Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy: History of profession of Pharmacy in India in relation to pharmacy education, industry and organization, Pharmacy as a career, Pharmacopoeias: Introduction to IP, BP, USP and Extra Pharmacopoeia.
In ancient India the sources of drugs were of vegetable, animal and mineral origin.(Ayurveda).They were prepared empirically by few experienced persons. Knowledge of that medical system was usually kept secret within a family (Folkore).There were no scientific methods of standardization of drugs.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND & DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSION OF PHARMACYTeny Thomas
The following presentation deals with what the course of pharmacy is and what a pharmacist is. Also a short brief on the historical growth of the profession of pharmacy when related to education and industry is also discussed here. A detailed view on career in pharmacy is described lastly.
Pharmacopoeia: the word derives from the ancient Greek word pharmakon means drug & poeia- to make.
It is a legally binding collection, prepared by a national or regional authority& contains list of medicinal substances, crude drug & formulas for making preparation from them.
In ancient India the sources of drugs were of vegetable, animal and mineral origin.(Ayurveda).They were prepared empirically by few experienced persons. Knowledge of that medical system was usually kept secret within a family (Folkore).There were no scientific methods of standardization of drugs.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND & DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSION OF PHARMACYTeny Thomas
The following presentation deals with what the course of pharmacy is and what a pharmacist is. Also a short brief on the historical growth of the profession of pharmacy when related to education and industry is also discussed here. A detailed view on career in pharmacy is described lastly.
Pharmacopoeia: the word derives from the ancient Greek word pharmakon means drug & poeia- to make.
It is a legally binding collection, prepared by a national or regional authority& contains list of medicinal substances, crude drug & formulas for making preparation from them.
Historical Background and development of profession of pharmacy, History of profession of pharmacy in relation to Pharmacy Education, History of pharmacy in relation to Industry & Organization.
it is GTU based syllabus chapter and all the points are covered like... handling of prescription , etc... very helpful for pharmacy students...and its in easy language..
Career in pharmacy and scope of pharmacy. Pharma industry, Hospital pharmacy , Community Pharmacy, Teaching in Pharmacy, Sales & Marketing , Clinical research , Career in Regulatory Body, Biotechnology, Cosmetic, Food Industry etc.
1. History Of Profession Of Pharmacy In India
It is the 1st Chapter under ER-2020 By PCI for Diploma in Pharmacy Students .
You can Increase Your Knowledge about the history of Pharmacy India . and also know about the history of India Health care systems with simple language
this ppt is used full all type of pharmacy students and faculty .
In this chapter we are learned
1.Definition Of Pharmaceutics
2.Scope Of Pharmaceutics
3.SCOPE AND POTENTIAL OF PHARMACY
4.History Of Profession Of Pharmacy In India
5.Drug Enquiry Committee
Semisolid dosage forms: Definitions, classification, mechanisms and factors influencing dermal penetration of drugs. Preparation of ointments, pastes, creams and gels. Excipients used in semi solid dosage forms. Evaluation of semi solid dosages forms
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacyRohit Kumar Trivedi
History and development of pharmacy profession
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy
#rohitkumrtrivedi
B Pharma 1st semester pharmaceutics
Introduction to Pharmacy & Pharmaceutics.pptxRAHUL PAL
Pharmaceutics is the overall process of developing a new chemical entity into an approved therapy that is safe and effective in treating or preventing disease. It is a complex process requiring multiple scientific, medical, legal, commercial, and regulatory expertise.Pharmaceutics is the branch of pharmacy which deals with the formulation, manufacturing, evaluation, packaging of pharmaceutical dosage forms
Historical Background and development of profession of pharmacy, History of profession of pharmacy in relation to Pharmacy Education, History of pharmacy in relation to Industry & Organization.
it is GTU based syllabus chapter and all the points are covered like... handling of prescription , etc... very helpful for pharmacy students...and its in easy language..
Career in pharmacy and scope of pharmacy. Pharma industry, Hospital pharmacy , Community Pharmacy, Teaching in Pharmacy, Sales & Marketing , Clinical research , Career in Regulatory Body, Biotechnology, Cosmetic, Food Industry etc.
1. History Of Profession Of Pharmacy In India
It is the 1st Chapter under ER-2020 By PCI for Diploma in Pharmacy Students .
You can Increase Your Knowledge about the history of Pharmacy India . and also know about the history of India Health care systems with simple language
this ppt is used full all type of pharmacy students and faculty .
In this chapter we are learned
1.Definition Of Pharmaceutics
2.Scope Of Pharmaceutics
3.SCOPE AND POTENTIAL OF PHARMACY
4.History Of Profession Of Pharmacy In India
5.Drug Enquiry Committee
Semisolid dosage forms: Definitions, classification, mechanisms and factors influencing dermal penetration of drugs. Preparation of ointments, pastes, creams and gels. Excipients used in semi solid dosage forms. Evaluation of semi solid dosages forms
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacyRohit Kumar Trivedi
History and development of pharmacy profession
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy
#rohitkumrtrivedi
B Pharma 1st semester pharmaceutics
Introduction to Pharmacy & Pharmaceutics.pptxRAHUL PAL
Pharmaceutics is the overall process of developing a new chemical entity into an approved therapy that is safe and effective in treating or preventing disease. It is a complex process requiring multiple scientific, medical, legal, commercial, and regulatory expertise.Pharmaceutics is the branch of pharmacy which deals with the formulation, manufacturing, evaluation, packaging of pharmaceutical dosage forms
The word pharmacy is derived from the Greek word “Pharmakon”, meaning medicine or drug. In other term, “Pharmacy may defined as the art and science of preparing (manufacturing) and dispensing of drugs prepared by the natural and synthetic sources and using for the treatment as well as prevention of diseases”. In general sense, it is the place where medicine or drugs are sold. Pharmacy is a health profession that links health science with chemical science and aims to ensure the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. It includes the collection, identification, synthesis, purification, isolation and quality control of medical substance or pharmaceutical products.
jobs pharmacy, career pharmacy, research, and development pharmacy, various chances of drug development, pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmaceutical industry, Generic Drugs
Dr. of Pharmacy
Pharm. D - 1st Professional
Pharmaceutics - I (Physical Pharmacy)
Complete Notes
Edition 1 (2021)
These notes are just for exam preparation point of view. Not to add in any book or for mass circulation.
UNIT V
Mucoadhesive Delivery Systems:
Mechanism of bioadhesion, mucoadhesive materials, formulation and evaluation of Buccal and Nasal drug delivery systems.
I. INTRODUCTION
II. DEFINITIONS
III. TYPES OF DRUG MASTER FILES
IV. SUBMISSIONS TO DRUG MASTER FILES
V. AUTHORIZATION TO REFER TO A DRUG MASTER FILE
VI. PROCESSING AND REVIEWING POLICIES
VII. HOLDER OBLIGATIONS
IX. CLOSURE OF A DRUG MASTER FILE.
Introduction to Dissolution equipment's, Calibration of dissolution apparatus, Dissolution procedure development and validation, Dissolution method development for generic drug products.
Introduction and classification, anatomy of skin and factors affecting absorption, Formulation ,preparation, packaging, labeling and storage of ointments, Formulation, preparation, packaging, labeling and storage of jellies, creams, pastes.
Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions, formulation of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions. Emulsions and theories of emulsification, microemulsion and multiple emulsions; Stability of emulsions, preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of emulsions.
Decomposition and stabilization of pharmaceutical productsArshad Khan
Drug stability:Stabilization of medicinal agents against common reactions like hydrolysis & oxidation. Accelerated stability testing in expiration dating of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Photolytic degradation and its prevention.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
Pharmacy history, pharmacopoeia
1. Historical background
and development of
profession of pharmacy
Presented By:
K. Arshad Ahmed Khan
M.Pharm, (Ph.D)
Departmernt of Pharmaceutics
RIPER.
2. PHARMAKON (Greek word) Pharmacy
Pharmakon means drug/ medicine.
Pharmacy is defined as the profession which
is concerned with the art and science of
Identification, Selection, Preparation,
Preservation & Standardization of suitable
drug substances from natural and synthetic
sources and their formulations which are
meant for administration for Diagnosis,
Prevention, Treatment of diseases.
43. INDIAN PHARMA PRODUCTION:
1948 – 10 crores
1968 – 175 crores
1992-93 – 6,000 crores
1997 – 12,000 crores.
2008-09 – US $ 21.04 billions
2015 -- US $ 30 billions
2020 -- US $ 55 billions (estimated)
Indian pharmaceutical industry fulfills 70% of national
needs.
The pharmaceutical industry in India ranks 3rd in the world
terms of volume and 14th in terms of value.
44. INDIAN PHARMA EXPORTS:
The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry has witnessed a robust growth
over the past few years. In the year 1990 the turnover is
approximately US $ 1 billion.
By 2001 pharma exports growth was 20.73%.
In 2005 GATT & TRIPS were enacted which expanded export to
Asian, Gulf countries.
In 2015 the export turnover is approximately US $ 15 billion.
India's pharmaceutical exports stood at US$ 16.4 billion in 2016-17
and are expected to grow by 30 per cent over the next three years to
reach US$ 20 billion by 2020.
45.
46.
47.
48. PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION
In ancient times physician has to do diagnosis, compounding and
dispensing.
In European middle ages there were physician, apothecaries
(pharmacist) & drug merchant (druggist- supply drugs).
In early days pharmacy as a part of health care services was studied
in medical colleges and hospitals.
In 1870 MADRAS MEDICAL COLLEGE conducted licentiate exam for
chemist and druggist.
49. Other universities in India which provided pharma education were
Andhra University, Madras University, Bombay University, Punjab
University and L.M. College.
50.
51.
52. In July 1937 pharmaceutical education was started in India.
In 1953 PCI developed Education Regulation (ER-53) stating that
minimum qualification for registration as pharmacist is
10th + 2 yr D-Pharm + 1 yr experience.
To increase professional standards patient oriented subjects like
health education, community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy and
business management were added.
In 1991 PCI developed Education Regulation (ER-91) stating that
minimum qualification for registration as pharmacist is
10th +2yr intermediate + 2 yr D-Pharm.
53. In 2001 PCI developed Education Regulation (ER-2001) to improve
pharmacy education to world standards.
According to ER-2001 the minimum qualification for registration as
pharmacist is 10th +2yr intermediate + 4yr B-Pharm. But, till date this
regulation has not got clearance from Indian government.
The pharmacy degree programs offered in India include:
(D. Pharm), (B. Pharm), (M. Pharm), (PharmD),
Master of Science in Pharmacy [MS (Pharm)] and
Master of Technology in Pharmacy [MTech (Pharm)],
Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmacy (PhD) .
Integration of two courses like B. Pharm+MBA or M. Pharm+MBA has
also been initiated by some institutions
54. Until the early 1980’s, only 11 universities and 26 colleges offered
pharmacy degree programmes in India.
Currently, there are more than 1500 institutions with an annual
enrolment of around 1,00,000 students.
Year No. of colleges No. of students
2005- as per PCI 220 12,506
2005- as per AICTE 445 24,672
2007 854 52,000
583 (D-Pharm) 34,000
There are six National Institutes of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research (NIPERs) these are the prime institutions in the
country for pharmaceutical education and research
60. Academics :
Pharmacists as teachers have various roles to play in the teaching
institutions/pharmacy colleges: teaching students, and also carry out
continuing upgradation and research work, liaison with industry and
pharmacy.
One needs to be a postgraduate in pharmacy to qualify as a Lecturer
and in order to climb up the academic ladder, a Ph.D. is very much
essential.
There is a lot of demand for qualified teachers in the country and
even in some countries in Asia.
Teachers make time to get exposure to the pharmaceutical industry
and the practice settings to keep themselves updated.
61. Regulatory (Government) :
Pharmacists work in the Drug Control Department in various sections.
The CDSCO (Central Drugs Standard Drug Control Organization) is the
central body in India for drug control.
Their task is to ensure that the pharmaceuticals in the market - right
from raw material to finished product and the distribution from the
manufacturing facility to the customer is regulated, so as to ensure the
safety, efficacy and quality of pharmaceuticals.
Drug Inspectors, Assistant Drug Controllers, Drug Controller, carry out
inspections, are involved in giving clinical trial approvals,
manufacturing approvals, market approvals, etc.
They work in the drug testing laboratories associated with the Drug
Control Department (Pharmaceutical Chemist/Analyst).
62. Clinical Research :
Clinical Research Organizations (CROs) in India offers ample job
opportunities.
CROs in India are staffed with a highly skilled clinicians,
Pharmacologists, Post Doctorates, Pharmacists, Toxicologists,
Chemists, Analysts.
63. Pharmacy education and job opportunities outside India:
Learning opportunities for higher studies exist in both the practice as
well as research streams.
Generally, one needs to answer one or more of the following
entrance/qualifying exams GRE (Graduate Record Exam)
TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language)
IELTS (International English Language Testing System).
In order to work as a registered pharmacist in a particular country,
one will have to answer registration exams (USA-FPGEE, NAPLEX)
Ample job opportunities await qualified pharmacy professionals in
various countries. The pharmaceutical career is one of the highest
rewarding careers especially in the developed countries.
64.
65.
66. Pharmacy is a rewarding career, in terms of
personal satisfaction and financial
compensation, as well as service to the
people. So start planning from today
95. BRITISH PHARMACOPOEIA 2016
The BP 2016 includes almost 4,000 monographs which
are legally enforced by the Human Medicines Regulations
2012, and becomes legally effective on 1 January 2016.
This is 6-volume printed edition, including the BP (Vet)
2016
New for 2016:
37 new BP monographs
142 amended monographs
one new BP appendix for the DNA identification of
herbs
all European Pharmacopoeia monographs from the 8th
edition, as amended by supplements 8.1 to 8.5
96. BRITISH PHARMACOPOEIA 2017
The British Pharmacopoeia (BP) 2017 becomes legally effective on 1
January 2017.
Also included is new information for unlicensed medicines and DNA
barcoding.
A six-volume printed edition, including the BP (Veterinary) 2017
New for 2017:
29 new BP monographs
234 amended monographs
Four new formulated preparation monographs for biological
medicines
Two new monographs for unlicensed formulations
A new Supplementary Chapter on DNA barcoding
A new Supplementary Chapter on the Aseptic Preparation of
Unlicensed Medicines
All European Pharmacopoeia monographs integrated (8th Edition as
amended by Supplements 8.1 to 8.8)
106. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference is the alternate
reference book for drugs and medicines.
The Extra Pharmacopoeia, originally produced by William
Martindale in 1883 and now published by the Pharmaceutical
Society of Great Britain, contains information on the drugs presently
used in Great Britain.
Aim:
1. To update information for pharmacist, physician in all subjects.
2. To provide information of official, un official, proprietary
preparations currently in use.
The general section contains about 1,400 pages of drug
descriptions listed in alphabetical order under English titles.
107. Monographs include Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), Anatomical
Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC) numbers and
FDA Unique Ingredient Identifier (UNII) codes to help readers refer
to other information systems.
Martindale contains information on drugs in clinical use, as well as
selected investigational and veterinary drugs, herbal and
complementary medicines, pharmaceutical excipients, vitamins and
nutritional agents, vaccines, radiopharmaceuticals, contrast
media and diagnostic agents, medicinal gases, drugs of
abuse and recreational drugs, toxic substances, disinfectants,
and pesticides.
108. 38th edition of Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference.
This was published in June 2017.
Martindale is arranged into two main parts followed by three
extensive indexes:
Monographs on drugs and ancillary substances, listing over 6,000
monographs arranged in 49 chapters based on clinical use with the
corresponding disease treatment reviews.
Monographs summarize the nomenclature, properties, and
actions of each substance.
A chapter on supplementary drugs and other substances covers
some 1190 monographs on new drugs, those not easily classified,
herbals, and drugs no longer clinically used but still of interest.
Monographs of some toxic substances are also included.
109. Preparations - including over 1,80,000 items from 43 countries and
regions, including China.
Directory of Manufacturers listing some 20,000 entries.
Pharmaceutical Terms in Various Languages: this index lists nearly
5,600 pharmaceutical terms and routes of administration in 13 major
European languages as an aid to the non-native speaker in
interpreting packaging, product information, or prescriptions written
in another language.
General index: prepared from 1,75,000 entries it includes approved
names, synonyms and chemical names; a separate Cyrillic section
lists nonproprietary and proprietary names in Russian and Ukrainian.
Digital versions :include an additional 1,000 drug monographs,
60,000 preparation names, and 5,000 manufacturers.
110. USE:
Martindale aims to cover drugs and related substances reported to
be of clinical interest anywhere in the world.
It provides a useful source of information for patients arriving from
abroad to identify their existing medication.
This may reveal that a currently taken proprietary preparation is
available under another brand name.
Alternatively if the drug is not available, the class of agent can be
determined allowing a pharmacist or doctor to determine which
alternative equivalent drugs can be substituted.