mfoundi
watershed, Yaounde, Cameroon.Afr. J. of Micro. Res. 4
(7): 568 – 574.
[21] Mafany, G.T., Fantong, W.Y., Nkeng, G.E. (2006). Quality
of groundwater in Cameroon and its vulnerability to
pollution. In: YongxinXu and Brent U (eds)
Groundwater pollution in Africa. Taylor and Francis
(Balkema), Netherlands, pp. 47 – 55.
[22] Markosova, R., Jezek, J. (1994). Indicator bacteria and
limnological parameters in fish ponds. Water Res.
12:2477-2485.
[23] Nagaraju, A., Surresh, S.,Killam, K.,Hudson-Edwards, K.
(2006). Hydrochemistry of waters of Mangampeta
Barite Mining Area, Cuddapach Basin, AndhraPredash,
India. Turk J. Environ Sci 30: 203 – 219.
[24] Ndjama, J., Kamgang, K.B.V., Sigha, N.L., Ekodeck, G.E.,
Tita, M.A. (2008). Water supply, sanitation and health
risks in Douala, Cameroon. Afr. J. Environ. Sc. Technol.
2(12), 422 – 429.
[25] Nola, M. (1996). Peuplement bactérien des eaux
souterraines deYaoundé(Cameroun)bio indicateurs et
pathogènes opportunistes. Doctorate de 3e cycle,
Yaoundé Univ. Cameroon, pp. 175.
[26] Nola, M., Njine, T., Djuikom, E., Sikati Foko, V. (2002)
Feacal coliforms and faecal streptococci community in
the undergroundwater in an equatorial area in
Cameroon (Central Africa): the importance of some
environmental chemical factors. Water Research
36:3289 – 3297.
[27] Nwankwoala, H.O., Udom, G.J. (2011). Hydrochemical
facies and ionic ratios of groundwaterinPortHarcourt,
Southern Nigeria. Res. J. Chem. Sci., 1(3): 87 – 101.
[28] Okereke, C.S., Esu, E.O., Edet, A.E. (1998).
Determination of potential groundwater sites using
geological and geophysical techniques in the Cross
River State, southern Nigeria. Journal of African Earth
Sciences, 27(1), 149 – 163.
[29] Regnoult, J.M. (1986). Synthese geologique du
Cameroon. SODEXIC, Yaounde.
[30] Temgoua, E. (2011). Chemical and bacteriological
analysis of drinking water from alternative sources in
the Dschang municipality, Cameroon. J. Environ. Prot.,
2: 620 – 628.
[31] UNESCO – ISARM. (2011). Aquiferes Transfrontaliers
au Cameroun. 2eme atelier en Afrique de l’Ouest et
extension à l’Afrique Centrale (1er atelierpour l’Afrique
centrale) Douala, Cameroun du 16 au 19 Mai 2011.
[32] WHO. (2001). Water Health and Human Rights, World
Water Day.
http://www.worldwaterday.org/thematic/hmnrights.
html#n4. Accessed 20 May 2010.
[33] WHO. (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality
(4thedn). World Health Organization, Geneva. p. 564.
[34] http://www.afro.who.int/en/clustersa-
programmes/frh/child-and-
adolescenthealth/programme-components/ child-
health.html (Assessed on April 2013).
[35] Williams, A.B., Benson, N.U. (2010). Interseasonal
hydrological characteristics and variabilities in surface
water of tropical estuarine ecosystems within Niger
Delta, Nigeria. Environ.Monit. Assess. 165: 399 – 406.
[36] Wirmvem, M.J., Fantong, W.Y., Wotany, E.R., Ohba, T.,
Ayonghe, S.N. (2013a). Sources of bacteriological
contamination of shallow groundwater and health
effects in Ndop plain, Northwest Cameroon. J. of
Environ. Sci. and Water Res. 2(4): 127 – 132.
[37] Wirmvem, M.J., Ohba, T., Fantong, W.Y., Ayonghe, S.N.,
Suila, J.Y., Asaah, A.N.E., Tanyileke, G., Hell, J.V. (2013b).
Hydrochemistry of shallow groundwater and surface
water in the Ndop Plain, North West Cameroon. Afri. J.
of Environ. Sci. and Tech. 7(6): 518 – 530.
[38] Wirmvem, M.J., Ohba, T., Fantong, W.Y., Ayonghe, S.N.,
Suila, J.Y., Asaah, A.N.E., Asai, K., Tanyileke, G., Hell, J.V.
(2013c). Monthly δ18O, δD and Cl- characteristics of
precipitation in the Ndop Plain, Northwest Cameroon:
Baseline data. Quatern. Int.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.009.
[39] Wotany, E.R. (2006). Saline water Intrusion into the
Coastal aquifers of the Mungo Basin, Cameroon: Effects
on physico-chemical and microbial qualityof thewater
sources. A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of a Masters Degree in
Applied Geology, Faculty of Science,Universityof Buea,
pp 92.
[40] Wotany, E.R., Ayonghe, S.N., Fantong, W.Y., Wirmvem,
M.J., Ohba, T. (2013). Hydrogeochemical and
anthropogenic influence on the quality of water
sources in the Rio del Rey Basin, South Western
Cameroon, Gulf of Guinea. African Journal of
Environmental Science and Technology, 7, 1053 –
1069.
[41] Wotany, E.R., Ayonghe, S.N., Fantong, W.F., Wirmvem,
J.M., Wantim, M.N. (2014). Hydrochemical
characteristics of groundwater in sedimentary,
metamorphic and volcanic aquifers in Ndian Division,
South West Region,Cameroon.Journalof theCameroon
Academy Science 11 (2 & 3), 157-170.
[42] Yidana, S.M., Yakubo, B.B., Akabzaa, T.M. (2010).
Analysis of groundwater qualityusingmultivariate and
spatialanalyses in the Kata Basin, Ghana.J.of Afr.Earth
Sci. 58: 220 – 234.
[43] Yidana, S.M. (2010). Groundwater classification using
multivariate statistical methods: Southern Ghana. J. of
Afr. Earth Sci. 57: 455 – 469.
[44] Younger, P.L. (1994). Low-cost Groundwater Quality
Investigation methods an example from Bolivia
Altiplano.in NASH, H. and McCALL, G.J.H. (editors),
Groundwater Quality, Chapman and Hall, ISBN 0 412
58620 7, Chapter 5: 55 – 65.