This document discusses various pharmacopoeias from around the world. It defines a pharmacopoeia as an official book that sets quality standards for drugs. Key points include:
- Pharmacopoeias are published by governmental authorities and include monographs defining drugs' identity, purity, and specifications.
- Major pharmacopoeias discussed are those of India, United States, United Kingdom, European Union, Japan, and an International Pharmacopoeia.
- A monograph identifies a drug and includes tests for purity, strength and limits on impurities. It defines the standard for that substance.
- Pharmacopoeias are updated periodically to add new drugs and remove outdated ones. They help ensure uniform quality of
Official Book Used in Pharmacy| Literature of Pharmacy| L 05|Un-Official| Pha...Tayyeb Mehmood
key point are:
Pharmacopoeias & formulary
Classification of compendia
Monograph with example
British Pharmacopoeia (BP)
British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC)
International & National Pharmacopoeia
United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) -National Formulary (NF)
The state Pharmacopoeia of USSR
Pakistan Pharmacopeia
Indian Pharmacopeia
Merck Index, Martindale & Others
Pharmacopoeia is the official book of standards for drugs prepared by any country or regulatory body to specify the standards of identity, purity and strength for the drugs imported, manufactured or distributed throughout the country or a specific region.
Official Book Used in Pharmacy| Literature of Pharmacy| L 05|Un-Official| Pha...Tayyeb Mehmood
key point are:
Pharmacopoeias & formulary
Classification of compendia
Monograph with example
British Pharmacopoeia (BP)
British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC)
International & National Pharmacopoeia
United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) -National Formulary (NF)
The state Pharmacopoeia of USSR
Pakistan Pharmacopeia
Indian Pharmacopeia
Merck Index, Martindale & Others
Pharmacopoeia is the official book of standards for drugs prepared by any country or regulatory body to specify the standards of identity, purity and strength for the drugs imported, manufactured or distributed throughout the country or a specific region.
Introduction of Inorganic Chemistry, History of Pharmacopoeia.pptxMs. Pooja Bhandare
Introduction of Inorganic Chemistry, History of Pharmacopoeia, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry:
IMPORTANTS OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Introduction of Pharmacopoeia, Types of Pharmacopoeia, History of pharmacopoeia, HISTROY OF INDIAN PHARMACOPOEIA
Content of pharmacopoeia Introduction including general Notices
Monographs of the official drugs
Appendices
Pharmacopoeia: the word derives from the ancient Greek word pharmakon means drug & poeia- to make.
It is a legally binding collection, prepared by a national or regional authority& contains list of medicinal substances, crude drug & formulas for making preparation from them.
Pharmacy information resources and classification of them
Pharmacy Information Resources
Pharmacy information resources: The medical and pharmaceutical journals, review journals, periodicals, bulletins and books containing specific and particular information and theory about drug molecules are termed 'pharmacy information resources'.
Classification of Pharmacy Resources
There are a lot of sources from where we can get the information of all types of drugs.
Primary source of drug information
Secondary source
Special information
Pharmaceutical database
WHO Bulletin and journals
Drug directory
Physicians' desk reference
Text books of Pharmacy and pharmacology
Handouts of the pharmaceutical manufacturers
Pharmacy Information Resources
Pharmacy information resources: The medical and pharmaceutical journals, review journals, periodicals, bulletins and books containing specific and particular information and theory about drug molecules are termed 'pharmacy information resources'.
Classification of Pharmacy Resources
There are a lot of sources from where we can get the information of all types of drugs.
Primary source of drug information
Secondary source
Special information
Pharmaceutical database
WHO Bulletin and journals
Drug directory
Physicians' desk reference
Text books of Pharmacy and pharmacology
Handouts of the pharmaceutical manufacturers
Pharmacopoeia is an official publication describing drugs, chemicals, and medicinal preparations as well as containing directions of compound identification. The word ‘Pharmacopoeia’ is widely used and common spelling but ‘Pharmacopeia’ used only in USP.
WHAT IS PHARMACOPOEIA?
HISTORY OF PHARMACOPOEIA
CONTENT OF PHARMACOPOEIA
WHAT IS MONOGRAPH?
PURPOSE OF MONOGRAPH
TYPES OF MONOGRAPH
IMPORTANCE OF CONTENT OF MONOGRAPH
MONOGRAPH DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
INDIAN PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
AYURVEDIC PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
UNNANI PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
SIDDHA PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
GERMAN HOMOEPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
US PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
JAPANESE PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
BRITISH PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
COMPARATIVE STUDY
CONCLUSION
Reference
Introduction of Inorganic Chemistry, History of Pharmacopoeia.pptxMs. Pooja Bhandare
Introduction of Inorganic Chemistry, History of Pharmacopoeia, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry:
IMPORTANTS OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Introduction of Pharmacopoeia, Types of Pharmacopoeia, History of pharmacopoeia, HISTROY OF INDIAN PHARMACOPOEIA
Content of pharmacopoeia Introduction including general Notices
Monographs of the official drugs
Appendices
Pharmacopoeia: the word derives from the ancient Greek word pharmakon means drug & poeia- to make.
It is a legally binding collection, prepared by a national or regional authority& contains list of medicinal substances, crude drug & formulas for making preparation from them.
Pharmacy information resources and classification of them
Pharmacy Information Resources
Pharmacy information resources: The medical and pharmaceutical journals, review journals, periodicals, bulletins and books containing specific and particular information and theory about drug molecules are termed 'pharmacy information resources'.
Classification of Pharmacy Resources
There are a lot of sources from where we can get the information of all types of drugs.
Primary source of drug information
Secondary source
Special information
Pharmaceutical database
WHO Bulletin and journals
Drug directory
Physicians' desk reference
Text books of Pharmacy and pharmacology
Handouts of the pharmaceutical manufacturers
Pharmacy Information Resources
Pharmacy information resources: The medical and pharmaceutical journals, review journals, periodicals, bulletins and books containing specific and particular information and theory about drug molecules are termed 'pharmacy information resources'.
Classification of Pharmacy Resources
There are a lot of sources from where we can get the information of all types of drugs.
Primary source of drug information
Secondary source
Special information
Pharmaceutical database
WHO Bulletin and journals
Drug directory
Physicians' desk reference
Text books of Pharmacy and pharmacology
Handouts of the pharmaceutical manufacturers
Pharmacopoeia is an official publication describing drugs, chemicals, and medicinal preparations as well as containing directions of compound identification. The word ‘Pharmacopoeia’ is widely used and common spelling but ‘Pharmacopeia’ used only in USP.
WHAT IS PHARMACOPOEIA?
HISTORY OF PHARMACOPOEIA
CONTENT OF PHARMACOPOEIA
WHAT IS MONOGRAPH?
PURPOSE OF MONOGRAPH
TYPES OF MONOGRAPH
IMPORTANCE OF CONTENT OF MONOGRAPH
MONOGRAPH DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
INDIAN PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
AYURVEDIC PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
UNNANI PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
SIDDHA PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
GERMAN HOMOEPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
US PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
JAPANESE PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
BRITISH PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA
format of monograph
COMPARATIVE STUDY
CONCLUSION
Reference
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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ACCORDING TO apic.org,
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VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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2. References
• Indian Pharmacopoeia 2010, sixth edition,
published by The Indian Pharmacopoeia
Commission, Gaziabad,
• YAPAR, E. and ÖZDEMİRHAN, M., 2020. AN
OVERVIEW ON PHARMACOPOEIAS IN THE
WORLD AND MONOGRAPH ELABORATION
TECHNIQUES. Universal Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research
3. Pharmacopoeia
• It is a legal and official book for pharmaceutical drug
specifications issued by recognized authorities usually
appointed by the government of respective country.
• It sets standards and obligatory quality indice for drug, raw
materials and various pharmaceutical products
• The pharmacopoeia word is derived from 2 greek words
• Pharmakon – medicine/drug +poiein- to make = DRUG
MAKING
• This book contains directions for the identification of
samples and the preparation of compound medicnes
• The descriptions of individual drug/excipient or product is
called Monograph
4. Importance of pharmacopoeia
• To maintain the uniformity in standards as well as to
control the adulterated medicines, each country has its
own official book i.e Pharmacopoeia
• It is an important element to control the medicines
licensing and inspection processes.
• Plays a significant role in generic drug manufacturing,
contract research, production for export purpose .
• It is amended or updated time to time in the form of
addenda/supplement or new edition where monographs
of new drugs are added as well as outdated are deleted
5. Many countries own pharmacopoeia
Name Of The Country Name Of The Pharmacopoeia Acronym
India Indian Pharmacopoeia IP
United States Of
America
United States Pharmacopoeia USP
United Kingdom British Pharmacopoeia BP
European Countries European Pharmacopoeia
(Pharmacopoeia Europaea)
Ph.Eur.
Japan Japanese Pharmacopoeia JP
China Pharmacopoeia Of The Peoples’s
Republic
PPRC
Globally International Pharmacopoeia
( Pharmacopoea Internationalis)
Ph.Int.
6. What is a Pharmacopeial Monograph?
• Monograph means a detailed writtenstudy of a single
specialized subject or aspect of it.
• A pharmacopeial monograph usually contains basic
chemical information for the ingredient, as well as its
description and function (for food ingredients).
• Furthermore, a monograph contains detailed
instructions for identification, purity tests and other
specific tests to limit the amount of undesirable
impurities, all of which may be used to verify common
requirements by manufacturers and formulators
concerned with the quality of their ingredients and
products
7. Content of monograph
Title of the Monograph: The main name of the substance (The
International Non-proprietary Name (INN) approved by the World
Health Organization (WHO )).
Subsidiary or abbreviated title or synonym: The common name(s),
if any, of the substance.
Chemical formula and Molecular Weight of the substance: If
necessary, its I.U.P.A.C. chemical name and/or its chemical structure
is also given .
Standards: Prescribes the standards of purity and strength e.g.
Sodium bicarbonate IP contains not less than 99.0 % and not more
than 100.5 % of NaHCO3.
Description: A brief description of the physical form of the material,
including colour, texture, whether hygroscopic, odour, if readily
apparent, and any other characteristic
8. Solubility
Identification: At least two or three identification tests, starting with
physical and instrumental tests and ending with general chemical
reactions is given.
Tests of purity: These tests include melting point, boiling point,
weight per ml, limit tests for chloride, sulfates , iron, heavy metals,
lead and arsenic, specific optical rotation, sulfated ash, loss on
drying, pH of solution, etc. as may be applicable for the substance.
Method of Assay: The term ‘Assay’ is used in pharmacopoeias for
quantitative determination of principal ingredients of the official
substances and of their preparations.
Storage: Prescribes some conditions for the storage of some official
substances which are likely to deteriorate if not properly stored.
9. Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP)
• Indian Pharmacopoeia is the official book of standards
for drugs to define identity, purity and strength for the
drugs imported, manufactured for sale, stocked or
distributed in India.
• In 1946 Government of India Published Indian
Pharmacopoeial List which served as supplement to BP.
• Indian Pharmacopoeia was prepared by Indian
Pharmacopoeia Committee formed in 1948
• Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) is an
autonomous institution of the Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare which sets standards for all drugs that
are manufactured, sold and consumed in India.
10. Editions of pharmacopoeia
Edition Year volumes
1 1955 1
2 1966 1
3 1985 1
4 1996 2
5 2007 3
6 2010 3
7 2014 4 with DVD
8 2018 4with DVD
11. Newly added information to 8th edition
• 170 new chemical monograph
• 15 new herbal monograph
• 10 new blood and blood related products monograph
• 6 new biotechnology derived therapeutic products
monograph
• 2 new vaccine and immunosera related monograph
• 3 new radiopharmaceutical monographs
• 14 new monograph related to veterinary non-
biologicals
12.
13. The British Pharmacopoeia
• The British Pharmacopoeia (BP) is the national
pharmacopoeia of the United Kingdom.
• The British Pharmacopoeia is an important
statutory component in the control of
medicines. Along with the British National
Formulary (BNF), it defines the UK's
pharmaceutical standards.
14. • The British Pharmacopoeia (B.P.) It was first published
in 1864.
• Since 1948, which is seventh edition of B.P. the new
edition of British Pharmacopoeia is published at
intervals of five years i.e. 1948, 1953, 1958, 1963,
1968, 1973.
• After 1973 the new edition was published in 1980 and
then in 1988, 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008.
• After 2008 the new edition was published every year.
• In addition to the publication of the pharmacopoeia, the
addendums are also published from time to time in
between two main editions.
• The BP contains monographs, which set out the
mandatory standards for active substances, excipients
and formulated preparations, together with General
Notices, Appendices (test methods, reagents, etc ) and
Reference Spectra
15. 6 Volumes of BP
• Volumes I and II: Medicinal Substances
• Volume III:
– Formulated Preparations
– Blood related Preparations
– Immunological Products
– Radiopharmaceutical Preparations
– Surgical Materials
– Homeopathic Preparations
• Volume IV:
– Appendices
– Infrared Reference Spectra
– Index
• Volume V: British Pharmacopoeia (Veterinary)
• Volume VI (CD-ROM version)
16.
17. United states pharmacopoeia
• The United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary
(USP-NF) is an official public standards–setting authority
for all prescription and over–the–counter medicines and
other health care products manufactured or sold in the
United States.
• USP also sets recognized standards for food ingredients and
dietary supplements.
• The United States Pharmacopoeia was originally published
in 1820 under the authority of the United States
Pharmacopoeial Convention and the National Formulary
was published in 1888 under the guidance of American
Pharmaceutical Association .
• In 1974 the National Formulary was purchased by the
United States Pharmacopoeial Convention and from 1980
onwards only one official book of drug standards was
published under the heading, The United States
Pharmacopoeia and The National Formulary (USP-NF).
18. • The USP–NF is a three volume combination of
two official compendia, the United States
Pharmacopoeia (USP) and the National
Formulary (NF).
• Monographs for drug substances and
preparations are featured in the USP.
• Monographs for dietary supplements and
ingredients appear in a separate section of the
USP. Excipient monographs are in the NF.
19. • First edition of United state Pharmacopeia
was published on 15th December 1820 in
both Latin & English.
• From 1820 to 1942 it was published at Ten
years intervals.
• From 1942 to 2000 it was published at Five
years intervals.
• From 2002 it was published annually.
20. Volumes of USP
• Volumes USP is printed in three volumes.
– Volume I: General chapters
– Volume II & III: Contain monograph
21.
22. International Pharmacopoeia
• The International Pharmacopoeia is published
by the WHO and is practically used in
developing countries.
• It was prepared to meet the international
uniformity and standardization of drugs.
• International Pharmacopoeia was first
published in 1951 in multilanguages ( English,
French, German, Japanese, etc.).
• Latest 8th edition was published in 2018.