The document provides an extensive overview of pharmacognosy, detailing its historical development from ancient civilizations to modern practices. It covers the classification and uses of medicinal plants, the isolation of various compounds, and the relationships between pharmacognosy and several scientific fields. Additionally, it explains the morphological characteristics of plants that contribute to their medicinal properties.

1. Introduction To Pharmacognosy
Academica In-Charge, HOD,
Pritam Juvatkar
Mobile :
Email : pritamjuvatkar@gmail.Com
9987779536
Department of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry
Konkan Gyanpeeth Rahul Dharkar College of
Pharmacy and Research Institute, karjat

2. • Ibn Sina (980-1037) ”
‫الطب‬ ‫في‬ ‫القانون‬
“
Egyptians (Ebers papyrus, 1550 BC)
• China , India , Egypt and Greece long before the beginning of the Christian era
• 60 feet long and a foot wide,
• more , than 800 formulae and 700 different drugs

3. THE ISLAMIC ERA IBN ALTABARI (770850)
”
‫الحكمه‬ ‫فردوس‬
“
IBN ALBITAR (1148-1197)
”
‫واألغذية‬ ‫األدوية‬ ‫لمفردات‬ ‫الجامع‬
“

4. • In China , many medicinal plants had been in Lise since 5000 B.C. The oldest known herbal is Pen-t’ sao
written by emperor Shen Nung around 3000 B.C. It contains 365 drugs , one for each day of the year
• Classify the herbs which they came across, into groups called Gunas
• Charaka made fifty groups often herbs each of which , according to him , would suffice an ordinary physician'
s need. Similarly , Sushrutha arranged 760 herb s in 7 'distinct set
• Ayurveda an ancient science of Life
• Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita

5. AUTHORS OF ANTIQUITY HIPPOCRATES (460-377 BC)
“THE FATHER OF MEDICINE”
DIOSCORIDES (40-80 AD) “DE MATERIA MEDICA”
(600 MEDICINAL PLANTS)

6. • ‘Materia Medica’ known as Pharmacognosy
• Seydler, a German Scientist
• Pharmacognosy In 1815 as title of his work “Analecta Pharmacognostica”
• pharmakon ‘a drug’ (Greek)
• gignosco ‘ to acquire knowledge of’ (Greek)
• OR cognosco ‘to know about’ (Latin)

7. The 18th Century, Pharmacognosy
• Johann Adam (1759-1809)
• Linnaeus (naming and classifying plants)
• At the end of the 18th century, crude drugs were still being used as
Tinctures
powders,
simple extracts

8. THE ERA OF PURE COMPOUNDS
(IN 1803, A NEW ERA IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE)
• Isolation of morphine from opium
• Strychnine (1817)
• Quinine and caffeine (1820)
• Nicotine (1828)
• Atropine (1833)
• Cocaine (1855)

9. Contribution of plants to medicine and pharmacy
• 18th century drugs plant based
• 19th century a range of drugs was isolated:
• 1805 morphine
• 1817 emetine
• 1819 strychnine
• 1820 quinine
• Famous plants/plant drugs?

10. • In the 19th century, the chemical structures of many of the isolated compounds were determined
• In the 20th century, the discovery of important drugs from the animal kingdom, particularly hormones
and vitamins.
• Microorganisms have become a very important source of drugs

11. Definitions
• Pharmacognosy:
A branch of bioscience which treat in detail medicinal and related products of crude or primary type obtained
from plant, animal and mineral origin
• History
• Distribution
• Cultivation
• Collection
• Processing for market and preservation
• Study of sensory, physical, chemical and structural characters
• Uses of crude drug
Crude Drug:
It is referred in relation to the natural product that has not been advanced in value or improved in condition by
any process or treatment beyond that which is essential for its proper packing and prevention from deterioration.

12. Pharmacognosy is related to:
• Botany
• Ethnobotany
• Marine biology
• Microbiology
• Herbal medicine
• Chemistry (phytochemistry)
• Pharmacology
• Pharmaceutics

13. • Ethnobotany:
It is a broad term referring to the study of plants by humans
• Ethnomedicine:
It refers to the use of plants by humans as medicine
• Traditional medicine:
It is the sum total of all non-mainstream medical practices, usually excluding so
called “western” medicine

14. Types of drugs derived from plants
1. Herbal drugs, derived from specific parts of a medicinal plant
2. Compounds isolated from nature
3. Nutraceuticals, or “functional foods”

15. • Natural products: they can be
1. Entire organism (plant, animal, organism)
2. Part of an organism (a leaf or flower of a plant, an isolated gland or other
an animal)
3. An extract or an exudate of an organism
4. Isolated pure compounds

16. Naturally Occurring Substances Having A Medicinal Action:
• Surgical dressings prepared from natural fibres
• Flavorings and suspending agents
• Disintegrants
• Filtering and support media
• Other associated fields:
• Poisonous and hallucinogenic plants
• Raw materials for production of oral contraceptives
• Allergens
• Herbicides and insecticides

17. Vegetable drugs can be arranged for study:
• Alphabetical
• Taxonomic**
• botanical classification
• Morphological
• Organised drugs: leaves, flowers, fruit, seeds etc
• Unorganised drugs: extracts, gums, resins, oils etc
• Pharmacological/therapeutic*
• Increasingly used with screening
• Constituents of one drug may fall into several group
• Chemotaxonomical
• Constituents or biosynthetic pathways
• Serotaxonomical

18. CLASS Angiospermae (Angiosperms) Plants which produce flowers
Gymnospermae (Gymnosperms) Plants which don't produce flowers
SUBCLASS Dicotyledonae (Dicotyledons, Dicots) Plants with two seed leaves
Monocotyledonae (Monocotyledons, Monocots) Plants with one seed leaf
SUPERORDER • A group of related Plant Families, classified in the order in which they are thought to have developed their differences from a
common ancestor.
• There are six Superorders in the Dicotyledonae (Magnoliidae, Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae), and
four Superorders in the Monocotyledonae (Alismatidae, Commelinidae, Arecidae, Liliidae)
• The names of the Superorders end in -idae
ORDER Each Superorder is further divided into several Orders. The names of the Orders end in -ales
FAMILY
• Each Order is divided into Families. These are plants with many botanical features in common, and is the highest classification
normally used. At this level, the similarity between plants is often easily recognisable by the layman.
• Modern botanical classification assigns a type plant to each Family, which has the particular characteristics which separate this
group of plants from others, and names the Family after this plant.
• The number of Plant Families varies according to the botanist whose classification you follow. Some botanists recognise only 150
or so families, preferring to classify other similar plants as sub-families, while others recognise nearly 500 plant families. A widely-
accepted system is that devised by Cronquist in 1968, which is only slightly revised today.
• The names of the Families end in -aceae
SUBFAMILY • The Family may be further divided into a number of sub-families, which group together plants within the Family that have some
significant botanical differences.
• The names of the Subfamilies end in -oideae

19. TRIBE
• A further division of plants within a Family, based on smaller botanical differences, but still usually comprising many different plants.
• The names of the Tribes end in -eae
SUBTRIBE • A further division, based on even smaller botanical differences, often only recognisable to botanists.
• The names of the Subtribes end in -inae
GENUS
• This is the part of the plant name that is most familiar, the normal name that you give a plant - Papaver (Poppy), Aquilegia (Columbine), and
so on. The plants in a Genus are often easily recognisable as belonging to the same group.
• The name of the Genus should be written with a capital letter.
SPECIES
• This is the level that defines an individual plant. Often, the name will describe some aspect of the plant - the colour of the flowers, size or
shape of the leaves, or it may be named after the place where it was found. Together, the Genus and species name refer to only one plant, and
they are used to identify that particular plant. Sometimes, the species is further divided into sub-species that contain plants not quite so
distinct that they are classified as Varieties.
• The name of the species should be written after the Genus name, in small letters, with no capital letter.
VARIETY • A Variety is a plant that is only slightly different from the species plant, but the differences are not so insignificant as the differences in a
form. The Latin is varietas, which is usually abbreviated to var.
• The name follows the Genus and species name, with var. before the individual variety name.
FORM
• A form is a plant within a species that has minor botanical differences, such as the colour of flower or shape of the leaves.
• The name follows the Genus and species name, with form (or f.) before the individual variety name.
CULTIVAR
• A Cultivar is a cultivated variety, a particular plant that has arisen either naturally or through deliberate hybridisation, and can be reproduced
(vegetatively or by seed) to produce more of the same plant.
• The name follows the Genus and species name. It is written in the language of the person who described it, and should not be translated. It is
either written in single quotation marks or has cv. written in front of the name.

20. Example
• Linnaeus (1707-1778), Swedish biologist
• Division Angiospermae
• Class Dicotyledoneae
• Subclass Sympetalae
• OrderTubiflorae
• Suborder Verbenineae
• Family Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
• Subfamily Stachydoideae
• Tribe Satureieae
• Genus Mentha
• Species Mentha piperita Linnaeus (peppermint)
• Varieties Mentha piperita var. officinalis Sole (White Peppermint); Mentha piperita
var. vulgaris Sole (Black Peppermint)

21. Quinine
• Cinchona bark, south american tree
• Used by Incas; dried bark ground and mixed with wine
• First used in rome in 1631
• Extracted 1820
• Large scale use 1850
• Chemical synthesis 1944
• Actual tree remains the most economic source

22. BELLADONNA -> ATROPINE
Anticholinergic
syndrome:
• Hot as hell
• Blind as a bat
• Red as a beet
• Dry as a bone
• Mad as a hatter

23. PHYSOSTIGMA VENOSUM
CALABAR BEAN

24. Digitalis foxglove -> digoxin
(acts on cardiac muscle)

25. Morphine:
No better painkiller. Once structure worked out wanted
to improve it. What is required?
Diacetylmorphine (heroin):
OH group -> O-O-diacetyl. Still addictive?
Codeine:
Methylate hydroxyl phenolic; O-Me. 1/5 analgesic capacity of morphine, useful to suppress cough
reflex
Dihydromorphinone:
Reduced =, oxidised 2y alc. Potential analgesic.
4. Source of compounds to use as templates
for designing new drugs

26. Dihydrocodeine:
Me-ether of previous. More powerful than codeine,
less than morphine.
Dextromethorphan:
Good against cough reflex
Is lower ring necessary?
Pentazocin
Phenazocine
Is middle ring needed?
Pethidine
Methadone

27. Papaver somniferum L.
• Species: somniferum, here meaning ‘sleep-producing’
• Genus: Papaver (a group of species, in this case poppies, which are
closely related)
• Family: Papaveraceae (a group of genera sharing certain traits)
• L.: indicates the botanist who provided the first scientific description of the species and who
assigned the botanical name

28. MORPHOLOGY OF HIGHER PLANTS
1. Flower
• It is the essential reproductive organ of a plant.
• For an inexperienced observer, two characteristics of a flower are particularly
noteworthy: the size and the color
• Although the flowers are of great botanical importance, they are only a minor
source of drugs used in phytotherapy or pharmacy e.g. chamomile, Matricaria
recutita L. (Asteraceae )

29. 2. Fruit and seed
• The lower plants, such as algae, mosses and ferns, do not produce seeds
Gymnosperm and Angiosperm
• Gymnosperm: They are characterized by seeds that are not covered by a secondary
outer protective layer, but only by the testa – the seed’s outer layer
• Angiosperm: The seeds are covered with a specialized organ (the carpels) which in
turn develop into the pericarp.

30. • Drugs from the fruit thus have to be derived from an angiosperm species
Fruits and seeds have yielded important phytotherapeutic products, including:
 Fruit
 Caraway, Carum carvi L. (Umbelliferae)
 Seed
 (white) mustard, Sinapis alba L. (Brassicaceae)

31. 3. Leaves
• The function of the leaves, as collectors of the sun’s energy and its assimilation, results in
their typical general anatomy with a petiole (stem) and a lamina (blade)
• A key characteristic of a species is the way
in which the leaves are arranged on the stem,
they may be:
1. Alternate
2. Distichous
3. Opposite
4. Decussate
5. Whorled

32. • The form and size of
leaves are essential
characteristics e.g.
• oval,
• oblong,
• obovate,
• rounded,
• linear,
• lanceolate,
• elliptic,
• spatulate,
• cordate,
• hastate or tendril
The margin of the leaf is
another characteristic
feature e.g.
• entire,
• serrate,
• dentate,
• sinuate,
• ciliate or spinose

33. 4. Bark
 The bark as an outer protective layer frequently accumulates biologically active substances e.g.
 Red cinchona, Cinchona succirubra L. (Rubiaceae)
• No stem-derived drug is currently of major importance
5. Rhizome and root drugs
 Underground organs of only a few species have yielded pharmaceutically important drugs e.g.
 Sarsaparilla, Smilax regelii (Smilacaceae)
 Korean ginseng, Panax ginseng (Araliaceae)
6. The bulbs and exudates
 Garlic, Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae)
 Aloe vera L. (Asphodelaceae)

34. LINK FOR YOUTUBE CHANNEL
•https://www.youtube.com/c/PritamJuvatkar/videos