Carbon atoms can form chains and bonds with other elements, making many compounds essential for life. These include organic compounds like carbohydrates made of sugars, lipids made of long carbon chains, proteins made of amino acids, and nucleic acids which carry genetic information. Living things also require water and salts.

1. Table of Contents Section 1 Elements in Living Things Section 2 Compounds of Living Things Chapter 11 The Chemistry of Living Things

2. The Bonding of Carbon Atoms Carbon has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms because it can form long chains with other carbon atoms and because it can bond with atoms of other elements to form many different compounds. Each carbon atom has four valence electrons. So, each carbon atom can make a total of four bonds. Section 1 Elements in Living Things Chapter 11

3. The Bonding of Carbon Atoms , continued Carbon-based molecules can come in many different shapes, or backbones. Three kinds of carbon backbones are the straight chain, the branched chain, and the ring. Section 1 Elements in Living Things Chapter 11

4. The Chemistry of Living Things Chapter 11

5. The Bonding of Carbon Atoms , continued A covalently bonded compound that contains carbon is called an organic compound. Atoms of carbon most often form four separate single bonds with other atoms. Section 1 Elements in Living Things Chapter 11

6. The Bonding of Carbon Atoms , continued A single bond is a covalent bond made up of one pair of shared electrons. Carbon atoms can also form two covalent bonds, called a double bond, and three bonds, called a triple bond. Section 1 Elements in Living Things Chapter 11

7. Organic Compound The Chemistry of Living Things Chapter 11

8. Other Elements in Living Organisms Living organisms are made of compounds that are composed mostly of the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Today, many kinds of organic compounds are manufactured, such as vitamins, hormones, and other supplements. Section 1 Elements in Living Things Chapter 11

9. The Chemistry of Living Things Chapter 11

10. What You Will Learn Living organisms depend on large compounds, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Living organisms depend on many smaller compounds such as water and salt. Section 2 Compounds of Living Things Chapter 11

11. Carbohydrates Biochemicals are large organic compounds that living things make and use. Biochemicals that are composed of sugar molecules bonded together are called carbohydrates. Section 2 Compounds of Living Things Chapter 11

12. Carbohydrates , continued A complex carbohydrate can be a long-chain polymer. A polymer is a chain of repeating units. Complex carbohydrates may be made up of a chain of thousands of simple sugars. Living things use carbohydrates mostly as a source of energy. Section 2 Compounds of Living Things Chapter 11

13. The Chemistry of Living Things Chapter 11

14. Lipids Lipids are biochemicals that do not dissolve in water. Fats, oils, and waxes are lipids. Lipids usually have very long chains of carbon atoms. Lipids store energy and make up cell membranes. Section 2 Compounds of Living Things Chapter 11

15. Types of Lipids The Chemistry of Living Things Chapter 11

16. Proteins Proteins are biochemicals that are made of much smaller molecules called amino acids. Most proteins are made of very long chains of amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids that can combine in any order to form proteins in living things. Section 2 Compounds of Living Things Chapter 11

17. Proteins , continued Protein is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body. Hemoglobin is an important protein found in red blood cells that helps carry oxygen to all of the cells of the body. Section 2 Compounds of Living Things Chapter 11

18. Proteins The Chemistry of Living Things Chapter 11

19. Nucleic Acids The largest molecules made by living organisms are nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are biochemicals made up of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are sometimes called the blueprints of life because they carry all of the information needed for a cell to make all of its proteins. Section 2 Compounds of Living Things Chapter 11

20. Nucleic Acids , continued There are two kinds of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA is the genetic material of a cell. The four kinds of nucleotides found in DNA are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine. Section 2 Compounds of Living Things Chapter 11

21. The Chemistry of Living Things Chapter 11

22. Other Important Compounds No living thing on Earth can survive without water. Water regulates temperature, helps transport substances, and provides lubrication. Salt plays an important role in nerve cells by helping conduct signals throughout the body. Section 2 Compounds of Living Things Chapter 11

23. Concept Map Chapter 11 The Chemistry of Living Things Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. organic compounds carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

24. The Chemistry of Living Things Chapter 11 Concept Map

25. The Chemistry of Living Things Chapter 11 Concept Map

26. End of Chapter 11 Show The Chemistry of Living Things Chapter 11

27. 1. In the sentence “We will be studying the principles of chemistry,” what does the word principles mean? A. basic laws B. ideas C. secondary sources D. assumptions Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

28. 1. In the sentence “We will be studying the principles of chemistry,” what does the word principles mean? A. basic laws B. ideas C. secondary sources D. assumptions Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

29. 2. Which of the following sets of words best completes the sentence “Living organisms are made of molecules that _____ carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur”? A. consist from B. consisted to C. consist of D. consistent with Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

30. 2. Which of the following sets of words best completes the sentence “Living organisms are made of molecules that _____ carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur”? A. consist from B. consisted to C. consist of D. consistent with Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

31. 3. In the sentence “Principles of chemistry underlie the functioning of living organisms,” what does the word underlie mean? A. be the basis of B. deny the reasons for C. explain causes of D. have little to do with Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

32. 3. In the sentence “Principles of chemistry underlie the functioning of living organisms,” what does the word underlie mean? A. be the basis of B. deny the reasons for C. explain causes of D. have little to do with Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

33. 4. Which of the following words means “normal actions”? A. negotiating B. functioning C. breaking D. challenging Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

34. 4. Which of the following words means “normal actions”? A. negotiating B. functioning C. breaking D. challenging Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

35. Use the diagram below to answer the next question. Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

36. 5. What kind of carbon backbone does the figure above represent? A. a pair chain B. a ring chain C. a branched chain D. a straight chain Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

37. 5. What kind of carbon backbone does the figure above represent? A. a pair chain B. a ring chain C. a branched chain D. a straight chain Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

38. 6. Carbon atoms most often form four separate covalent bonds with other atoms. Carbon atoms can also form two covalent bonds between them. What are these bonds called? A. double bonds B. single bonds C. triple bonds D. pair bonds Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

39. 6. Carbon atoms most often form four separate covalent bonds with other atoms. Carbon atoms can also form two covalent bonds between them. What are these bonds called? A. double bonds B. single bonds C. triple bonds D. pair bonds Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

40. 7. Molecules of simple sugars can join to form long strings. What are these long strings of sugars called? A. triple bonds B. carbon backbones C. nucleic acids D. complex carbohydrates Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

41. 7. Molecules of simple sugars can join to form long strings. What are these long strings of sugars called? A. triple bonds B. carbon backbones C. nucleic acids D. complex carbohydrates Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

42. 8. What element is found in the highest percentage by weight in the human body? A. hydrogen B. oxygen C. carbon D. phosphorus Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

43. 8. What element is found in the highest percentage by weight in the human body? A. hydrogen B. oxygen C. carbon D. phosphorus Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

44. 9. When molecules join to form long chains of repeating units, the chains are called A. phosphorus. B. carbon. C. polymers. D. branches. Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

45. 9. When molecules join to form long chains of repeating units, the chains are called A. phosphorus. B. carbon. C. polymers. D. branches. Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

46. 10. Which of the following is a kind of biochemical that does not dissolve in water and that makes up cell walls, fats, oils, and waxes? A. glycogen B. carbohydrate C. lipid D. cellulose Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

47. 10. Which of the following is a kind of biochemical that does not dissolve in water and that makes up cell walls, fats, oils, and waxes? A. glycogen B. carbohydrate C. lipid D. cellulose Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

48. 11. In what way is the structure of a protein more complex than the structure of a carbohydrate or a lipid? A. Proteins are made up of different combinations of amino acids. B. Proteins are very large molecules. C. Proteins are made up of long-chain polymers. D. Proteins come in two forms: simple proteins and complex proteins. Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

49. 11. In what way is the structure of a protein more complex than the structure of a carbohydrate or a lipid? A. Proteins are made up of different combinations of amino acids. B. Proteins are very large molecules. C. Proteins are made up of long-chain polymers. D. Proteins come in two forms: simple proteins and complex proteins. Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

50. 12. What is the term for the genetic material of a cell? A. hormones B. hemoglobin C. DNA D. protein Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

51. 12. What is the term for the genetic material of a cell? A. hormones B. hemoglobin C. DNA D. protein Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

52. 13. Which of the following is an example of a tertiary consumer? A. an alga B. a wolf C. a duck D. an iguana Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

53. 13. Which of the following is an example of a tertiary consumer? A. an alga B. a wolf C. a duck D. an iguana Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

54. Use the diagram below to answer the next question. Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

55. 14. According to the diagram above, at what point does the light energy become chemical energy? A. at point A B. at point B C. at point C D. at point D Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

56. 14. According to the diagram above, at what point does the light energy become chemical energy? A. at point A B. at point B C. at point C D. at point D Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

57. 15. The sun is a major source of energy. What is the name for the chemical reaction in plants that is caused by the sun? A. evaporation B. radiation C. photosynthesis D. process Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

58. 15. The sun is a major source of energy. What is the name for the chemical reaction in plants that is caused by the sun? A. evaporation B. radiation C. photosynthesis D. process Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

59. 16. In animals, what cell structures are responsible for releasing energy that can be used by the cells? A. vacuoles B. mitochondria C. chloroplasts D. proteins Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

60. 16. In animals, what cell structures are responsible for releasing energy that can be used by the cells? A. vacuoles B. mitochondria C. chloroplasts D. proteins Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

61. Chapter 11