photomultiplier tube and photodiode
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
3 likes•1,570 views
photomultiplier tube ,its construction ,it's working....... photodiode ,it's construction and working
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Phase problem
Phase problem sorts out all the problem which occurs after the x-ray crystallization data. In this way, we have to find out maximum values of phases and amplitude both to give the better picture of electron density map and later it is verified and validated upto maximum refined 3-D structure.
Fluorescence and phosphorescence
describes the complete history, mechanisms, instrumentation(jablonski diagram), types, comparision and factors affecting, applications of fluorescence and phosphorescence and describes about quenching and stokes shift.
Photomultiplier tube
A photomultiplier tube is an extremely sensitive detector of light that multiplies the signal produced by incident photons by up to 108 times. It contains a photocathode that converts photons to electrons, dynodes that multiply the electrons through secondary emission, and an anode that collects the amplified electrons. This allows even single photons to be detected and produces a large, measurable current even from tiny initial currents. Photomultiplier tubes provide high gain, low noise, and fast response for detecting very low light signals.
Fluorescence spectroscopy
This document provides an overview of fluorescence spectroscopy. It describes how luminescence occurs when a system absorbs external energy like light and emits photons. Specifically, fluorescence involves absorbing ultraviolet or visible light which causes molecule excitation, then reemission of light. The document outlines fluorescence instrumentation components like light sources, wavelength selection using filters or monochromators, detectors, and sample holders. It also discusses related topics such as phosphorescence, absorption spectra, and the advantages and disadvantages of fluorescence spectroscopy.
xray diffraction instrumentation
This document describes the key components and functioning of instrumentation used in x-ray diffraction. The main components are a radiation source like an x-ray tube, a collimator to narrow the beam, a monochromator to remove unwanted radiation, detectors like photographic film or counters, and associated electronics. X-ray tubes generate x-rays via the impact of electrons on a metal target. Collimators and monochromators shape and refine the x-ray beam before it interacts with the sample. Detectors then measure the diffraction pattern, with options including film, Geiger-Muller tubes, proportional counters, scintillators, and semiconductors.
PHOTOMULTIPLIER Dolly rajput ppt(1)
A photomultiplier tube is an extremely sensitive light detector that can resolve single photons. It works by multiplying the small current produced by incident light up to 108 times through a process called secondary emission using a photocathode, dynodes, and anode. This allows even tiny and normally undetectable currents to become much larger and measurable. Compared to a phototube, a photomultiplier tube multiplies the electrons emitted from the photocathode, providing much higher gain and allowing it to be used for very low light signals. Photomultiplier tubes cost between $175-300 depending on their specifications and are used in applications requiring high sensitivity light detection.
Flourescence
This document discusses fluorescence, including its history, types, principles, and factors that influence it. Fluorescence occurs when a substance emits light as electrons in an excited state return to the ground state. There are three main types: fluorescence spectroscopy, phosphorescence spectroscopy, and chemiluminescence spectroscopy. The principles of fluorescence include Stokes shift, mirror image rule, and exceptions like violations of Kasha's rule. Factors that influence fluorescence intensity include the intrinsic structure of a molecule and its environmental conditions.
Interaction of radiation with matter
1) The document discusses the interaction of radiation with matter, including the different types of radiation and their properties. It describes electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum.
2) The main interactions that occur between radiation and matter are photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. The photoelectric effect involves the ejection of an electron from an atom when a photon transfers all its energy. Compton scattering is the scattering of photons by loosely bound electrons, resulting in energy transfer. Pair production occurs when a photon converts into an electron-positron pair in the vicinity of a nucleus.
3) The dominant interaction depends on the photon energy - photoelectric effect dominates at low energies, Compton scattering in the soft
Recommended
Phase problem
Phase problem sorts out all the problem which occurs after the x-ray crystallization data. In this way, we have to find out maximum values of phases and amplitude both to give the better picture of electron density map and later it is verified and validated upto maximum refined 3-D structure.
Fluorescence and phosphorescence
describes the complete history, mechanisms, instrumentation(jablonski diagram), types, comparision and factors affecting, applications of fluorescence and phosphorescence and describes about quenching and stokes shift.
Photomultiplier tube
A photomultiplier tube is an extremely sensitive detector of light that multiplies the signal produced by incident photons by up to 108 times. It contains a photocathode that converts photons to electrons, dynodes that multiply the electrons through secondary emission, and an anode that collects the amplified electrons. This allows even single photons to be detected and produces a large, measurable current even from tiny initial currents. Photomultiplier tubes provide high gain, low noise, and fast response for detecting very low light signals.
Fluorescence spectroscopy
This document provides an overview of fluorescence spectroscopy. It describes how luminescence occurs when a system absorbs external energy like light and emits photons. Specifically, fluorescence involves absorbing ultraviolet or visible light which causes molecule excitation, then reemission of light. The document outlines fluorescence instrumentation components like light sources, wavelength selection using filters or monochromators, detectors, and sample holders. It also discusses related topics such as phosphorescence, absorption spectra, and the advantages and disadvantages of fluorescence spectroscopy.
xray diffraction instrumentation
This document describes the key components and functioning of instrumentation used in x-ray diffraction. The main components are a radiation source like an x-ray tube, a collimator to narrow the beam, a monochromator to remove unwanted radiation, detectors like photographic film or counters, and associated electronics. X-ray tubes generate x-rays via the impact of electrons on a metal target. Collimators and monochromators shape and refine the x-ray beam before it interacts with the sample. Detectors then measure the diffraction pattern, with options including film, Geiger-Muller tubes, proportional counters, scintillators, and semiconductors.
PHOTOMULTIPLIER Dolly rajput ppt(1)
A photomultiplier tube is an extremely sensitive light detector that can resolve single photons. It works by multiplying the small current produced by incident light up to 108 times through a process called secondary emission using a photocathode, dynodes, and anode. This allows even tiny and normally undetectable currents to become much larger and measurable. Compared to a phototube, a photomultiplier tube multiplies the electrons emitted from the photocathode, providing much higher gain and allowing it to be used for very low light signals. Photomultiplier tubes cost between $175-300 depending on their specifications and are used in applications requiring high sensitivity light detection.
Flourescence
This document discusses fluorescence, including its history, types, principles, and factors that influence it. Fluorescence occurs when a substance emits light as electrons in an excited state return to the ground state. There are three main types: fluorescence spectroscopy, phosphorescence spectroscopy, and chemiluminescence spectroscopy. The principles of fluorescence include Stokes shift, mirror image rule, and exceptions like violations of Kasha's rule. Factors that influence fluorescence intensity include the intrinsic structure of a molecule and its environmental conditions.
Interaction of radiation with matter
1) The document discusses the interaction of radiation with matter, including the different types of radiation and their properties. It describes electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum.
2) The main interactions that occur between radiation and matter are photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. The photoelectric effect involves the ejection of an electron from an atom when a photon transfers all its energy. Compton scattering is the scattering of photons by loosely bound electrons, resulting in energy transfer. Pair production occurs when a photon converts into an electron-positron pair in the vicinity of a nucleus.
3) The dominant interaction depends on the photon energy - photoelectric effect dominates at low energies, Compton scattering in the soft
FOURIER TRANSFORM - INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
Infrared spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared light to determine the functional groups present in molecules based on the vibrations of atoms. It works by passing infrared radiation through a sample and measuring the absorption of specific wavelengths, which correspond to vibrations between bonds of different atoms. The peaks in an infrared spectrum can identify functional groups and chemical bonds based on the wavelength of absorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is now commonly used as it allows simultaneous detection of all infrared wavelengths for faster analysis.
UV VISIBLE REFLECTANCESPECTROSCOPY AND APPLICATION
UV-VIS reflectance spectroscopy is a technique that measures the diffuse reflectance of a sample across UV and visible wavelengths. It works by directing light at a sample inside an integrating sphere, which captures reflected light and directs it to a detector. The ratio of reflected to incident light at each wavelength is the reflectance spectrum. Reflectance is affected by factors like particle size, homogeneity, and packing density. It finds applications in pharmaceutical analysis and other industries to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze samples like drugs, proteins, and chemicals.
Photo acoustic spectroscopy
Photoacoustic spectroscopy involves modulating a light source and measuring the sound waves produced in the sample. [1] When light is absorbed by a sample, it causes excitation of molecules and heat is released upon relaxation. [2] This heating and cooling due to the modulated light produces pressure waves that can be detected to analyze the sample. [3] The modulation frequency is adjusted to avoid interference and maximize the signal intensity measured.
UV Instrumentation
UV-visible spectrophotometers have five main components: a light source, filters or monochromator, sample compartment, detector, and recorder. Common light sources include tungsten lamps for the visible region and deuterium lamps for the UV region. Filters and monochromators are used to select the wavelength of light. Samples are placed in the sample compartment for analysis. Detectors such as photodiodes, photomultiplier tubes, or barrier layer cells convert light signals to electrical signals. The signals are then recorded to obtain a spectrum.
x ray crystallography & diffraction
X-rays introduction, why xrays, why crystals, Xray diffraction, Bragg's law, Interference, Crystal lattice , Instrumentation of xray crystallography, Production of Xrays, Monochromator, Types of Monochromator, Interference filters, Crystal monochromator, xray diffration methods - single crystal, rotating crystal, powder method, Applications of xray crystallography
Radiation detection and measurement
This document discusses different types of gas-filled and scintillation radiation detectors. It provides information on GM counters, proportional counters, scintillators, photomultiplier tubes, and thermoluminescent dosimeters. Key points include: how GM counters differ from proportional counters in their avalanche chain reactions; common scintillator materials like NaI(Tl) and BGO; how photomultiplier tubes convert light photons to electrical signals and amplify signals through dynode multiplication; and applications of different detector types in nuclear medicine imaging. The document is in a question-answer format where various concepts are explained in response to questions.
Proportional counter
The document describes the proportional counter, which is a gaseous state particle detector used to detect nuclear particles and radiation. It consists of a cylindrical metal tube filled with argon and methane gas and a thin metal wire running down the center as an anode. When radiation enters the tube, it ionizes the gas, producing electron-ion pairs. An applied voltage between the wire and tube causes gas amplification through avalanching, resulting in a pulse signal. The proportional counter can be used for particle counting and energy determination, and has advantages like low-energy detection but requires stable applied voltages.
Instrumentation of uv visible spectroscopy
UV-visible spectroscopy uses light in the UV and visible ranges. It works by passing light through a sample and measuring how much light is absorbed. Key components are a light source, monochromator, sample cell, detector, and recorder. For UV light a hydrogen lamp is used as the source and quartz is used for the cell and prism. It can be used to identify functional groups and conjugation, detect impurities, and determine molecular structure and in quantitative analysis. Applications include qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds.
UV-visible spectroscopy
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis or UV/Vis) refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. This means it uses light in the visible and adjacent ranges.
Uv visible spectroscopy- madan
This document discusses instrumental techniques of analysis, specifically visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy. It covers the basic theory of spectroscopy and how matter interacts with electromagnetic radiation. Key points include:
1. Spectroscopy involves studying the interaction of matter with electromagnetic radiation like light.
2. UV-visible spectroscopy measures absorption of samples when electrons are excited from ground state to excited state.
3. Beer's law and Lambert's law describe the relationship between absorbance, concentration, and path length of samples.
4. The combined Beer-Lambert law states absorbance is directly proportional to concentration and path length of the absorbing species.
Synchrotron
The document discusses synchrotrons, which are particle accelerators that produce very bright light for research. It describes how synchrotrons work, with electrons being emitted and accelerated through components like an electron gun, linear accelerator, booster ring, and storage ring. This produces intense electromagnetic waves called synchrotron light. Synchrotron light is much brighter than standard X-rays and allows scientists to observe molecular interactions. The document outlines some of the many applications of synchrotrons, such as in materials engineering, medical imaging and therapy, environmental research, and forensics.
Ppt
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a technique that collects infrared spectral data to identify chemical bonds in molecules. It works by passing infrared light through a sample and measuring the vibrations of chemical bonds which produce a unique molecular "fingerprint" spectrum. FTIR provides advantages over other infrared techniques by being faster, more sensitive, and able to analyze a wider spectral range simultaneously. It is widely used for applications like polymer identification, contamination analysis, and biomedical research.
Detectors
This document discusses various types of photon detectors, including vacuum phototubes, photomultiplier tubes, silicon photodiodes, photovoltaic cells, and multi-channel photon detectors. Photomultiplier tubes contain a cathode, anode, and dynodes that amplify the signal from incoming photons. Silicon photodiodes can operate in forward or reverse bias to detect photons. Photovoltaic cells use a semiconductor layer to generate a current from absorbed radiation. Multi-channel detectors like linear photodiode arrays allow simultaneous measurement of an entire light spectrum.
Photoacoustic
This document provides an overview of the key components of photoacoustic spectrometry instrumentation. It discusses the light sources used, including lasers, lamps and arcs that emit across different wavelengths. A monochromator or filter is used to select the desired wavelength. Sample cells are designed for different physical states and have windows for light entry/exit. Detectors include microphones and piezoelectric transducers to convert the acoustic signal to an electrical signal for analysis. The document outlines the operation and advantages of different cell and detector types for measuring gaseous, liquid and solid samples.
X ray diffraction ppt
The document discusses various methods of x-ray analysis. It begins by describing how x-rays are produced using a Coolidge tube, which generates x-rays by accelerating electrons into a metal target. It then discusses several x-ray techniques including x-ray diffraction, which is based on constructive interference of x-rays scattered by crystal lattices and is governed by Bragg's law. Finally, it summarizes common methods for x-ray diffraction analysis including transmission methods, back-reflection methods, and Bragg's x-ray spectrometer method which measures diffraction intensities using a rotating crystal.
Scintillation Counter and Semiconductor Detector
Scintillation Counter and Semiconductor DetectorSri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science,Coimbatore-20.
There are lot of instruments are used to detect the radiation.these two are widely used to detect the radiationUv visible spectroscopy
Introduction,Instrumentation, Classification of electronic transitions, Substituent and solvent effects, Classification of electronic transitions
Substituent and solvent effects
Applications of UV Spectroscopy
UV spectral study of alkenes
UV spectral study of poylenes
UV spectral study of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl
UV spectral study of Aromatic compounds
Empirical rules for calculating λmax.
Applications of UV Spectroscopy, Empirical rules for calculating λmax.
Instrumentation of uv visible spectroscopy
complete description about UV spectrometer and currently used industrial uv spectrometer are there in image and video form too.
Basic uv spectroscopy
This document provides an overview of UV/Visible spectroscopy. It begins with definitions of spectroscopy and discusses the principles, including that spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation by molecules as they change energy states. It also defines key terms like chromophores, auxochromes, and discusses different types of electronic transitions that can occur. The document then discusses instrumentation components like sources of radiation, collimating systems, monochromators, and detectors. It provides details on various types of sources, monochromators, and filters. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive introduction to the theory, applications, and instrumentation of UV/Visible spectroscopy.
Interaction of radiation with Matter - Dr. Vandana
The document discusses the interaction of radiation with matter. It describes the various types of interactions including photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production and their dependence on photon energy. It also discusses the linear attenuation coefficient, half value layer, mass attenuation coefficient and energy absorption coefficient. The different effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation are summarized along with the radiobiological implications of radiation interactions.
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION -UNIT-III(detectors) by S.SESHA VIDHYA/ASP/ECE/RMKCET
Detectors: PIN photo detector-Avalanche photo diodes-Photo detector noise-noise sources-SNR-detector response time-Avalanche multiplication noise-temperature effects comparisons of photo detectors.
COMPARISION OF PHOTODETECTORS.pptx
The document provides information on different types of photodetectors. It begins by defining a photodetector as a device that converts light into an electrical signal through either voltage or current. Photodetectors are then classified as either semiconductor-based, including photovoltaic, photoconductive, p-n junction, and PIN diode detectors, or photoemissive, which operate via the photoelectric effect. The document goes on to provide more details on specific photodetector types like photodiodes, MSM photodetectors, and phototransistors. It discusses important properties of photodetectors like spectral response, responsivity, response time, and noise. Overall, the document provides a high
More Related Content
What's hot
FOURIER TRANSFORM - INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
Infrared spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared light to determine the functional groups present in molecules based on the vibrations of atoms. It works by passing infrared radiation through a sample and measuring the absorption of specific wavelengths, which correspond to vibrations between bonds of different atoms. The peaks in an infrared spectrum can identify functional groups and chemical bonds based on the wavelength of absorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is now commonly used as it allows simultaneous detection of all infrared wavelengths for faster analysis.
UV VISIBLE REFLECTANCESPECTROSCOPY AND APPLICATION
UV-VIS reflectance spectroscopy is a technique that measures the diffuse reflectance of a sample across UV and visible wavelengths. It works by directing light at a sample inside an integrating sphere, which captures reflected light and directs it to a detector. The ratio of reflected to incident light at each wavelength is the reflectance spectrum. Reflectance is affected by factors like particle size, homogeneity, and packing density. It finds applications in pharmaceutical analysis and other industries to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze samples like drugs, proteins, and chemicals.
Photo acoustic spectroscopy
Photoacoustic spectroscopy involves modulating a light source and measuring the sound waves produced in the sample. [1] When light is absorbed by a sample, it causes excitation of molecules and heat is released upon relaxation. [2] This heating and cooling due to the modulated light produces pressure waves that can be detected to analyze the sample. [3] The modulation frequency is adjusted to avoid interference and maximize the signal intensity measured.
UV Instrumentation
UV-visible spectrophotometers have five main components: a light source, filters or monochromator, sample compartment, detector, and recorder. Common light sources include tungsten lamps for the visible region and deuterium lamps for the UV region. Filters and monochromators are used to select the wavelength of light. Samples are placed in the sample compartment for analysis. Detectors such as photodiodes, photomultiplier tubes, or barrier layer cells convert light signals to electrical signals. The signals are then recorded to obtain a spectrum.
x ray crystallography & diffraction
X-rays introduction, why xrays, why crystals, Xray diffraction, Bragg's law, Interference, Crystal lattice , Instrumentation of xray crystallography, Production of Xrays, Monochromator, Types of Monochromator, Interference filters, Crystal monochromator, xray diffration methods - single crystal, rotating crystal, powder method, Applications of xray crystallography
Radiation detection and measurement
This document discusses different types of gas-filled and scintillation radiation detectors. It provides information on GM counters, proportional counters, scintillators, photomultiplier tubes, and thermoluminescent dosimeters. Key points include: how GM counters differ from proportional counters in their avalanche chain reactions; common scintillator materials like NaI(Tl) and BGO; how photomultiplier tubes convert light photons to electrical signals and amplify signals through dynode multiplication; and applications of different detector types in nuclear medicine imaging. The document is in a question-answer format where various concepts are explained in response to questions.
Proportional counter
The document describes the proportional counter, which is a gaseous state particle detector used to detect nuclear particles and radiation. It consists of a cylindrical metal tube filled with argon and methane gas and a thin metal wire running down the center as an anode. When radiation enters the tube, it ionizes the gas, producing electron-ion pairs. An applied voltage between the wire and tube causes gas amplification through avalanching, resulting in a pulse signal. The proportional counter can be used for particle counting and energy determination, and has advantages like low-energy detection but requires stable applied voltages.
Instrumentation of uv visible spectroscopy
UV-visible spectroscopy uses light in the UV and visible ranges. It works by passing light through a sample and measuring how much light is absorbed. Key components are a light source, monochromator, sample cell, detector, and recorder. For UV light a hydrogen lamp is used as the source and quartz is used for the cell and prism. It can be used to identify functional groups and conjugation, detect impurities, and determine molecular structure and in quantitative analysis. Applications include qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds.
UV-visible spectroscopy
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis or UV/Vis) refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. This means it uses light in the visible and adjacent ranges.
Uv visible spectroscopy- madan
This document discusses instrumental techniques of analysis, specifically visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy. It covers the basic theory of spectroscopy and how matter interacts with electromagnetic radiation. Key points include:
1. Spectroscopy involves studying the interaction of matter with electromagnetic radiation like light.
2. UV-visible spectroscopy measures absorption of samples when electrons are excited from ground state to excited state.
3. Beer's law and Lambert's law describe the relationship between absorbance, concentration, and path length of samples.
4. The combined Beer-Lambert law states absorbance is directly proportional to concentration and path length of the absorbing species.
Synchrotron
The document discusses synchrotrons, which are particle accelerators that produce very bright light for research. It describes how synchrotrons work, with electrons being emitted and accelerated through components like an electron gun, linear accelerator, booster ring, and storage ring. This produces intense electromagnetic waves called synchrotron light. Synchrotron light is much brighter than standard X-rays and allows scientists to observe molecular interactions. The document outlines some of the many applications of synchrotrons, such as in materials engineering, medical imaging and therapy, environmental research, and forensics.
Ppt
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a technique that collects infrared spectral data to identify chemical bonds in molecules. It works by passing infrared light through a sample and measuring the vibrations of chemical bonds which produce a unique molecular "fingerprint" spectrum. FTIR provides advantages over other infrared techniques by being faster, more sensitive, and able to analyze a wider spectral range simultaneously. It is widely used for applications like polymer identification, contamination analysis, and biomedical research.
Detectors
This document discusses various types of photon detectors, including vacuum phototubes, photomultiplier tubes, silicon photodiodes, photovoltaic cells, and multi-channel photon detectors. Photomultiplier tubes contain a cathode, anode, and dynodes that amplify the signal from incoming photons. Silicon photodiodes can operate in forward or reverse bias to detect photons. Photovoltaic cells use a semiconductor layer to generate a current from absorbed radiation. Multi-channel detectors like linear photodiode arrays allow simultaneous measurement of an entire light spectrum.
Photoacoustic
This document provides an overview of the key components of photoacoustic spectrometry instrumentation. It discusses the light sources used, including lasers, lamps and arcs that emit across different wavelengths. A monochromator or filter is used to select the desired wavelength. Sample cells are designed for different physical states and have windows for light entry/exit. Detectors include microphones and piezoelectric transducers to convert the acoustic signal to an electrical signal for analysis. The document outlines the operation and advantages of different cell and detector types for measuring gaseous, liquid and solid samples.
X ray diffraction ppt
The document discusses various methods of x-ray analysis. It begins by describing how x-rays are produced using a Coolidge tube, which generates x-rays by accelerating electrons into a metal target. It then discusses several x-ray techniques including x-ray diffraction, which is based on constructive interference of x-rays scattered by crystal lattices and is governed by Bragg's law. Finally, it summarizes common methods for x-ray diffraction analysis including transmission methods, back-reflection methods, and Bragg's x-ray spectrometer method which measures diffraction intensities using a rotating crystal.
Scintillation Counter and Semiconductor Detector
Scintillation Counter and Semiconductor DetectorSri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science,Coimbatore-20.
There are lot of instruments are used to detect the radiation.these two are widely used to detect the radiationUv visible spectroscopy
Introduction,Instrumentation, Classification of electronic transitions, Substituent and solvent effects, Classification of electronic transitions
Substituent and solvent effects
Applications of UV Spectroscopy
UV spectral study of alkenes
UV spectral study of poylenes
UV spectral study of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl
UV spectral study of Aromatic compounds
Empirical rules for calculating λmax.
Applications of UV Spectroscopy, Empirical rules for calculating λmax.
Instrumentation of uv visible spectroscopy
complete description about UV spectrometer and currently used industrial uv spectrometer are there in image and video form too.
Basic uv spectroscopy
This document provides an overview of UV/Visible spectroscopy. It begins with definitions of spectroscopy and discusses the principles, including that spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation by molecules as they change energy states. It also defines key terms like chromophores, auxochromes, and discusses different types of electronic transitions that can occur. The document then discusses instrumentation components like sources of radiation, collimating systems, monochromators, and detectors. It provides details on various types of sources, monochromators, and filters. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive introduction to the theory, applications, and instrumentation of UV/Visible spectroscopy.
Interaction of radiation with Matter - Dr. Vandana
The document discusses the interaction of radiation with matter. It describes the various types of interactions including photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production and their dependence on photon energy. It also discusses the linear attenuation coefficient, half value layer, mass attenuation coefficient and energy absorption coefficient. The different effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation are summarized along with the radiobiological implications of radiation interactions.
What's hot (20)
UV VISIBLE REFLECTANCESPECTROSCOPY AND APPLICATION
UV VISIBLE REFLECTANCESPECTROSCOPY AND APPLICATION
Interaction of radiation with Matter - Dr. Vandana
Interaction of radiation with Matter - Dr. Vandana
Similar to photomultiplier tube and photodiode
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION -UNIT-III(detectors) by S.SESHA VIDHYA/ASP/ECE/RMKCET
Detectors: PIN photo detector-Avalanche photo diodes-Photo detector noise-noise sources-SNR-detector response time-Avalanche multiplication noise-temperature effects comparisons of photo detectors.
COMPARISION OF PHOTODETECTORS.pptx
The document provides information on different types of photodetectors. It begins by defining a photodetector as a device that converts light into an electrical signal through either voltage or current. Photodetectors are then classified as either semiconductor-based, including photovoltaic, photoconductive, p-n junction, and PIN diode detectors, or photoemissive, which operate via the photoelectric effect. The document goes on to provide more details on specific photodetector types like photodiodes, MSM photodetectors, and phototransistors. It discusses important properties of photodetectors like spectral response, responsivity, response time, and noise. Overall, the document provides a high
Optical detectors details and technologies with formulas
This document presents information on optical detectors. It begins with an overview of optical communication systems and fiber optic architecture. It then discusses the key components of optical receivers including light sources, detectors, and fiber-optic cables. Common types of optical detectors are photo diodes (PIN and APD). PIN diodes have good linearity and speed but lower sensitivity, while APDs provide internal gain but more noise. Characteristics like responsivity, bandwidth, capacitance, and noise are examined. Factors influencing detector performance and tradeoffs between bandwidth and efficiency are also summarized.
COMPARISION OF PHOTODETECTORS.pptx
The document compares different types of photodetectors. It begins by defining a photodetector as a device that converts light into an electrical signal through processes like the photovoltaic effect or photoconductivity. It then classifies photodetectors as either semiconductor-based, including photodiodes, or photoemissive, including photomultipliers. The document goes on to provide more details on various photodetector types, their operating principles, important properties, and materials used. It focuses in depth on semiconductor photodetectors like photoresistors, PN diodes, and PIN diodes.
COMPARISION OF PHOTODETECTORS.pptx
The document compares different types of photodetectors. It begins by defining a photodetector as a device that converts light into an electrical signal through either voltage or current. Photodetectors are then classified as either semiconductor-based, including photovoltaic, photoconductive, and PN junction devices, or photoemissive, which use the photoelectric effect. The document goes on to provide more details on specific photodetector types like photodiodes, phototransistors, and photomultipliers. It also discusses important properties of photodetectors such as sensitivity, response time, and active area.
COMPARISION OF PHOTODETECTORS.pptx
The document compares different types of photodetectors. It discusses how photodetectors work by converting light into an electrical signal through generating electron-hole pairs. It classifies photodetectors as either semiconductor-based, which generate electron-hole pairs when exposed to light, or photoemissive, which use the photoelectric effect. Common semiconductor photodetectors include photodiodes, phototransistors, and photoresistors. The document also covers important properties, materials, and operating mechanisms of various photodetector types.
A Measurements Project on Light Detection sensor
The main aim of this project is to saving system with LDR this is to save the power. We want to save power automatically instead of doing manual. So it’s easy to cost effectiveness. This saved power can be used in some other cases. So in villages, towns etc. we can design intelligent systems for the usage of light or we can also use this to reduce the electricity bill of our home. This project can also be used for security of the houses, banks, etc.
fiber-optics-communications-optical-detectors
The document discusses optical detectors used in fiber optic communications systems. It describes the functioning of PIN photodetectors and avalanche photodetectors (APDs). PIN photodetectors convert received light photons into an electric current through the photoelectric effect. Their performance is characterized by quantum efficiency and responsivity. APDs have higher gain than PIN photodiodes through impact ionization, but also higher noise. Both device types aim to optimize sensitivity while minimizing noise.
Photodetection
This document defines key terms and concepts related to photodetection for optical fiber communications. It discusses how photodetectors convert received optical signals to electrical signals and lists requirements for high performance. The main device types - PN photodiodes, are described. PN photodiodes work by generating electron-hole pairs when photons are absorbed in the depletion region, producing a photocurrent. Factors that determine a photodiode's response include absorption coefficient, quantum efficiency, and responsivity which is directly related to quantum efficiency. Materials properties also impact wavelength detection range.
Optical Sensors
Optical or light related sensors and its principles are discussed. The use of the LDR, photocell, photodiodes, and many more transducers which are based on optical sensors are discussed with the applications related to it.
Micro cavity photo diode
The document discusses the design and operation of a microcavity photodiode. It begins by defining a photodiode and optical cavity. It then explains that a microcavity photodiode combines a photodiode with a thin optical cavity to increase both quantum efficiency and bandwidth. The cavity enhances light absorption and reflection at resonance frequencies. This allows the device to achieve high speed detection while maintaining high quantum efficiency. The document outlines the materials and design requirements and discusses advantages like increased absorption but also challenges like difficult manufacturing. It concludes by listing example applications of microcavity photodiodes.
Presentation (1).pdf
The document describes an experiment to study how the current flowing through a light dependent resistor (LDR) varies with changes in the power and distance of an incandescent light source. The LDR's resistance decreases when exposed to light, increasing the current. The experiment found that the current increased as the light source's power increased or its distance from the LDR decreased. Common applications of LDRs include camera light meters, photocopying machines, and automatic lighting controls.
Optical Current Transformer
An accurate electric current transducer is a key component of any power system instrumentation.
OCT’s defined as sensors that directly or indirectly use optical sensing methods to measure electric currents .
Advanced optical communication By Er. Swapnl Kaware
This document provides an overview of optical sources, detectors, and fiber optic measurements. It discusses key topics like absorption and dispersion in optical fibers, lasers, LEDs and laser diodes, the development of optical communication systems, total internal reflection, transmission loss in fibers, photodetection principles, characteristics of photodetectors like avalanche photodiodes, and methods of wavelength measurement. The document is presented by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware and provides references for further reading on fiber optic technologies.
OC_Part (7).pdf
A detector's function is to convert an optical signal into an electrical signal. Detector performance determines the overall performance of an optical communication system by influencing factors like signal attenuation and repeater station requirements. Improvements to detector characteristics and performance can lower capital and maintenance costs. Key detector properties include sensitivity, fidelity, response time, noise, reliability and cost. Common photodetector materials include silicon, germanium and InGaAs, each optimized for different wavelength ranges.
MOCT
The document describes a Magneto Optic Current Transducer (MOCT) which uses the Faraday effect to measure electric current. It consists of an optical sensor near the current carrying conductor, fiber optic cables, and a signal processing unit. The sensor contains polarized light which rotates proportionally to the current. This rotation is measured and transmitted via fiber optics to the processing unit. Key advantages over conventional transformers include increased safety, simpler insulation, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. While MOCTs provide benefits, their accuracy is currently insufficient for power system applications.
Photoelectric transducers and its classification
The photoelectric transducer converts the light energy into electrical energy. It is made of semiconductor material. The photoelectric transducer uses a photosensitive element, which ejects the electrons when the beam of light absorbs through it.
Laser,Optical Fibres and Ultrasonics
A laser is a device that generates coherent light through the process of stimulated emission. It works by stimulating electrons in an excited state to drop to a lower energy level, emitting photons of the same wavelength, phase, and direction. There are three main mechanisms of light emission: absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission. Lasers use stimulated emission to produce an intense, focused beam of light. Common laser materials include gases, liquids, and solid-state semiconductors doped with ions like neodymium. Applications include optical storage, printing, medicine, manufacturing, communication, and more.
Photodiode / diode
LEDs emit light when activated by electricity due to a phenomenon called electroluminescence. The color of light emitted depends on the semiconductor material used - gallium arsenide produces infrared, gallium arsenide phosphide produces red or yellow, and gallium phosphide produces red or green. Tunnel diodes use the quantum mechanical effect of tunneling to produce electricity with a small voltage, and are used for fast switching, oscillation, and amplification. Photodiodes convert light into an electrical current when photons are absorbed, with the current flowing in the reverse direction of a regular diode. They are used to detect light properties and in optical devices.
Optical Current Transformer (OCT)
Optical Current Transformer is an alternative to the existing conventional current transformers, providing an advanced measurement solution for both metering and protection applications, based on a cutting-edge patented optical sensing technology.
Similar to photomultiplier tube and photodiode (20)
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION -UNIT-III(detectors) by S.SESHA VIDHYA/ASP/ECE/RMKCET
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION -UNIT-III(detectors) by S.SESHA VIDHYA/ASP/ECE/RMKCET
Optical detectors details and technologies with formulas
Optical detectors details and technologies with formulas
Advanced optical communication By Er. Swapnl Kaware
Advanced optical communication By Er. Swapnl Kaware
More from mahrooshabbasi1
Nucleophilic substitution
nucleophilic substitution..... types of nucleophilic substitution....examples..... stereochemistry of SN1... stereochemistry of SN2... mechanisms
Quinine (2)
Quinine is an antimalarial drug extracted from the bark of cinchona trees. It has been used since the 17th century to treat malaria. Quinine works by accumulating in lysosomes and binding to heme to kill malaria parasites. It is absorbed through the GI tract and metabolized in the liver before being excreted by the kidneys. While an effective treatment for malaria, quinine can cause side effects like headaches, ringing in the ears, and low blood pressure.
Beckmann rearrangement
The Beckmann rearrangement is an acid-catalyzed reaction where an oxime is converted to an amide. Specifically, the reaction involves the migration of an acyl group from carbon to nitrogen on the oxime. This rearrangement allows the conversion of ketones and aldehydes to amides. Common catalysts used include sulfuric acid, phosphorus pentachloride, and hydrochloric acid. The reaction proceeds through an oxonium ion intermediate.
Blood donation
Blood donation is the process of transferring blood or blood components from one person to another. There is no substitute for blood, and every three seconds someone needs a blood transfusion. Blood is the most precious gift that can be given to save another person's life. To be eligible to donate blood, males must be at least 17 years old, weigh at least 130 lbs, be at least 5'1" tall, and have a hemoglobin level of at least 11. Some health benefits of donating blood include reducing the risk of heart disease, stimulating the production of new red blood cells, and balancing iron levels in the blood.
First Aid Tips (Terrorism and Earthquake)
During earthquakes or terrorist attacks, it is important to assess the situation and any injured persons. The document provides first aid tips (FATs) for various injuries that may occur, including unconsciousness, cuts, fractures, spinal injuries, nosebleeds, and burns. It emphasizes not moving victims and maintaining an open airway. The first steps are always to check if the person is breathing and conscious before providing first aid according to the specific injury.
Pyrantel
Pyrantel is an anti-helminthic drug developed by Pfizer in the 1960s to treat roundworm, pinworm, hookworm, and other parasitic infections. It works by activating nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the worm's nervous system, causing paralysis and expulsion. Pyrantel is a light yellow to tan powder that is odorless, tasteless, and stable in heat but decomposes in light. It has a chemical formula of C11H14N2S and is administered orally to treat parasitic infections. Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, and headache.
More from mahrooshabbasi1 (6)
Recently uploaded
Constructing Your Course Container for Effective Communication
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Solutons Maths Escape Room Spatial .pptx
Solutions of Puzzles of Mathematics Escape Room Game in Spatial.io
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Aberdeen
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Qualitative research interview training by Professor Katrina Pritchard and Dr Helen Williams
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/tacvl9ekroe9hqupdnjruiypvm9rdaneRecently uploaded (20)
Constructing Your Course Container for Effective Communication
Constructing Your Course Container for Effective Communication
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
photomultiplier tube and photodiode
- 4. WORD MEANING : Photo Light Multiplier Increase number DEFINITION : “It is a photoemissive device in which absorption of photon results in emission of electrons” OR “It is an electronic vacuum phototube that converts light into electrical signals”
- 5. “PMT converts light into electrical signals, amplifies that signal to useful level by secondary electrons emission or it is based upon photoemission
- 6. Light detection of very weak signals. Member of class of vacuum phototubes. Provide ; current output α light intensity Sensitive detector of light in UV, vis, NIR ranges.
- 8. INPUT WINDOW Material limits the spectral sensitivity in short wavelength region. e-OPTICAL INPUT SYSTEM Focuses and accelerates all photo-es onto useful area of first dynode. PHOTOCATHODE Converts light flux into electric flux. ELECTRON MULTIPLIER Consist of series of secondary emission electrodes.
- 9. PHOTOEMISSION : Absorbed photons impart E to es. Energized es diffuse through material & losing some energy. Es reaching surface with sufficient E escape from it. SECONDARY EMISSION : “The phenomenon in which electrons in vacuum tube are able to cause emission of additional es by striking an electrode”
- 14. Array: “Array is a structure that contains a group of discrete elements” PHOTODIODE: “It is a semiconductor device that converts light into electrical current”
- 15. DEFINITION: “A PDA is a linear array of discrete photodiode on an integrated circuit (IC) chip”
- 16. PDAs are the combo of photodiodes, so their principle is : “Conversion of light(narrow band of spectrum) into electrical
- 18. PROPER TIES (photodio de) P- DOPE D REGI ON CONTAI N OPTICA L FILTERS , BUILT- IN- LENSES RESPON SIVE TIME α 1/SURFA CE AREA CURREN T GENER ATED α INCIDEN T POWER
- 20. Source PC beam Sample Entrance slit narrow band Dispersion device dispersed beam PDA