The document discusses pharmaceutical packaging. It covers primary, secondary and tertiary packaging used in pharmaceuticals. Common packaging materials like glass, plastics, metals and rubbers are described. The functions and types of packaging are summarized. Tamper resistant packaging methods like film wrappers, blister packs and bottle seals are also outlined.
Packaging of pharmaceuticals, glass, plastic, rubber , metal as a container, ...RajkumarKumawat11
Packaging of pharmaceuticals, glass, plastic, rubber , metal as a container, aerosol and aerosol packaging, pharmaceutics, pharmaceutical packaging, Packaging chapter for pharma students, rajkumar kumawat
Packaging of pharmaceuticals, glass, plastic, rubber , metal as a container, ...RajkumarKumawat11
Packaging of pharmaceuticals, glass, plastic, rubber , metal as a container, aerosol and aerosol packaging, pharmaceutics, pharmaceutical packaging, Packaging chapter for pharma students, rajkumar kumawat
Umang pharmaceutical packaging..b.k.mody goverment pharmacy college rajkotumang971991
pharmaceutical packaging and packaging materials and it also contains the evaluation of all the pharmaceuticals packaging materials with the regulatory guidelines..
PROCESSING OF CONTAINERS
A. Glass container
List of inorganic compounds used to impart color in glass
Manufacturing Process of glass
B. Plastics container
Classification of plastics
Manufacturing process of plastic container-
Additives of plastics
B. Metal
2. CLOSURES
Materials used for closures
Types of closures
3. CHILD RESISTANT PACKING
4. TAMPER EVIDENT PACKING
*List of inorganic compounds used to impart color in glass
*Manufacturing process of plastic container-
Injection molding
Extrusion
Composite film manufacturing
Blow molding
Solvent casting
Compression molding
In 1992 FDA approves the following configurations as tamper evident packaging:-
1.Film wrappers 11. Metal/cans
2.Blister package
3.Strip package
4.Bubble pack
5.Shrink seals and bands
6.Foil, paper, plastic pouches
7.Bottle seals
8.Tape seals
9.Breakable caps
10.Aerosol containers
Legal and official requirement of container, packaging Dheeraj Saini
Here we discuss, the following subject topics
1. Official and legal requirements of container
2. Types of packing
3. Material used in packing or container
4. Label
5. Labelling techniques
Packaging is the art of science & technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution , storage, sale & use.
Pharmaceutical packaging can be defined as the economical means of providing presentation, protection, identification, information, convenience compliance, integrity & stability of the product.
Umang pharmaceutical packaging..b.k.mody goverment pharmacy college rajkotumang971991
pharmaceutical packaging and packaging materials and it also contains the evaluation of all the pharmaceuticals packaging materials with the regulatory guidelines..
PROCESSING OF CONTAINERS
A. Glass container
List of inorganic compounds used to impart color in glass
Manufacturing Process of glass
B. Plastics container
Classification of plastics
Manufacturing process of plastic container-
Additives of plastics
B. Metal
2. CLOSURES
Materials used for closures
Types of closures
3. CHILD RESISTANT PACKING
4. TAMPER EVIDENT PACKING
*List of inorganic compounds used to impart color in glass
*Manufacturing process of plastic container-
Injection molding
Extrusion
Composite film manufacturing
Blow molding
Solvent casting
Compression molding
In 1992 FDA approves the following configurations as tamper evident packaging:-
1.Film wrappers 11. Metal/cans
2.Blister package
3.Strip package
4.Bubble pack
5.Shrink seals and bands
6.Foil, paper, plastic pouches
7.Bottle seals
8.Tape seals
9.Breakable caps
10.Aerosol containers
Legal and official requirement of container, packaging Dheeraj Saini
Here we discuss, the following subject topics
1. Official and legal requirements of container
2. Types of packing
3. Material used in packing or container
4. Label
5. Labelling techniques
Packaging is the art of science & technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution , storage, sale & use.
Pharmaceutical packaging can be defined as the economical means of providing presentation, protection, identification, information, convenience compliance, integrity & stability of the product.
Packaging is the art of science & technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution , storage, sale & use.
Packaging is the process by which the pharmaceuticals are suitably placed so that they should retain their therapeutic effectiveness from the time of their packaging till they are consumed.
All the pharmaceutical packaging related pin point covered in this powerpoint presentation, like Definition of packaging and types of packaging. Also there is evaluation parameters of packaging and main body of the presentation is to involve the types of packaging material used to package the different pharmaceutical products like Glass, Plastic, Metals, Rubbers etc. And there's Frequently asked questions in the end of the slides.
Advantages and disadvantages, contains the tamper resistant Packaging material.
With picture presentation of each topic it becomes very easy to understand the concept of packaging.
P’ceutical packaging means the combination of components necessary to contain, preserve, protect and deliver a safe, efficacious drug products. Such that at any time point before expiration date of the drug product, a safe and efficacious dosage form is available.
Pharmaceutical Packaging is very important chapter for Packaging of Pharmaceutical product .
In this we learn about how to pack the Pharmaceutical dosage form like tablet ,capsule , and material use for pharmaceutical dosage form
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. INTRODUCTION
Packaging is the science, art and technology of
enclosing or protecting products for distribution,
storage, sale, and use.
Packaging also refers to the process of design,
evaluation, and production of packages.
Pharmaceutical packaging can be defined as the
economical means of providing presentation,
protection, identification , information, convenience
,compliance , integrity and stability of the product .
3. FUNCTIONS OF PACKAGING
• Product Identification:- Packaging greatly helps in
identification of products.
• Product Protection:- Packaging protects the contents
of a product from spoilage, breakage, leakage, etc.
• Facilitating the use of product:- Packaging should be
convenience to open, handle and use for the
consumers.
• Product Promotion:- Packaging is also used for
promotional and attracting the attention of the people
while purchasing.
4. TYPES OF PACKAGING
Primary packaging- is the material that first envelops the product
and hold it. This usually is the smallest unit of distribution or use.
Ex. Aerosol spray can, blister packs, bottle
5. Secondary packaging -
Is outside the primary packaging perhaps used to group
primary package together.
Ex. Boxes, cartons
6. Tertiary packaging- is used to bulk handling and shipping.
Ex. Barrel, container, edge protector
8. TYPES OF PACKAGING MATERIALS USED FOR
PHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGING
Glass
Plastics
Rubbers
Paper/card boards
Metals
9. THE CHOICE OF PACKAGING MATERIAL
WILL DEPEND UPON:
The degree of protection required
Compatibility with the dosage form
Customer convenience e.g. size, weight of dosage
form,
Filling method
Sterilization method to be employed and cost
10. GLASS:
Glass has been widely used as a drug packaging material
Advantages
They are transparent.
They have good protection power.
They can be easily labelled.
Economical
Variety of sizes and shapes
Disadvantages
Glass is fragile so easily broken.
Release alkali to aqueous preparation
11. COMPOSITION OF GLASS
Sand (silicon dioxide) Soda ash (sodium carbonate) Limestone
(calcium carbonate) Cullet (broken glass) - aluminium, boron,
potassium, magnesium, zinc, barium,
Amber: light yellowish to deep reddish brown, carbon and
sulphur or iron and manganese dioxide
Yellow: Compounds of cadmium and sulphur
Blue: Various shades of blue, cobalt oxide or occasionally
copper (cupric) oxide
Green: iron oxide, manganese dioxide and chromium dioxide
12. MANUFACTURE OF GLASS:
The four basic processes used in the production of glass are:
Blowing uses compressed air form the molten glass in the
cavity of metal mold.
In drawing , molten glass is pulled through dies or rollers that
shape the soft glass.
In pressing mechanical force is used to press the molten glass
against the side of a mold.
Casting uses gravity or centrifugal force to cause molten glass
to form in the cavity of mold.
13. TYPES OF GLASS
Type I—Highly resistant borosilicate glass
Type II—Treated soda lime glass
Type III—soda lime glass
NP—soda glass (non parenteral usage)
14. Type I-borosilicate glass
Alkalinity is removed by using boric oxide to neutralized the
oxide of potassium and sodium
It is highly resistant glass.
It has high melting point so can with stand high temperatures.
It is more chemically inert than the soda lime glass
It can resist strong acids,alkalies and all types of solvents.
Reduced leaching action.
USES:
Laboratory glass apparatus.
For injection and water for injection.
15. Type II-treated soda lime glass
Type II containers are made of commercial soda lime glass that
has been dealkalized or treated to remove surface alkali
. The de-alkalizing process is know as sulphur treatment.
Sulfur treatment neutralizes the alkaline oxides on the surface,
rendering the glass more chemically resistant.
Uses: Used for alkali sensitive products. Infusion fluids, blood
and plasma. Large volume container.
16. PLASTIC
Plastics may be defined as any group of substances, of natural or
synthetic origins, consisting chiefly of polymers of high molecular
weight that can be moulded into a shape or form by heat and
pressure.
Advantages
Less weight than glass,
flexible
Variety of sizes and shapes
Essentially chemically inert, strong, rigid Safety use, high quality,
various designs
Extremely resistant to breakage
Disadvantages
Absorption permeable to moisture
Poor printing, thermostatic charge
17. TYPES OF PLASTICS
Thermosetting type –
When heated they may become flexible but they do not become
liquid
e.g. Urea formaldehyde (UF),Phenol formaldehyde ,Melamine
formaldehyde (MF), Epoxy resins (epoxides), Polyurethanes (PURs)
Thermoplastics type-
On heating they are soften to viscous fluid which harden again on
cooling.
e.g. Polyethylene{HDPE – LDPE},
Polyvinylchloride(PVC),Polystyrene Polypropylene, Nylon(PA),
Polyethylene terepthalate(PET) ,Polyvinylidene chloride(PVdC),
Polycarbonate Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(ABS)
18. METALS :
Metals are used for construction of containers. The metals
commonly used for this purpose are aluminium ,tin plated
steel, stainless steel, tin and lead
Advantages:
They are impermeable to light, moisture and gases.
They are made into rigid unbreakable containers by impact
extrusion.
They are light in weight compared to glass containers.
Labels can printed directly on to their surface.
Disadvantages:
They are expensive.
They react with certain chemicals
19. COLLAPSIBLE TUBES METAL
The collapsible metal tube is an attractive container that
permits controlled amounts to be dispensed easily, with good
reclosure, and adequate protection of the product.
It is light in weight and unbreakable and lends itself to high
speed automatic filling operations.
Most commonly used are tin, aluminium and lead.
20. Tin:
Tin containers are preferred for food, pharmaceuticals and any product for
which purity is considered.
Tin is the most chemically inert of all collapsible metal tubes .
Aluminium:
Aluminium tubes offer significant savings in product shipping costs
because of their light weight .
They are attractive in nature
Lead:
Lead has the lowest cost of all tube metals and is widely used for non food
products such as adhesives, inks. paints and lubricants.
Lead should never be used alone for anything taken internally because of
the risk lead poison .
With internal linings, lead tubes are used for products such as chloride tooth
paste.
21. RUBBER:
Rubber is used mainly for the construction of closure meant for vials, transfusion fluid
bottles, dropping bottles and as washers in many other types of product.
BUTYL RUBBER:
Advantages:
Permeability to water vapour .
Water absorption is very low.
They are relatively cheaper compared to other synthetic rubbers.
Disadvantages:
Slow decomposition takes place above 130 ▫ C.
Oil and solvent resistance is not very good.
NITRILE RUBBER:
Advantages : Oil resistant due to polar nitrile group. Heat resistant.
Disadvantages:
Absorption of bactericide and leaching of extractives are considerable.
CHLOROPRENE RUBBERS :
Advantages: Oil resistant. heat stability is good.
23. TAMPER RESISTANT PACKAGING:
The requirement for tamper resistant packaging is now one of
the major considerations in the development of packaging for
pharmaceutical products.
Tamper resistant package is one having an indicator to entry in
which, if missing, can reasonably be expected to provide
visible evidence to consumers that tampering has occurred.
FDA approves the following configurations as tamper resistant
packaging: Film wrappers, Blister package, Strip package,
Bubble pack, Shrink seals, and bands Oil, paper, plastic
pouches, Bottle seals, Tape seals, Breakable caps, Aerosol
containers
24. Film wrapper
Film wrapping has been used extensively over the years for
products requiring package integrity or environmental
protection.
It is categorizes into following types:
End folded wrapper
Fin seal wrapper
Shrink wrapper
End folded wrapper
The end folded wrapper is formed by passing the product into
a sheet of over wrapping film, which forms the film around the
product and folds the edges in a gift wrap fashion.
The folded areas are sealed by pressing against a heated bar.
The materials commonly used for this purpose are cellophane
and polypropylene.