Packaging science plays a vital role in modern society by protecting products during distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging involves using materials and machinery to develop protective packaging systems that preserve products and provide consumers with information on proper use. Effective packaging can physically protect products, act as a barrier against environmental factors, and help market products through graphic design. Primary packaging makes direct contact with products while secondary and tertiary packaging provide additional layers of protection and information for distribution and storage. Common packaging materials include glass, plastic, metal, paper, and different types of closures.

1. Presented by Gangotri Yadav

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Packaging science it is a vital part of our present
day society.
Packaging is a science and technology for
enclosing or protecting products for
identification, distribution, storage, sale, and
use. that involves the use of materials, methods
and machinery to develop and produce
packaging system that protect and preserve
products, guides the consumer in product's
proper use, and help market the product
It also helps to prevent effects of product
adulteration through the development of "tamper
evident" packaging.

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Physical Protection – Pack protects products from mechanical
shock, vibration, compression, temperature, humidity, lights etc. at
various stages.
Barrier Protection – It provides and ensures required protection
from oxygen, water vapour, dust, moisture, microorganism, light
etc.
Information transmission –Pack acts as a source of Information for
dispensing products details like
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How to use/ method of applications.
Composition of product.
Quantity to be consumed.
Adverse action.
Recommendations.
Special instructions, indications and contraindications.
Safety precautions.
Advices.
Manufacturing details like manufacturing date, expiry date and price.
Storage Conditions.
Convenience – Packaging provides convenience in
distribution, handling, stacking, display, sale, opening, use, dispens
ing, reuse, recycling, and ease of disposal.

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Quality – Helps to carry the product with its quality
attributes intact right from the time of manufacturing till
its shelf life. Ensures Integrity and Purity of the Products.
Identification – It acts as a source of Identification.
Marketing – The packaging and labels can be used to
encourage potential buyers to purchase the product.
Graphic design and physical appearance have been a
source of identification and advertisement for developing
users trust.
Security – Packaging can play an important role in
reducing the security risks of shipment. Packages can be
made with improved tamper resistance to deter tampering
and also can have tamper-evident features to help indicate
tampering. Packaging can play an important role to avoid
counterfeiting of product.

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Primary packaging
It is the material that first envelops the product and holds it.
This usually is the smallest unit of distribution or use and is the package which is in direct contact
with the contents.
This also applies to the closure which is also part of the primary pack.
Material used as follows
Containers
Caps
Closures (plastic, metals)
Silica gel bags
Cotton
Aluminium foil
PVC/PVDC film
Ampoules
Vials
Syringe

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GLASS
Advantages of Glass
Glass has been widely used as a drug
packaging material.
Glass is available in various shapes and sizes.
Light sensitive drugs can be easily protected by
using amber coloured glass bottles.
It allows easy inspection of the containers
contents.
It is available in variously shaped containers
Fig. Different types and shape of containers

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Disadvantages of Glass
It is very fragile.
It is expensive when compared to plastic
Glass containers are heavy.
Special care and protection is required for
transportation of glass containing
formulations

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The USP classifies glass containers as follows
USP Type I: - Borosilicate glass
USP Type II: - Treated Soda-lime glass
USP Type III: - Soda-lime glass
NP: - General purpose

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Bottles
They are used for dispensing liniments, lotions etc.
Dropper Bottles
Ear, nasal and oral route preparation are dispensed in
dropper bottles.
Jars
Powders and semi-solid preparations are generally packed
in wide mouthed cylindrical jars made of clear or amber
glass.
Vials
Single dose injectable solution or suspension are generally
packed in them.
Ampoules
Multiple dose injectable solution, suspension or powders
for reconstitution are generally packed in them/

10. Fig. glass
dropper
Fig. Glass jar
Fig. Glass jar
Glass ampoules &
vials

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They are used as primary and secondary packaging
materials.
Plastics are made of polymers which are
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Durable
Easily moulded into varieties of shapes and sizes
Flexible
Unbreakable and
Biocompatible in many applications.
These materials can be transformed into finished
products, such as
bottles, containers, films, hoses, coatings, lacquers, e
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Mostly all types of dosage forms solid, liquid, and
semi-solids dosage forms.

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Advantages of Plastics
Flexible and not broken easily.
Low density and light in weight.
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Disadvantages of Plastics
They are not as chemically inert as Type I glass.
They are not as impermeable to gas and vapour
as glass.
They may possess an electrostatic charge which
will attract particles.

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Polyethylene
Low density polyethylene (LDPE) is preferred plastic for squeeze
bottles.
High density polyethylene (HDPE) is less permeable to gases and
more resistant to oils, chemicals and solvents.
It is widely used in bottles for solid dosage forms.
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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Used as rigid packaging material and main component.
Polypropylene
It has good resistance to cracking when flexed.
Suitable for use in closures, tablet containers and bottles.

14. Fig. Different types of plastic container

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Plastic Tubes
Flexible plastic tubes in the range of sizes dia. 19mm to 50mm and volume upto
300ml.
Orifice 2mm to 8mm (3mm standard) tube wall thickness with 400 – 500 micron.
Tubes can be supplied internally by lacquered, wax coated, latex line.
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Laminated Tubes
Multilayer tubes with aluminium foil / nylon / polyester act as barrier against
oxygen, moisture, aroma loss and provide a glossy surface enhancing printing
quality.
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Fig. Plastic laminated tubes

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Bulk Containers
For bulk drug and active pharmaceutical ingredient packaging, bags and drum liners manufactured in a cGMP
compliant environment.
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Metal is a strong, opaque and impermeable to moisture, gases, odours, light, bacteria etc. It is highly resistant
to high and low temperatures.
Materials used for pharmaceutical drug- delivery systems include Aluminium, tin-plated steel, mild
steel, stainless steel, tin-free steel, and its various alloys.
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Advantages:
Attractive metallic appearance
Brightness and reflectivity (light and heat)
No light transmission; total barrier
Odourless, tasteless, non-toxic.
Hygienic (process of manufacture eliminates any microbiological contamination; it will not support growth of
bacteria or mould)
Can be printed and embossed.
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Disadvantages:
Not inert and can be attacked by acids and alkalis which corrodes the metal unless coated or treated.
Expensive with respect to plastic.

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Aluminium Foil:
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Aluminium Foil is obtained from metal of 99%
purity and above.
The foil is fabricated to give a soft foil with a
‘dead fold’ property. Hard tempered foil
occasionally finds special applications, i.e
blister packs.

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Aluminium Foil:
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Aluminium Foil is obtained from metal of 99%
purity and above.
The foil is fabricated to give a soft foil with a
‘dead fold’ property. Hard tempered foil
occasionally finds special applications, i.e
blister packs.

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Secondary and Tertiary Packaging Materials
Secondary packaging is additional packaging material
that improves the appearance of the product and
includes outer wrappers on labels that do not make
direct contact with the product. It is outside the
primary packaging perhaps used to group primary
packages together.
Tertiary packaging is used for bulk
handling, warehouse storage and transport shipping.
The most common form is a palletizedunit load that
packs tightly into containers. Examples : Paper and
boards, Cartons, Sticker labels, Outer
cartons, Corrugated fibres Box, shrink films, Tamper
proof seal, shippers etc.

20. Fig. Metal as a packaging material

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Paper : This can be used as a flexible wrap
for products or as a closure material for jars.
Most paper materials are used with a liner
applied either as a laminate or as a coating.
Corrugated fibreboard: It is a paper based
construction material consisting of a fluted
corrugated sheet and one or two flat
linerboards.
Fig.Paper for packing
Fig.Corrugated
fibreboard

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Blister packs are commonly used as unit dose
packaging for pharmaceutical tablets, capsules or
lozenges.
Blister pack consists of two principal components:
A formed base web creating the cavity inside which
the product fits.
The lidding foil for dispensing the product out of the
pack.
There are two types of forming the cavity into the
base web sheet: thermoforming & cold forming.
Fig. Blister packing

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Thermoforming
◦ In the case of thermoforming a plastic film or sheet is unwound from the rod and
guided through a pre heating station on the blister line.
◦ The temperature of the pre heating plates (upper and lower plates) is such that the
plastic will soften and become mouldable.
Cold forming
◦ In the case fo cold forming, an aluminium based laminate film is simply pressed into
the mold by means of a stamp.
◦ The aluminium will be elongated and maintain the formed shape.
◦ Advantage of cold form foil blisters is that the use of aluminium is offering a near
complete barrier for water and oxygen, allowing an extended product expiry date.
◦ The disadvantage of cold form foil blister are the slower speed of production as
compared to thermoforming and the lack of transparency of the package and larger
size of blister card.
◦ Aluminium foil for blister packing.
◦ Aluminim foil suitable for blister packing of pharmaceutical products such aas
tablet, capsule etc.

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Strip Package
◦ It is commonly used for the packaging of the tablets and capsules.
◦ A simple tutorial creating and distributing a simple package really
drives some of the key concepts home.
◦ This tutorial shows how to create and distribute a particular type
of package, called an unmanaged package .
◦ Managed packages Managed packages add a whole range of
functionality and behavior to packages.
Strip Designing
◦ Generally strips are available in very design, as the emerging units
are constantly rectangular or square strips.
◦ However, the pocket portion can be round, oval or square Strip
designing : Generally strips are available in very design, as the
emerging units are constantly rectangular or square strips.

25. ◦ However, the pocket portion can be round, oval or
square
◦ A strip package is formed by feeding two webs of a heat
sealable flexible film through a heated crimping roller.
◦ The product is dropped into the pocket formed before
forming the final set of seals.
◦ A continuous strip of packet is formed which cuts to the
desired number of packets in the length.
◦ The materials used for strip package are
cellophane, ployester, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly
vinylchloride.
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Fig. Strip packing

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Closures
Closures are the devices by means of which
containers can be opened and closed. Proper
closing of the container is necessary because:
It prevents loss of material by spilling or
volatilization.
It avoids contamination of the product from
dirt, microorganism or insects.
It prevents deterioration of the product from the
effect of the environment such as
moisture, oxygen or carbon dioxide.

27. Fig. container packing

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It is a system which is designed to clean and
arrange the containers which are used in
container line in turn before insertion process
Fig. Unscrambled
mschinchine
Fig. Silica gel insertion
machine

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Silica Gel Insertion: It is a system which is designed to cut
the roll form of silica gel sachets into unit pieces and
insert them into the containers.
Tablet Counting & Filling: : Electronic multi channel tablet
& capsule counting machine designed for the high speed
counting ability and ensure the exact count execution. It is
equipped with 4 lane conveyor system cross feeding the
bottles from the back to the front of the machine, giving
the advantage of the best use of the machine's counting
abilities.
Cotton Insertion: It is a system, which is designed for
cutting the required length of cotton wool and inserting
them in the containers after filling.

30. Fig. Tablet Counting & Filling
Fig. Cotton Insertion Machine

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Capping : It is a system, which is designed for
capping of the containers after they are filled
and ready for induction sealing.
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Fig. Capping machine

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Induction sealing is used to bond a foil
disk or to seal the opening of a
container. The technique provides the
user with a tamper evident seal. The seal
assures product integrity and prevent any
chances of leakage. It increases the
products shelf life, reduces
pilferage, and ensures maximum
customer satisfaction
Fig. Induction sealing

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The labelling machine should be able to affix
self adhesive sticker labels to filled
containersSelf adhesive labeller is designed
for high speed labeling of round bottles.
Bottles are arranged on conveyor and
supplied to labeling device. Labels are fed
one by one by rotating of stepping motor and
bottles are fed one by one by controlling its
speed.
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Fig. sticker labelling

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Cartonator : Folding cartons are usually
combined into a tube at the manufacturer
and shipped flat (knocked down) to the
packager.
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Fig. Cartonator machine

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Many types of symbols for package labeling
are nationally and internationally
standardized for product
certifications, trademarks, proof of
purchase, etc.
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Fig. Different types of symbols

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Leakage test
Hydrolytic resistance
Collapsibility
Residue on Ignition
Buffering Capacity
Light Transmission
Water Vapour Permeation
Heavy Metals & Non Volatile Residue

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Testing of Paper and Board
Air permeability: - Permeability is the mean air flow through unit area
under unit pressure difference in unit time, under specific
conditions, expressed in Pa-1s-1.
Tensile strength: - both wet and dry. The maximum tensile force per
unit width that a paper or board will withstand before breaking.
Cobb Test: - This measures the mass of water absorbed by 1cm2 of the
test piece in a specified time under a head of 1 cm of water. It is
determined by weighing before and after exposure to the water, and
usually quoted in g/m2 45.
Specific tests for cartons
Compression: - Assessment of the strength of the erected
package, thereby estimating the degree of protection that it confers on
the contents.
Crease stiffness: - Also called the crease recovery test. This involves
testing a carton board piece and folding it through 900. It will then try to
recover its former position when the bending force is removed. The
increase and decrease in the inherent board stiffness after folding is
measured.

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Moisture sensitive drugs increasing barrier
requirements.
Novel delivery systems.
Emphasis on speed to market.
Control of R&D Expenditure/resource - number
of stability studies.
Global - Regional - Local packs.
Anti-counterfeiting, illegal cross border trading.
Multiple studies for different packs vs. Year-onYear manufacturing costs.