The document discusses various stimulant-related and substance use disorders as defined by the DSM-5 including amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine, opioids, cannabis, and synthetic cannabinoids. It provides information on the physiological and psychological effects of these substances as well as statistics on prevalence and negative health consequences of chronic use. Diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders and intoxication/withdrawal symptoms are also reviewed.

1. stimulants
C L A R I C E
C H A P T E R E L E V E N
SUBSTANCE-RELATED, ADDICTIVE, AND IMPULSIVE-CONTROL DISORDERS

2. S T I M U L A N T - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R
AMPHETAMINES -Lowdoses:inducefeelingsof
elationandvigorandcanreduce
fatigue
-UpCrash
-Treatmentforasthmaandasa
nasaldecongestant
-Reduceappetite

3. S T I M U L A N T - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R
AMPHETAMINES
-GiventochildrenwithADHD,although
beingabusedfortheirpsychostimulant
effects
-StimulatesCNSbyenhancingthe
activityofnorepinephrineanddopamine;
helpsthereleaseofthese
neurotransmittersandblocktheir
reuptake

4. S T I M U L A N T - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R
AMPHETAMINES -Significantbehavioral
symptoms
-Physiologicalsymptomsoccur
afteramphetamineorrelated
substancesareingested
D S M 5
D i a g n o s t i c
C r i t e r i a

5. S T I M U L A N T - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R
AMPHETAMINES -Severeintoxication:causes
hallucinations,panic,agitation,
andparanoiddelusions
-Withdrawal:resultsinapathy,
prolongedperiodsofsleep,
irritability,anddepression
D S M 5
D i a g n o s t i c
C r i t e r i a

6. S T I M U L A N T - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R
AMPHETAMINES -Ecstasy
-Firstsynthesizedin1912in
Germanyusedasappetite
suppressant
D e s i g n e r D r u g s :
M e t h y l e n e d i o x y
m e t h a m p h e t a m i
n e ( M D M A )

7. S T I M U L A N T - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R
AMPHETAMINES -Methamphetamine.Purified,
crystallizedformof
amphetamine
-Repeateduse:causelasting
memoryproblems
D e s i g n e r D r u g s :
M e t h y l e n e d i o x y
m e t h a m p h e t a m i
n e ( M D M A )

8. S T I M U L A N T - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R
COCAINE -Derivedfromtheleavesofthe
cocaplant
-SigmundFreud:Ihavetestedthe
effectsofcoca,whichwardsoff
hunger,sleep,andfatigueand
steelsonetointellectualeffort,
somedozentimesonmyself.

9. S T I M U L A N T - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R
COCAINE -Smallamount:increases
alertness,produceseuphoria,
increasesbloodpressureand
pulse,andcausesinsomniaand
lossofappetite
-Effects:shortlived
C l i n i c a l
D e s c r i p t i o n

10. S T I M U L A N T - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R
COCAINE -CocaineInducedParanoia.Common
amongpersonswithcocaineuse
disorders
-CrackBabies.Moreirritablethan
normalbabiesandhavelongboutsof
high-pitchedcrying
C l i n i c a l
D e s c r i p t i o n

11. S T I M U L A N T - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R
COCAINE -Worldwide,5%ofadultsusescocaine
-Whitemalesaccountforthe
admissiontoemergencyroomsfor
cocaineproblems
-Abusersseekingtreatmentareyoung
unemployedadultslivinginurbanareas
S t a t i s t i c s

12. S T I M U L A N T - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R
COCAINE -Hassimilareffectsonthebrainas
amphetamines,whichblocksthere-
uptakeofdopamineandremainsinthe
synapsecausingtherepeated
stimulationofthenextneuron
-Cocaineusergraduallybecomes
sociallyisolated.Chronicusemay
resultinprematureagingofthebrain
S t a t i s t i c s

13. T O B A C C O - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R S
NICOTINE -JeanNicot,whointroducedtobaccotothe
Frenchcourt
-Colorless,oilyliquidthatgivesthesmoking
pleasurequalities
-Nicotineintobaccoisapsychoactive
substancethatproducespatternsof
dependence,tolerance,andwithdrawal
(tobacco-relateddisorders)

14. T O B A C C O - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R S
NICOTINE -Withdrawalsymptoms:depressedmood,
insomnia,irritability,anxietyandweightgain
-Criteriaoccurringatleast12-monthperiod
D S M - 5
D i a g n o s t i c
c r i t e r i a

15. T O B A C C O - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R S
NICOTINE -StimulatestheCNS;relievestressand
improvemood,andcancausehighblood
pressureandincreasetheriskofheartdisease
andcancer
-Highdose:blurvision,confusion,leadto
convulsions,sometimescausedeath
C l i n i c a l
D e s c r i p t i o n

16. T O B A C C O - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R S
NICOTINE -Only7-19secondsandthenicotinereachesthe
brain
-NicotinicAcetylcholineReceptors(nAChRs).
Stimulatedinthemidbrainreticularformation
andthelimbicsystem
-Environmentalinfluence
C l i n i c a l
D e s c r i p t i o n

17. T O B A C C O - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R S
NICOTINE -Severedepression,anxiety,andanger
-Bi-directionalrelationshipbetweencigarette
smokingandnegativeeffects
N e g a t i v e
E f f e c t s

18. C A F F E I N E - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R S
CAFFEINE
-“Gentlestimulant”
-Mostcommonofthepsychoactive
substances
-Foundintea,coffee,manycola
drinks,andcocoaproducts
-Highlevelsofcaffeineareaddedto
theenergydrinks

19. C A F F E I N E - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R S
CAFFEINE
-Smalldoses:elevatemoodand
decreasesfatigue
-Highdoses:feeljitteryandcauses
insomniabecauseittakesalongtime
toleaveourbodies(6hrs.)
-Moderateuseofcaffeinebypregnant
womendoesnotharmthefetus
C l i n i c a l
D e s c r i p t i o n

20. C A F F E I N E - R E L A T E D
D I S O R D E R S
CAFFEINE
-Regularcaffeineuseresultsin
toleranceanddependenceonthedrug
-Withdrawalsymptoms:headaches,
drowsiness,unpleasantmood
-Effectonthebrain:blockadenosine
reuptake
D S M - 5 :
C a f f e i n e U s e
D i s o r d e r

21. o p i o i d s

22. O P I O I D S
Family of substances that
includes natural opiates,
synthetic variations, and
the comparable substances
that occur naturally in the
brain
They are analgesics that
help relieve pain
Brain has its own opioids—
enkephalins and endorphins
Heroin- most commonly
abused opiate; usually
injected, users are at
increased risk of HIV
infection and therefore AIDS

23. C a n n a b i s - R e l a t e d
D i s o r d e r s
most routinely used illegal substance, also known
as weed in which people experience altered
perception of the world
C A N N A B I S ( M A R I J U A N A )
1. mood swings
2. dreamlike state in which time seems to stand
still
3. sensory experiences
4. impairments of memory, concentration,
relationship with others may be negative
outcomes of longterm use
R E A C T I O N S

24. C a n n a b i s - R e l a t e d
D i s o r d e r s
herbal incense has caused alarm because in
many places it can be purchased legally and the
reaction can be extremely harmful
S Y N T H E T I C C M A R I J U A N A
80 varieties of chemicals that alter the mood and
behavior
Tetrahydrocannabinoids (THC)- most common of
these chemicals; brain makes its own version of
THC, a neuro chemical called anandamide
C A N N A B I N O I D S