Slide contains aspects of animal use in pharmacology laboratory.
Along with CPCSEA Guidelines (now CCSEA).
Laboratory animals experiment benefits as well as limitations.
Different animals used in laboratory.
Animal Testing: Rationale for conducting studies, CPCSEA Guidelines
The use of animals in research is currently an essential component of the drug discovery process.
Animals help us advance our scientific understanding, serve as models to study disease, help us develop and test potential new medicines and therapies.
Animal testing has benefited researchers in understanding how to treat and prevent various conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, tuberculosis, polio, muscular dystrophy, and Parkinson's disease.
Education:
Undergraduate teaching to demonstrate effects of various drugs although this has been phased out in most institutes.
Postgraduate teaching to demonstrate the effects of various drugs, to determine the nature of an unknown drug for bioassay, screening methods and to learn skills e.g. administering drugs.
Research:
A larger number and a greater variety of animals are used in pure research than in applied research. This usually involves studies on embryogenesis, developmental biology, behaviour and breeding in Fruit flies, nematodes, mice and rats.
INTRODUCTION
The motto of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act 1960 as amended in 1982 is to prevent infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals.
The Central Government has constituted a Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), which is duty bound to take all such measures as may be necessary to ensure that animals are not subjected to unnecessary pain or suffering before, during or after the performance of experiments on them.
The goal of these guidelines is to promote the human care of animal used in biomedical and behavioural research and testing.
To avoid/minimize pain and suffering inflicted on experimental animals
Inspection of animal house facilities
It provides guidelines for -
Proper care, housing, breeding, maintenance, handling and use of experimental animals.
Source of experimental animals
Acceptable experimental procedures for anaesthesia and euthanasia.
Registration of establishments conducting animal experimentation or breeding of animals for this purpose.
Selection and assignment of nominees for the Institutional Animal Ethics Committees (IAEC) of the registered establishments.
Approval of Animal House Facilities on the basis of reports of inspections conducted by CPCSEA.
Permission for conducting experiments involving use of animals.
Recommendation for import of animals for use in experiments.
Action against establishments in case of established violation of any legal norm/stipulation.
Conduct of Training Programmes for the Nominees of CPCSEA.
Conduct/Support of Conference/Workshop on Animal Ethics.
To assure quality maintenance and safety of animals used in laboratory studies while conducting biomedical and behavioural research and testing of products.
Quarantine
2. Personal hygiene
3. Environment
4. Physical facility
5. Animal husbandry
6. Animal disposal
7. Documentation
Today there exists a wide spectrum of views on this subject, ranging from those concerned with animal 'rights' to those who view animals only as a resource to be exploited.
All of thThe five freedoms were originally developed from a UK Government report on livestock husbandry in 1965 (Prof.Roger Brambell) then by Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) In July 1979
Freedom from hunger or thirst by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour .
Freedom from discomfort by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area .
Freedom from pain, injury or disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment.
Freedom to express (most) normal behaviour by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animal's own kind.
Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering.
Ethical issues related to animal biotechnologyKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Why are genetically modified animals produced?
Examples of transgenic animals
Why are animals used instead of genetically modified microbes or plants?
Ethical issues
Religious concerns
Responsibility of Scientists
Need for Guidelines
Conclusion
References
Animal Testing: Rationale for conducting studies, CPCSEA Guidelines
The use of animals in research is currently an essential component of the drug discovery process.
Animals help us advance our scientific understanding, serve as models to study disease, help us develop and test potential new medicines and therapies.
Animal testing has benefited researchers in understanding how to treat and prevent various conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, tuberculosis, polio, muscular dystrophy, and Parkinson's disease.
Education:
Undergraduate teaching to demonstrate effects of various drugs although this has been phased out in most institutes.
Postgraduate teaching to demonstrate the effects of various drugs, to determine the nature of an unknown drug for bioassay, screening methods and to learn skills e.g. administering drugs.
Research:
A larger number and a greater variety of animals are used in pure research than in applied research. This usually involves studies on embryogenesis, developmental biology, behaviour and breeding in Fruit flies, nematodes, mice and rats.
INTRODUCTION
The motto of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act 1960 as amended in 1982 is to prevent infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals.
The Central Government has constituted a Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), which is duty bound to take all such measures as may be necessary to ensure that animals are not subjected to unnecessary pain or suffering before, during or after the performance of experiments on them.
The goal of these guidelines is to promote the human care of animal used in biomedical and behavioural research and testing.
To avoid/minimize pain and suffering inflicted on experimental animals
Inspection of animal house facilities
It provides guidelines for -
Proper care, housing, breeding, maintenance, handling and use of experimental animals.
Source of experimental animals
Acceptable experimental procedures for anaesthesia and euthanasia.
Registration of establishments conducting animal experimentation or breeding of animals for this purpose.
Selection and assignment of nominees for the Institutional Animal Ethics Committees (IAEC) of the registered establishments.
Approval of Animal House Facilities on the basis of reports of inspections conducted by CPCSEA.
Permission for conducting experiments involving use of animals.
Recommendation for import of animals for use in experiments.
Action against establishments in case of established violation of any legal norm/stipulation.
Conduct of Training Programmes for the Nominees of CPCSEA.
Conduct/Support of Conference/Workshop on Animal Ethics.
To assure quality maintenance and safety of animals used in laboratory studies while conducting biomedical and behavioural research and testing of products.
Quarantine
2. Personal hygiene
3. Environment
4. Physical facility
5. Animal husbandry
6. Animal disposal
7. Documentation
Today there exists a wide spectrum of views on this subject, ranging from those concerned with animal 'rights' to those who view animals only as a resource to be exploited.
All of thThe five freedoms were originally developed from a UK Government report on livestock husbandry in 1965 (Prof.Roger Brambell) then by Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) In July 1979
Freedom from hunger or thirst by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour .
Freedom from discomfort by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area .
Freedom from pain, injury or disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment.
Freedom to express (most) normal behaviour by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animal's own kind.
Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering.
Ethical issues related to animal biotechnologyKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Why are genetically modified animals produced?
Examples of transgenic animals
Why are animals used instead of genetically modified microbes or plants?
Ethical issues
Religious concerns
Responsibility of Scientists
Need for Guidelines
Conclusion
References
A review on stages of drug development and alternative methods for animal stu...Frinto Francis
Various Stages of drug development, anaesthesia ,euthanasia, animals used for preclinical analysis, clinical trials, alternative methods for animal testing, blood withdrawal methods, ethical guidelines
Research Methodology (M. Pharm, IIIrd Sem.)_UNIT_IV_CPCSEA Guidelines for Lab...Prachi Pandey
CPCSEA guidelines for laboratory animal facility: Goals, veterinary care, quarantine,
surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and control of disease, personal
hygiene, location of animal facilities to laboratories, anesthesia, euthanasia, physical facilities, environment, animal husbandry, record keeping, SOPs, personnel and
training, transport of lab animals.
Research Methodology (M. Pharm, IIIrd Sem.)_UNIT_IV_CPCSEA Guidelines for Lab...RAHUL PAL
CPCSEA guidelines for laboratory animal facility: Goals, veterinary care, quarantine,
surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and control of disease, personal
hygiene, location of animal facilities to laboratories, anesthesia, euthanasia, physical facilities, environment, animal husbandry, record keeping, SOPs, personnel and
training, transport of lab animals.
Animal Experimentation- Contemporary IssueChandan Saha
Animals have their own rights. They are not puppet of our laboratory. With the help of modern and scientific technology we can change old traditional animal experiment methods.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
A review on stages of drug development and alternative methods for animal stu...Frinto Francis
Various Stages of drug development, anaesthesia ,euthanasia, animals used for preclinical analysis, clinical trials, alternative methods for animal testing, blood withdrawal methods, ethical guidelines
Research Methodology (M. Pharm, IIIrd Sem.)_UNIT_IV_CPCSEA Guidelines for Lab...Prachi Pandey
CPCSEA guidelines for laboratory animal facility: Goals, veterinary care, quarantine,
surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and control of disease, personal
hygiene, location of animal facilities to laboratories, anesthesia, euthanasia, physical facilities, environment, animal husbandry, record keeping, SOPs, personnel and
training, transport of lab animals.
Research Methodology (M. Pharm, IIIrd Sem.)_UNIT_IV_CPCSEA Guidelines for Lab...RAHUL PAL
CPCSEA guidelines for laboratory animal facility: Goals, veterinary care, quarantine,
surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and control of disease, personal
hygiene, location of animal facilities to laboratories, anesthesia, euthanasia, physical facilities, environment, animal husbandry, record keeping, SOPs, personnel and
training, transport of lab animals.
Animal Experimentation- Contemporary IssueChandan Saha
Animals have their own rights. They are not puppet of our laboratory. With the help of modern and scientific technology we can change old traditional animal experiment methods.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
1. A Seminar on,
PHARMACOLOGY LABORATORY ANIMALS
Presented by,
Mr. Abhijit. R. Rode
F. Y. M. Pharm (Roll No. 12)
Dept of Pharmacology,
DR. V . V . P. F’s College of Pharmacy,
Vilad ghat, Ahmednagar.
Under Guidance of,
Dr. P. M. Gaikwad
M. Pharm. PhD.
Dept of Pharmacology,
DR. V . V . P. F’s College of Pharmacy,
Vilad ghat, Ahmednagar.
1
2. Contents
2
1. Introduction
2. Handling of animal in laboratory
3. CPCSEA (CCSEA) and IAEC
4. CPCSEA (CCSEA) Guidelines
5. Different animal to be used in laboratory
6. Benefits and Limitations of Laboratory Animals in Pharmacology Research
7. Conclusion
8. References
3. • Selection of an animal model is one of the most important steps in any of the experimental
pharmacological study.
• Animal model preferred for the study must be producing similar disease profile as in the human.
• Suitable animal model should be selected which follows three main objectives:
Use of an animal phylogenetically closer to man or
Use of an animal in which the process under investigation is as close as possible to that in man,
The Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry are considered to be similar
Introduction : 3
4. • The use of animals in research is currently an essential component of the drug discovery
process.
• Animals help us advance our scientific understanding, serve as models to study disease,
help us develop and test potential new medicines and therapies.
• The drug or technique is tested in animals to make sure that it is safe and effective.
• Animals offer experimental models that would be impossible to replicate using human
subjects.
• Animals can be fed with identical and closely monitored diets.
Importance of animal in pharmaceutical industry : 4
5. Pharmacology: A Pillar of Animal Research:
Understanding
Pharmacology
Delve into the fundamental
concepts of pharmacology
and its crucial role in
advancing scientific
knowledge in animal research.
Drug Development and
Testing
Discover how
pharmacological studies on
laboratory animals contribute
to the development and
evaluation of new
drugs and treatments.
Biomarker Discoveries
Explore the significance of
pharmacological studies in
identifying biomarkers that
aid in diagnosing and
treating diseases.
5
6. Handling of animal in laboratory
• The over all health and well being of laboratory animals depend upon following factors,
Care while handling
Humanity
Watchfulness and awareness of respective staff
• The various factors to be considered for effective handling of animals are as follows,
Diet, Cleanliness, Cages, Ventilation, Temperature, Humidity, Handling, Breeding,
Fluid / Litter, Marking of animals, Detection of disease / disorder in animals etc.
• For such handling guidelines have been issued and revised periodically
• For this purpose establishment of CPCSEA and IAEC was done in 1964
• The CPCSEA is a statutory body formed under Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.
• CPCSEA includes various guidelines and sub committees for monitoring animal experiments
• While IAEC is committee that scrutinizes all project proposals for experimentation on animals.
6
7. CPCSEA (CCSEA) and IAEC
• Committee for the Purpose of Control and
Supervision of Experiment on Animals
(CPCSEA)
• CPCSEA introduced a national document –
“Good Laboratory Practice”
• CPCSEA introduced 3R’s and also accepted
concept of 4th R.
• CPCSEA frames guidelines and approves
experiment on large animals.
• CPCSEA is now known as CCSEA
• Committee for Control and Supervision of
Experiment on Animals
• Institutional Animal Ethics Committee
(IAEC)
• IAEC describes the concept of animal ethics
with respect to human-animal relationship
and how animals should be managed and
treated.
• IAEC ensures compliances and accords
quality and consistency to prevent pain and
suffering before, during and after
experiment on animals.
• IAEC abides and regulates CPCSEA
guidelines and approves experiment on
small animals.
7
8. CPCSEA (CCSEA) Guidelines
• Veterinary care
• Quarantine
• Stabilization and separation
• Surveillance, diagnosis , treatment and control of disease
• Personal hygiene
• Anesthesia
• Euthanasia
• Physical facilities
• Environment
• Animal husbandry
• Record keeping
• Maintain SOP
• Personnel training
• Transportation of lab animal
8
9. Anesthesia and Euthanasia
• Anesthesia –
It is a state of controlled temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purpose.
Reversible and controlled loss of consciousness constant security for the patient.
Minimal physiological and psychological trauma optimal condition for surgery.
• Euthanasia –
Euthanasia is the act of including humane death in an animal. sacrificing the experimental animal after
use by gentle procedure causing minimum of physical and mental suffering is called euthanasia.
The term euthanasia is derived from the Greek terms eu mean good and thanatos mean death.
• Electrocution –
It is used on cattle ,sheep ‚doges, it induces cardiac fibrillation causing cerebral hypoxia. (Animal should
be unconscious before electrocution.)
9
10. Different animal to be used in laboratory :
1. Guinea Pig
2. Albino Rat
3. Albino Mouse
4. Rabbit
5. Frog
6. Hamster
7. Pig
8. Monkey
9. Zebra fish
4.
3.
2.
1.
5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
10
12. 1. Guinea pig
Introduction
1. It is docile animal
2. It is highly responsive to TB and Anaphylaxis
3. It is also sensitive to histamine and penicillin
Experimental use
1. Evolution of bronchodilator
2. Anaphylactic and immunobiological studies
3. Evolution of local anesthetics
12
13. 2. Albino rat
Introduction
1. Rats are small
2. Rats are easy to breed & Maintain
3. Vomiting center is absent so drug can
administrate orally
4. Various rat tissue used are colon, stomach,
uterus, vas deference
Experimental use
1. Study of analgesic & anticonvulsant studies
2. Bioassay of various hormones such as insulin,
oxytocin
3. Study of hepatotoxic & antihepatotoxic
compounds
13
14. 3. Albino Mouse
Introduction
1. They are small, cheap & easy to handle.
Experimental use
1. Toxicological studies.
2. Study of bioassay of insulin.
3. Study of analgesic & anticonvulsant drugs.
4. Study of drug acting on central nervous system.
5. Study of chemotherapeutic drugs.
14
15. 4. Rabbit
Introduction
1. It is docile animal with large ear.
2. The enzyme atropine esterase is present in liver
&plasma so it can tolerate large dose of
belladonna
Experimental use
1. Pyrogen testing.
2. Bioassay of antidiabetic drug & sex hormone.
3. Study of mydriatics & miotics drugs.
4. Study of local anesthetics.
15
16. 5. Frog
Introduction
1. It is amphibian animal & safe to handle.
2. Isolated tissue preparation such as heart, rectus
abdominus muscle are used.
3. Use of frogs for experimental purpose has been
banned
Experimental use
1. To study effect of drug on heart.
2. Study of drugs acting on central nervous system.
3. Study of drugs acting on neuromuscular junction
.
16
17. 6. Pig
Introduction
1. Skin of pig is morphologically and functionally
similar to that of human skin.
2. Pig is a principle animal model used in
pharmacy research.
3. An isolated perfused porcine skin flap is
developed allowing in vitro cutaneous study.
Experimental use
1. Pigs are involved in studies of skin
diseases(psoriasis, allergical infections ).
2. To study organ transplant experiments, also
used in plastic surgery.
3. Help us understand wound healing in derma. .
17
18. Benefits and Limitations of Laboratory Animals in
Pharmacology Research:
Advantages of Animal
Models
Discover the benefits that
laboratory animals bring to
pharmacology research,
including their physiological
similarities and controlled
experimental conditions.
Limitations and Challenges
Explore the inherent
limitations and challenges
associated with using
laboratory animals, such as
species differences and
extrapolation to humans.
Advancements in Alternatives
Discuss emerging
technologies and alternative
methods that aim to reduce
or replace the use of
laboratory animals in
pharmacological studies.
18
19. • As we conclude our seminar of pharmacology laboratory
animals and relative CPCSEA (CCSEA) guidelines, let us
recognize the indispensable contributions they make to
scientific advancement, while upholding the highest
standards of ethical research practices.
Conclusion :
19
20. References :
• CPCSEA guidelines for laboratory animal facility, Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2003;35:257-274.
• Kulkarni S K, Common laboratory animals (1999)Handbook of experimental pharmacology, Vallabh
prakashan, Delhi 3:11-18
• Subramanian A, Gitanjali B, CPCSEA- A double edged sword, Indian Journal of
Pharmacology, 2003; 35: 7172
• Medhi B, Prakash A. Practical manual of experimental and clinical pharmacology. Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers; 2010.
• S. Sivakrishnan et. Al., ”Animals used in experimental pharmacology and 3 R’s”, Pharmacophore,
11(1) 2021.
20