Phylum Sarcomastigophora.pptx
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The Sarcomastigophora is the largest protozoan phylum, characterized by organisms that are unicellular or colonial, use flagella and/or pseudopodia for locomotion, and obtain energy through autotrophic, heterotrophic, or saprozoic means. The phylum contains the subphylum Mastigophora, whose members use flagella to produce whiplike or helical movements to move through water, as well as the subphyla Sarcodina and Opalinata.
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Ciliophora
Ciliophora are microorganisms that are structurally complex and possess two types of nuclei. They have numerous hair-like structures called cilia used for movement and feeding. There are over 8,000 known species of Ciliophora that can be free-living or parasitic. They are classified into multiple classes and subclasses based on their distinguishing characteristics.
Phylum platyhelminthes
Flatworms are a phylum of soft-bodied invertebrates that include parasitic tapeworms and flukes as well as free-living planaria. They have a triploblastic structure with three germ layers and acoelomate body plan lacking a body cavity. Flatworms reproduce sexually through cross-fertilization or asexually through fragmentation. Parasitic species like tapeworms and flukes have complex lifecycles involving multiple hosts. Tapeworms are hermaphroditic and release proglottid segments containing eggs, while flukes develop through larval stages that infect intermediate hosts.
Platyhelminthes
Platyhelminthes are triploblastic, acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical organisms that are dorsoventrally flattened. They are classified into three classes - Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda - based on characteristics like habitat, body structure, and life cycle. Turbellaria are mostly free-living while Trematoda and Cestoda are parasitic. Trematoda have highly evolved suckers and a complex life cycle, while Cestoda are ribbon-like tapeworms that live internally and lack digestive systems.
Phylum platyhelminthes
The document discusses the phylum Platyhelminthes, or flatworms. It notes that flatworms have a triploblastic body plan with three cell layers and are bilaterally symmetrical. The phylum contains four classes - Turbellaria, Cestoda, Trematoda, and Monogenea. Turbellaria includes planaria, while Cestoda and Trematoda include tapeworms and flukes respectively. Flatworms range in size from millimeters to meters and have an incomplete digestive system with one opening. They can reproduce asexually through fission or sexually. Removal of parasitic flatworms requires careful treatment.
Characteristics of protozoa
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that carry out all life activities within a single plasma membrane. They exhibit diverse shapes and sizes, ranging from flagellated Euglena and Paramecium to amoeboid Amoeba. Many protozoa are symbiotic or pathogenic to plants and animals, including humans, with some causing diseases like giardiasis. They display a wide range of symmetries, forms of locomotion, and means of nutrition, including autotrophy, heterotrophy, and saprozoism.
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LIFE CYCLE OF FASCIOLA HEPATICA.pptx
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and other mammals. It has a complex life cycle involving two host species - a primary host such as sheep and a secondary intermediate host, which is a freshwater snail. Within the host, it progresses through several larval stages including miracidium, sporocyst, redia, cercaria and metacercaria before developing into an adult. The adult lives in the bile ducts of the liver where it reproduces sexually. Its eggs are released in feces to continue the life cycle. F. hepatica infection causes disease and economic losses in livestock.
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Flatworms are a phylum of soft-bodied invertebrates that include parasitic tapeworms and flukes as well as free-living planaria. They have a triploblastic structure with three germ layers and acoelomate body plan lacking a body cavity. Flatworms reproduce sexually through cross-fertilization or asexually through fragmentation. Parasitic species like tapeworms and flukes have complex lifecycles involving multiple hosts. Tapeworms are hermaphroditic and release proglottid segments containing eggs, while flukes develop through larval stages that infect intermediate hosts.
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Platyhelminthes are triploblastic, acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical organisms that are dorsoventrally flattened. They are classified into three classes - Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda - based on characteristics like habitat, body structure, and life cycle. Turbellaria are mostly free-living while Trematoda and Cestoda are parasitic. Trematoda have highly evolved suckers and a complex life cycle, while Cestoda are ribbon-like tapeworms that live internally and lack digestive systems.
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Characteristics of protozoa
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that carry out all life activities within a single plasma membrane. They exhibit diverse shapes and sizes, ranging from flagellated Euglena and Paramecium to amoeboid Amoeba. Many protozoa are symbiotic or pathogenic to plants and animals, including humans, with some causing diseases like giardiasis. They display a wide range of symmetries, forms of locomotion, and means of nutrition, including autotrophy, heterotrophy, and saprozoism.
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LIFE CYCLE OF FASCIOLA HEPATICA.pptx
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and other mammals. It has a complex life cycle involving two host species - a primary host such as sheep and a secondary intermediate host, which is a freshwater snail. Within the host, it progresses through several larval stages including miracidium, sporocyst, redia, cercaria and metacercaria before developing into an adult. The adult lives in the bile ducts of the liver where it reproduces sexually. Its eggs are released in feces to continue the life cycle. F. hepatica infection causes disease and economic losses in livestock.
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- They have a mantle, visceral mass, and in most cases a shell secreted by the mantle.
- Major classes include gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods, chitons and others.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Phylum Sarcomastigophora.pptx
- 2. Sarcomastigophora From Greek; Sarko means fleshy Mastigo means whip Phoros means to bear Largest protozoan phylum
- 3. Characteristics Unicellular or colonial Locomotion by flagella, pseudopodia or both. Autotrophic(self nourishing),heterotrophic(obtains energy from organic compounds) or saprozoic(living in decaying organic matter). Single type of nucleus Sexual reproduction(usually)
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