This document provides instructions for using a presentation on forces and motion. It can be viewed as a slideshow by selecting "Slide Show" from the menu bar. Users can advance slides by clicking arrows or the space bar. Clicking on resources in the resources slide or lessons in the chapter menu will go to those sections. The presentation can be exited at any time by pressing the Esc key.

1. To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar . From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key . How to Use This Presentation

2. Resources Chapter Presentation Image Bank Math Focus Bellringers Standards Assessment Visual Concepts

3. Table of Contents Section 1 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Section 2 Gravity and Motion Section 3 Newton's Laws of Motion Chapter 13 Forces and Motion

4. Bellringer Recall pictures or videos you have seen showing astronauts under “weightless” conditions in space. Try to imagine what it would be like to live your daily life in weightless conditions. In your Science Journal, write one or two paragraphs explaining how you would carry out daily activities while weightless. Describe eating, sleeping, going to school, working in class, and any other activity you would like to include. Section 1 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Chapter 13

5. What You Will Learn Gravity affects all matter, including the parts of the solar system. Because gravity is a force, it can change the velocity of objects. The law of universal gravitation explains how distance, mass, and gravitational force are related. The weight of an object depends on gravity, but the mass of the object does not. Section 1 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Chapter 13

6. The Effects of Gravity on Matter Gravity is a force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses. All matter has mass. Gravity is a result of mass. Therefore, all matter is affected by gravity. Section 1 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Chapter 13

7. The Effects of Gravity on Matter , continued Gravity between the objects of the solar system holds the solar system together. Compared with all objects around you, Earth has a huge mass. The gravitational attraction of Earth is thus an important force that you experience all the time. Section 1 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Chapter 13

8. Newton and the Study of Gravity Newton concluded that the same unbalanced force that affects the motion of small objects, such as an apple, also affects the motion of larger objects, such as the moon. Newton called this unbalanced force gravity. Section 1 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Chapter 13

9. Newton and the Study of Gravity , continued Newton summarized his ideas about gravity in the law of universal gravitation. This law is called universal because it is thought to apply to all objects in the universe. Section 1 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Chapter 13

10. The Law of Universal Gravitation The law of universal gravitation states that all objects in the universe attract each other through gravitational force. The gravitational force between objects depends on the product of the masses of the objects. So, the gravity between objects increases as the masses of the objects increases. Section 1 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Chapter 13

11. Forces and Motion Chapter 13

12. The Law of Universal Gravitation , continued The force of gravity depends on the distance between two objects. As the distance between two objects gets larger, the force of gravity gets much smaller. Section 1 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Chapter 13

13. Forces and Motion Chapter 13

14. The Law of Universal Gravitation , continued The gravitational force of the sun affects the movement of all the planets. This force helps them stay in orbit around the sun. So, the force of gravity has an important role in maintaining the shape of the solar system. Section 1 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Chapter 13

15. Weight and Gravitational Force Weight is related to mass, but they are not the same. Weight is a measure of the gravitational force on an object. Weight is expressed in the SI unit of force, the newton (N). The value of an object’s weight can change with the location of the object in the universe. Section 1 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Chapter 13

16. Weight and Gravitational Force , continued Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. Mass is usually expressed in kilograms (kg) or grams (g). An object’s mass does not change when gravitational force changes. Section 1 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Chapter 13

17. Forces and Motion Chapter 13

18. Gravity and Static Objects Gravity also acts on nonmoving, or static, objects. Gravity is often balanced by elastic forces due to tension or compression. Section 1 Gravity: A Force of Attraction Chapter 13

19. Bellringer Imagine holding your arm straight out from your shoulder. A solid ball is in your hand. Then, you drop the ball and watch it as it falls. What force causes the ball to fall to the ground? In your Science Journal, write one or two sentences describing the motion of the ball as it falls. Describe the direction of motion and tell whether the ball falls at a constant velocity or whether its velocity changes. Remember that the ball is not moving until you let go. Section 2 Gravity and Motion Chapter 13

20. What You Will Learn The acceleration due to gravity is the same for all objects near Earth’s surface. Air resistance is a force that opposes the motion of objects through air. Projectile motion has two components—horizontal motion and vertical motion. Section 2 Gravity and Motion Chapter 13

21. Gravity and Falling Objects All objects fall to the ground at the same rate because the acceleration due to gravity is the same for all objects near Earth’s surface. Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes over time. Section 2 Gravity and Motion Chapter 13

22. Gravity and Falling Objects , continued An object accelerates when the forces on it are unbalanced. Gravity exerts a downward, unbalanced force on falling objects. So, falling objects accelerate. Falling objects accelerate toward Earth at a rate of 9.8 m/s 2 . Section 2 Gravity and Motion Chapter 13

23. Forces and Motion Chapter 13

24. Air Resistance and Falling Objects Air resistance is the force that opposes the motion of objects through air. Air resistance slows the acceleration of falling objects. The amount of air resistance acting on a falling object depends on the size, shape, and speed of the object. Section 2 Gravity and Motion Chapter 13

25. Forces and Motion Chapter 13

26. Air Resistance and Falling Objects , continued An object falls at its terminal velocity when the upward force of air resistance equals the downward force of gravity. An object is in free fall if gravity is the only force acting on it. Section 2 Gravity and Motion Chapter 13

27. Air Resistance and Falling Objects , continued Because air resistance is a force, free fall can happen only where there is no air. The term vacuum is used to describe a place in which there is no matter. Vacuum chambers are special containers from which air can be removed to make a vacuum. Section 2 Gravity and Motion Chapter 13

28. Free Fall Forces and Motion Chapter 13

29. Projectile Motion and Gravity Projectile motion is the curved path that an object follows when thrown, launched, or otherwise projected near the surface of Earth. Projectile motion is made of two different motions, or movements: horizontal movement and vertical movement. When these two movements are put together, they form a curved path. Section 2 Gravity and Motion Chapter 13

30. Projectile Motion and Gravity , continued Horizontal movement is movement parallel to the ground. Gravity does not affect the horizontal movement of projectile motion. Section 2 Gravity and Motion Chapter 13

31. Projectile Motion and Gravity , continued Vertical movement is movement perpendicular to the ground. Gravity affects the vertical movement of an object in projectile motion by pulling the object down at an acceleration of 9.8 m/s 2 (if air resistance is ignored). Section 2 Gravity and Motion Chapter 13

32. Forces and Motion Chapter 13

33. Orbiting and Gravity An object is orbiting when it is moving around another object in space. The two movements that come together to form an orbit are similar to the horizontal and vertical movements in projectile motion. Section 2 Gravity and Motion Chapter 13

34. Forces and Motion Chapter 13

35. Orbiting and Gravity , continued The path of an orbiting object is not quite a circle. Instead, the path is an ellipse. Centripetal force is the unbalanced force that makes objects move in an elliptical path. Gravity provides the centripetal force that keeps objects in orbit. Section 2 Gravity and Motion Chapter 13

36. Gravity and Orbit Forces and Motion Chapter 13

37. Orbiting and Gravity , continued Gravity helps maintain the shape of the solar system by keeping large objects such as the planets in their orbit around the sun. Gravity also affects the movement of very small objects in the solar system, such as the tiny particles that make up the rings of Saturn. Section 2 Gravity and Motion Chapter 13

38. Bellringer Think of what forces you would feel in each of these two scenes. Then, in your Science Journal, for each scene, answer the two questions that follow each scene. Scene 1: You are sitting still in your seat on a bus traveling straight ahead at a constant rate of speed. Are the forces acting on your body balanced or unbalanced? How do you know? Scene 2: The driver suddenly applies the brakes, and the bus slows down. Are the forces acting on your body balanced or unbalanced? How do you know? Section 3 Newton's Laws of Motion Chapter 13

39. What You Will Learn Newton’s first law of motion states that the motion of an object will change only if unbalanced forces act on the object. Newton’s second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object depends on the object’s mass and on the force exerted on the object. Newton’s third law of motion states that whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first. Section 3 Newton's Laws of Motion Chapter 13

40. Newton’s First Law Newton’s first law of motion states that the motion of an object will not change if the forces on it are balanced. Newton’s first law of motion describes the motion of an object that has a net force of 0 N acting on it. Section 3 Newton's Laws of Motion Chapter 13

41. Newton’s First Law , continued An object that is not moving is said to be at rest. Objects at rest will not move unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Objects in motion will continue to move at a constant speed and in a straight line unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Section 3 Newton's Laws of Motion Chapter 13

42. Newton’s First Law , continued Friction is an unbalanced force that changes the motion of objects. Because of friction, observing Newton’s first law is often difficult. Newton’s first law of motion is sometimes called the law of inertia. Section 3 Newton's Laws of Motion Chapter 13

43. Newton’s First Law , continued Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist being moved or, if the object is moving, to resist a change in speed or direction until an outside force acts upon the object. Mass is a measure of inertia. An object that has a small mass has less inertia than an object that has a large mass. Section 3 Newton's Laws of Motion Chapter 13

44. Newton’s First Law Forces and Motion Chapter 13

45. Newton’s Second Law of Motion Newton’s second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied. Newton’s second law describes the motion of an object when an unbalanced force acts on the object. Section 3 Newton's Laws of Motion Chapter 13

46. Newton’s Second Law of Motion , continued The greater the mass of an object is, the greater the force needed to achieve the same acceleration. The acceleration of an object is always in the same direction as the net force applied. An object’s acceleration increases as the force on the object increases. Section 3 Newton's Laws of Motion Chapter 13

47. Forces and Motion Chapter 13

48. Newton’s Third Law of Motion Newton’s third law of motion states that whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object. All forces act in pairs. When a force is exerted, there is always a reaction force. Section 3 Newton's Laws of Motion Chapter 13

49. Newton’s Third Law of Motion , continued Action and reaction force pairs are present even when there is no movement. A force is always applied by one object on another object. However, action and reaction forces in a pair do not act on the same object. Section 3 Newton's Laws of Motion Chapter 13

50. Action and Reaction Forces Forces and Motion Chapter 13

51. Concept Map Chapter 13 Forces and Motion Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. gravity air resistance projectile motion force free fall terminal velocity

52. Forces and Motion Chapter 13 Concept Map

53. Forces and Motion Chapter 13 Concept Map

54. End of Chapter 13 Show Forces and Motion Chapter 13

55. 1. In the sentence “They were able to identify which forces were acting on the object,” what does the word identify mean? A. to feel a strong bond with somebody or something B. to consider two or more things as being the same C. to point out or pick out D. to be aware of a difference between two things Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

56. 1. In the sentence “They were able to identify which forces were acting on the object,” what does the word identify mean? A. to feel a strong bond with somebody or something B. to consider two or more things as being the same C. to point out or pick out D. to be aware of a difference between two things Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

57. 2. Which of the following words means “stress that happens when forces act to stretch an object”? A. extended B. elasticity C. tension D. withheld Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

58. 2. Which of the following words means “stress that happens when forces act to stretch an object”? A. extended B. elasticity C. tension D. withheld Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

59. 3. In the sentence “The greater the mass of an object the more force is needed to achieve the same rate of change in motion,” what does the word achieve mean? A. do B. finish C. win D. persist Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

60. 3. In the sentence “The greater the mass of an object the more force is needed to achieve the same rate of change in motion,” what does the word achieve mean? A. do B. finish C. win D. persist Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

61. 4. In the sentence “Gravity is one of the factors that helps to maintain the shapes of the planets, stars, and solar system,” what does the word maintain mean? A. argue B. keep the same C. provide D. repair Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

62. 4. In the sentence “Gravity is one of the factors that helps to maintain the shapes of the planets, stars, and solar system,” what does the word maintain mean? A. argue B. keep the same C. provide D. repair Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

63. 5. The magnitude of the gravitational force between two bodies depends upon A. the velocity of the bodies and the friction between them. B. the size of the bodies and their position relative to Earth. C. the weight of the bodies and how quickly they are moving. D. the mass of the bodies and the distance between them. Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

64. 5. The magnitude of the gravitational force between two bodies depends upon A. the velocity of the bodies and the friction between them. B. the size of the bodies and their position relative to Earth. C. the weight of the bodies and how quickly they are moving. D. the mass of the bodies and the distance between them. Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

65. 6. If we observe a book resting on a table, which of the following can we conclude is true? A. A force greater than gravity is necessary to move an object at rest. B. Earth’s gravitational force is balanced by the upward force on the table. C. The attraction between the book and the table is greater than gravity. D. Gravity does not affect small objects, only massive bodies. Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

66. 6. If we observe a book resting on a table, which of the following can we conclude is true? A. A force greater than gravity is necessary to move an object at rest. B. Earth’s gravitational force is balanced by the upward force on the table. C. The attraction between the book and the table is greater than gravity. D. Gravity does not affect small objects, only massive bodies. Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

67. 7. Which forces most strongly affect a picture hanging on a nail on the wall? A. compression and tension B. gravity and friction C. tension and gravity D. friction and compression Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

68. 7. Which forces most strongly affect a picture hanging on a nail on the wall? A. compression and tension B. gravity and friction C. tension and gravity D. friction and compression Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

69. 8. What is the role of gravity in our solar system? A. Gravity pushes the planets farther and farther apart. B. Gravity pulls planets closer and closer to the sun. C. Gravity keeps the planets in orbit around the sun. D. Gravity is created by the sun, which attracts the planets. Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

70. 8. What is the role of gravity in our solar system? A. Gravity pushes the planets farther and farther apart. B. Gravity pulls planets closer and closer to the sun. C. Gravity keeps the planets in orbit around the sun. D. Gravity is created by the sun, which attracts the planets. Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

71. 9. Newton’s first law explains inertia. What effect does inertia have on a static object? A. Static objects are not affected by inertia. B. Inertia causes a static object to have more mass than a moving one. C. Inertia causes the object to begin moving when acted upon by balanced forces. D. Due to inertia, the object will remain at rest until acted upon. Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

72. 9. Newton’s first law explains inertia. What effect does inertia have on a static object? A. Static objects are not affected by inertia. B. Inertia causes a static object to have more mass than a moving one. C. Inertia causes the object to begin moving when acted upon by balanced forces. D. Due to inertia, the object will remain at rest until acted upon. Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

73. Use the picture below to answer the next question. Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

74. 10. What is the best explanation for why this picture is an example of projectile motion? A. The runner jumps higher than the hurdle. B. The runner has greater horizontal velocity than vertical velocity. C. The runner has both horizontal and vertical motion. D. The runner has both vertical motion and gravity. Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

75. 10. What is the best explanation for why this picture is an example of projectile motion? A. The runner jumps higher than the hurdle. B. The runner has greater horizontal velocity than vertical velocity. C. The runner has both horizontal and vertical motion. D. The runner has both vertical motion and gravity. Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

76. 11. Two objects in motion have different masses. How does this difference affect the force needed to achieve the same rate of change? A. The object with less mass will require more force to achieve the same rate of change. B. Force does not affect the rate of change of an object. C. It will take the same amount of force to achieve the same rate of change for the two objects. D. The object with greater mass will require more force to achieve the same rate of change. Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

77. 11. Two objects in motion have different masses. How does this difference affect the force needed to achieve the same rate of change? A. The object with less mass will require more force to achieve the same rate of change. B. Force does not affect the rate of change of an object. C. It will take the same amount of force to achieve the same rate of change for the two objects. D. The object with greater mass will require more force to achieve the same rate of change. Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

78. 12. Which of the following structures absorbs rays of light in the human eye, so that we are able to see objects? A. the retina B. the magnifier C. the lens D. the cornea Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

79. 12. Which of the following structures absorbs rays of light in the human eye, so that we are able to see objects? A. the retina B. the magnifier C. the lens D. the cornea Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

80. 13. Use the diagram below to answer the following question. If you begun in box 5 and move one box down, one box to the right, and two boxes up, what will your final position be? A. box 1 B. box 3 C. box 7 D. box 9 Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

81. 13. Use the diagram below to answer the following question. If you begun in box 5 and move one box down, one box to the right, and two boxes up, what will your final position be? A. box 1 B. box 3 C. box 7 D. box 9 Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

82. 14. Light shines less brightly through colored glass than through colorless glass. This phenomenon is an example of A. reflection. B. refraction. C. transmission. D. absorption. Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

83. 14. Light shines less brightly through colored glass than through colorless glass. This phenomenon is an example of A. reflection. B. refraction. C. transmission. D. absorption. Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

84. 15. Imagine that a sprinter ran 200 m in 40 s. What was the sprinter’s average speed? A. 0.5 m/s B. 5 m/s C. 160 m/s D. 240 m/s Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

85. 15. Imagine that a sprinter ran 200 m in 40 s. What was the sprinter’s average speed? A. 0.5 m/s B. 5 m/s C. 160 m/s D. 240 m/s Chapter 13 Standards Assessment

86. Forces and Motion Chapter 13