This document summarizes the photoelectric effect. It begins by discussing Hertz's observation that sparks occurred more readily when ultraviolet light was directed onto a light ball. Einstein later proposed that light is made up of discrete packets of energy called photons. The energy of a photon is given by E=hν, where h is Planck's constant and ν is the photon's frequency. When photons of sufficiently high frequency strike a metal surface, they can eject electrons from the metal in what is called the photoelectric effect. The document describes the experimental setup used to study the effect and provides the mathematical description relating the maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons to the photon frequency and the metal's work function.

1. PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
Presented by: Mehak Tariq
Roll No. PHY-M-18-17
Department of physics
Ghazi University Dera Ghazi
Khan

2. Photo electric effect
During his experiment on EM waves, Hertz noticed that sparks
occurred more readily in the gap of his transmitter when
ultraviolet light was
Directed on one of the light balls. He didn’t follow up this
observation ,but others did. They soon discovered that the cause
was electrons emitted when the frequency of light was sufficient
high.

3. When a beam of light of sufficiently high frequency onto a
clean metal surface then the light will cause electrons to
leave the surface.
Definition : The phenomenon of emission of electrons
by the metals when they are exposed to light of suitable
frequency is called as the
photo electric effect and emitted electrons is called as
photoelectrons.

5. In 1905, Einstein proposed that electromagnetic
radiation or light is made up of photons.
Thus the photon is the elementary element of light or
light is made up of photons.
Einstein show that- light energy is not emitted
continuously but it is emitted by individual amount of
energy called as quantum of energy.
Photon

6. Energy of Photon
According to Einstein, each photon of a light wave of frequency
has the energy E is given by,
E= hν ………1
Where,
E= energy of photon(joule)
h= planks constant-6.626 x 10-34 J.s
ν= frequency of photon(Hz

7. Properties of photon
 A photon does not have any mass.
 A photon does not have any charge and are not deflected in electric
field or magnetic field.
 All the quantum numbers are zero for a photon.
 In empty space, the photon moves at speed of light.
 In the interaction of radiation with matter, radiation behaves as if it is
made up of particles called photons.

8. Construction and Working
• The Hertz experimental set up used for studying the photoelectric
effect is shown in above fig.
• 2) the set up consist of an evacuated glass tube that has a
photosensitive metal plate C and another metal plate A as shown. A
monochromatic light source emerging from the source S of sufficiently
short wavelength enters the glass window W and fall on photosensitive
plate C, is called emitter.

10. Photoelectric effect- working
when a beam of light fall on photosensitive metal plate c which is called
emitter.
The plate c emits photoelectrons due to photoelectric effect. The photo
electrons emitted by plate will be attracted towards the positive plate .
these electron flows in the eternal ckt to cause an electric current in the ckt.
Such a current is known as the photoelectric current and measured by the
micrometer connected in the ckts

11. Mathematical Description
Maximum K.E of ejected electron is given by,
Kmax= hν- φ
Where,
h= planks constant
V= frequency of incident photon
φ=work function
Where,
Vo= frequency for metal
So,
Kmax =h(v-vo )
K.E is +ve so we must have v>vo foe the photoelectric effect to
occur.

13. Thank you