Pharmacology Basics discusses key concepts in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It describes how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated in the body, and how drugs interact with receptors to produce effects. The document outlines the life cycle of a drug, factors affecting absorption and distribution, and concepts like bioavailability, metabolism, excretion, and the relationship between dose and response.
Here's a shortly described presentation on molecular mechanism of drug action that I presented for my pharmacology course.
I tried to include everything related to this topic shortly including receptors, ion channels, carrier molecules & enzymes.
Hope it'll be helpful.
General description about various types of receptor, their classification, mechanism of action and its clinical significance, along with recent advances.
Here's a shortly described presentation on molecular mechanism of drug action that I presented for my pharmacology course.
I tried to include everything related to this topic shortly including receptors, ion channels, carrier molecules & enzymes.
Hope it'll be helpful.
General description about various types of receptor, their classification, mechanism of action and its clinical significance, along with recent advances.
Receptor types, mechanism, receptor pharmacology, drug receptor interactions, theories of receptor pharmacology, spare receptors and new concepts like biased agonism
A power point presentation on Pharmacodynamics (what drug does to the body) suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology
Receptor types, mechanism, receptor pharmacology, drug receptor interactions, theories of receptor pharmacology, spare receptors and new concepts like biased agonism
A power point presentation on Pharmacodynamics (what drug does to the body) suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic- General Pharmacology Ravinandan A PRavinandan A P
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic- General Pharmacology Ravinandan A P - 2. Delivered a guest lecturer on “Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics” in Continuing Medical Education (CME) program, organized by Taluk Doctor’s Association Chalkere Taluk, Chitradurga District, Karnataka on 28th Sep 2010.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
3. Definitions
• Pharmacokinetics
– The process by which a drug is absorbed, distributed,
metabolized and eliminated by the body
• Pharmacodynamics
– The interactions of a drug and the receptors responsible for its
action in the body
4. The Life Cycle of a Drug
(pharmacokinetics)
• Absorption
• Distribution
• Degradation
• Excretion
7. Fastest Absorption
• Directly into brain
– Intracerebral (into brain tissue)
– Intracerebroventricular (into brain
ventricles)
General Principle: The faster the absorption, the quicker the
onset, the higher the addictiveness, but the shorter the duration
8. Absorption: Solubility
• Water-soluble
– Ionized (have electrical charge)
– Crosses through pores in capillaries, but not cell membranes
• Lipid(fat)-soluble
– Non-ionized (no electrical charge)
– Crosses pores, cell membranes, blood-brain-barrier
Dissociation constant or pKa indicates the pH where 50% of
the drug is ionized (water soluble) and 50% non-ionized (lipid
soluble);
pKeq = pH + log [X]ionized/[X]non-ionized
This affects a drug's solubility, permeability, binding, and other
characteristics.
12. Bioavailability
• The fraction of an administered dose of drug that reaches the
blood stream.
• What determines bioavailability?
– Physical properties of the drug (hydrophobicity, pKa, solubility)
– The drug formulation (immediate release, delayed release, etc.)
– If the drug is administered in a fed or fasted state
– Gastric emptying rate
– Circadian differences
– Interactions with other drugs
– Age
– Diet
– Gender
– Disease state
13. Depot Binding
(accumulation in fatty tissue)
• Drugs bind to “depot sites” or “silent receptors” (fat,
muscle, organs, bones, etc)
• Depot binding reduces bioavailability, slows elimination,
can increase drug detection window
• Depot-bound drugs can be released during sudden weight
loss – may account for flashback experiences?
14. Degradation & Excretion
• Kidneys
– Traps water-soluble (ionized)
compounds for elimination via urine
(primarily), feces, air, sweat
• Liver
– Enzymes(cytochrome P-450)
transform drugs into more water-
soluble metabolites
– Repeated drug exposure increases
efficiency tolerance
15. Excretion: Other routes
• Lungs
alcohol breath
• Breast milk
acidic ---> ion traps alkaloids
alcohol: same concentration as blood
antibiotics
• Also bile, skin, saliva ~~
16. Metabolism and Elimination (cont.)
• Half-lives and Kinetics
– Half-life:
• Plasma half-life: Time it takes for plasma concentration of a
drug to drop to 50% of initial level.
• Whole body half-life: Time it takes to eliminate half of the
body content of a drug.
– Factors affecting half-life
• age
• renal excretion
• liver metabolism
• protein binding
17. First order kinetics
A constant fraction of drug is eliminated per unit of time.
When drug concentration is high, rate of disappearance
is high.
18. Zero order kinetics
Rate of elimination is constant.
Rate of elimination is independent of drug concentration.
Constant amount eliminated per unit of time.
Example: Alcohol
19. Comparison
• First Order Elimination
– [drug] decreases
exponentially w/ time
– Rate of elimination is
proportional to [drug]
– Plot of log [drug] or
ln[drug] vs. time are
linear
– t 1/2 is constant regardless
of [drug]
• Zero Order Elimination
– [drug] decreases linearly
with time
– Rate of elimination is
constant
– Rate of elimination is
independent of [drug]
– No true t 1/2
20. Drug Effectiveness
• Dose-response (DR) curve
– Depicts the relation between
drug dose and magnitude of drug
effect
• Drugs can have more than one
effect
• Drugs vary in effectiveness
– Different sites of action
– Different affinities for
receptors
• The effectiveness of a drug is
considered relative to its safety
(therapeutic index)
21. ED50 = effective dose in 50% of population
100
50
0
DRUG DOSE
0 X
ED50
% subjects
22. Therapeutic Index
• Effective dose (ED50) = dose at which 50% population shows response
• Lethal dose (LD50) =dose at which 50% population dies
• TI = LD50/ED50, an indication of safety of a drug (higher is better)
ED50 LD50
23. Potency
• Relative strength of response for a given dose
– Effective concentration (EC50) is the concentration of an agonist needed to
elicit half of the maximum biological response of the agonist
– The potency of an agonist is inversely related to its EC50 value
• D-R curve shifts left with greater potency
24. Efficacy
• Maximum possible effect
relative to other agents
• Indicated by peak of D-R curve
• Full agonist = 100% efficacy
• Partial agonist = 50% efficacy
• Antagonist = 0% efficacy
• Inverse agonist = -100% efficacy
26. Tolerance
(desensitization)
• Decreased response to same
dose with repeated (constant)
exposure
• or more drug needed to achieve
same effect
• Right-ward shift of D-R curve
• Sometimes occurs in an acute
dose (e.g. alcohol)
• Can develop across drugs (cross-
tolerance)
• Caused by compensatory
mechanisms that oppose the
effects of the drug
27. Sensitization
• Increased response to same dose
with repeated (binge-like)
exposure
• or less drug needed to achieve
same effect
• Left-ward shift in D-R curve
• Sometimes occurs in an acute
dose (e.g. amphetamine)
• Can develop across drugs (cross-
sensitization)
It is possible to develop tolerance to some side effects AND sensitization
to other side effects of the same drug
28. Mechanisms of Tolerance and Sensitization
• Pharmacokinetic
– changes in drug availability at site of action (decreased bioavailability)
– Decreased absorption
– Increased binding to depot sites
• Pharmacodynamic
– changes in drug-receptor interaction
– G-protein uncoupling
– Down regulation of receptors
29. Other Mechanisms of
Tolerance and Sensitization
• Psychological
As the user becomes familiar with the drug’s effects, s/he learns tricks to
hide or counteract the effects.
Set (expectations) and setting (environment)
Motivational
Habituation
Classical and instrumental conditioning (automatic physiological change in
response to cues)
• Metabolic
The user is able to break down and/or excrete the drug more quickly due
to repeated exposure.
Increased excretion
30. • Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
– With pharmacokinetic drug interactions, one drug affects the
absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of another.
– With pharmacodynamic drug interactions, two drugs have
interactive effects in the brain.
– Either type of drug interaction can result in adverse effects in
some individuals.
– In terms of efficacy, there can be several types of interactions
between medications: cumulative, additive, synergistic, and
antagonistic.
Drug-drug Interactions
32. Response
Hi
Lo
Time
A B
Additive Effects
A + B
The effect of two chemicals is equal to the sum of the effect of the two
chemicals taken separately, eg., aspirin and motrin.
33. Response
Hi
Lo
Time
A B
A + B
Synergistic Effects
The effect of two chemicals taken together is greater than the sum of their
separate effect at the same doses, e.g., alcohol and other drugs
34. Response
Hi
Lo
Time
A B
A + B
Antagonistic Effects
The effect of two chemicals taken together is less than the sum of their
separate effect at the same doses
35. Pharmacodynamics
• Receptor
– target/site of drug action (e.g. genetically-coded proteins
embedded in neural membrane)
• Lock and key or induced-fit models
– drug acts as key, receptor as lock, combination yields response
– dynamic and flexible interaction
36. Pharmacodynamics (cont.)
• Affinity
– propensity of a drug to bind with a receptor
• Selectivity
– specific affinity for certain receptors (vs. others)
38. Modes of Action
• Agonism
– A compound that does the
job of a natural substance.
– Does not effect the rate of
an enzyme catalyzed
reaction.
• Up/down regulation
– Tolerance/sensitivity at the
cellular level may be due to
a change in # of receptors
(without the appropriate
subunit) due to changes in
stimulation
• Antagonism
– A compound inhibits an
enzyme from doing its job.
– Slows down an
enzymatically catalyzed
reaction.
39. Agonists/Antagonists
• Full
• Partial
• Direct/Competitive
• Indirect/Noncompetitive
• Inverse
A single drug can bind to a single
receptor and cause a mix of effects
(agonist, partial agonist, inverse agonist,
antagonist)
Functional Selectivity Hypothesis:
Conformational change induced by a
ligand-receptor interaction may cause
differential functional activation
depending on the G-protein and other
proteins associated with the target
receptor
40. Important implications of
drug-receptor interaction
• drugs can potentially alter rate of any bodily/brain function
• drugs cannot impart entirely new functions to cells
• drugs do not create effects, only modify ongoing ones
• drugs can allow for effects outside of normal physiological
range
41. Law of Mass Action
(a model to explain ligand-receptor binding)
• When a drug combines with a receptor, it does so at a rate which
is dependent on the concentration of the drug and of the
receptor
• Assumes it’s a reversible reaction
• Equilibrium dissociation (Kd) and association/affinity (Ka)
constants
– Kd = Kon/Koff = [D][R]/[DR]
– Ka = 1/Kd = Koff/Kon = [DR]/[D][R]